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Metapopulation Structure and Movement of A KOREAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY 한응곤지 50(2): 97~105 (2011) ⓒ The Korean Society of Applied Entomology Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. DOI: 10.5656/KSAE.2011.03.0.12 멸종위기종 붉은점모시나비(Parnassius bremeri )의 메타개체군 구조와 이주 김도성1*ㆍ박두상2ㆍ권용정3ㆍ서상재4ㆍ김창환5ㆍ박성준6ㆍ김동혁3ㆍ김진서3ㆍ유혜미3ㆍ황종석3 1한국나비보전센터, 2한국생명공학연구원, 3경북대학교 응용생명과학부, 4경북대학교 생태자원응용학부, 5전북대학교 환경조경디자인학과, 6국립환경과학원 Metapopulation Structure and Movement of a Threatened Butterfly Parnassius bremeri (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) in Korea 1 2 3 4 5 Do Sung Kim *, Doo Sang Park , Yong Jung Kwon , Sang Jae Suh , Chang hwan Kim , 6 3 3 3 3 Seong Joon Park , Dong hyuk Kim , Jin Seo Kim , Hye Mi Yu and Jong Seok Hwang 1 Butterfly Conservation Center of Korea, Sang-ri, Geumsan-eup, Geumsan-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 312-802, Korea 2 Biological Resource Center, KRIBB, Daejeon 305-806, Korea 3 School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Korea 4 School of Applied Ecological Resources, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 742-711, Korea 5 Dept. of Environment Landscape Architecture Design, Chonbuk National University 570-752, Korea 6 Envirnmental Research Complex, Gyeongseo-dong, Seo-gu, Incheon 404-708, Korea ABSTRACT: Understanding the metapopulation structure and movement of a species are required for conserving the species. In this paper, migration patterns and connectivity of patches of a threatened butterfly, Parnassius bremeri Bremer, were postulated using the mark-release-recapture (MRR) technique in a habitat located in the mid-southern region of the Korean peninsula. A total of 194 individuals were captured (137 males and 57 females) and, of them, 93 individuals (73 males and 20 females) were recaptured during the MRR experiment. The migration analysis showed 23-150% immigration and 28-53% emigration. There were high correlations between the migrating individuals and the distance between patches, but there was no correlation between migrating individuals and patch size or between migrating individuals and the number of host plants. Consequently, the migration of butterflies occurred frequently between closer patches, while patch size and quantity of the food plant had minor effects on migration behavior. Additionally, males migrated more frequently than females. Analysis of the migration patterns of P. bremeri showed that the central patch played an important role on linking patch groups and more frequent migrations were monitored between nearby patches than between the remote patches. This study suggested that active migrations take place between the neighboring multiple patches and these are accelerated if there is a stepping-stone patch between them. Key words: Metapopulation, MRR, Movement, Connectivity, P. bremeri 초 록: 메타개체군의 구조와 이주에 관한 이해는 종 보존을 위해서 필요하다. 본 연구는 붉은점모시나비 서식지에서 MRR 방법으로 나비의 이주 패턴을 분석하고 패치연결성을 추정하였다. 그 결과 194(수컷: 137, 암컷: 57)개체가 포획 되었으며 이중 93 (수컷: 73, 암컷: 20)개체가 재포획 되었다. 이주 분석에서 이입율은 23-150%, 이출율은 28-53%으로 나타났다. 패치면적과 이입 · 이출 개체수와의 회귀분석에서는 상관관계를 보 이지 않았으며, 먹이식물 수와 이입 · 이출 개체수와의 회귀분석에서도 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 그러나 이입 개체수와 패치간 거리와의 분석에 서는 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 따라서 나비의 이주는 패치거리가 가까울수록 빈번하게 일어나고 있으나 패치의 면적이나 먹이식물 량과 관계가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 나비의 이주에서 암컷보다 수컷이 매우 활발한 것으로 나타났다. 패치의 위치에 따른 이주 패턴의 분석 결과 패치 네트워 크상에서 중앙에 위치한 패치가 양쪽 끝에 위치한 개체군을 이어주는 역할을 하고 있으며 근접한 거리에 있는 패치들간 이주가 멀리 떨어진 패치 에 비해 빈번한 이주가 일어나는 것을 보여주었다. 따라서 붉은점모시나비의 이주에 있어서 근거리에 위치한 패치들간 교류가 활발히 일어나고 있으며 패치와 패치를 이어주는 징검다리 역할을 하는 패치가 존재할 경우 교류가 더 활성화된다는 것을 제시하고 있다. 검색어: 메타개체군, MRR, 이주, 연결성, 붉은점모시나비 *Corresponding author: [email protected] 종 다양성을 감소시키는 주된 원인은 인간 활동에 따른 서식 Received March 29 2011; Revised April 5 2011; Accepted April 1 2011 지의 소실과 계속된 단절 때문이다. (Wilcox and Murphy, 1985; 97 Caughley, 1994). 이러한 서식지의 단절과 조각난 패치로의 변 는 먹이식물의 피도와 개체군의 크기는 상관관계를 보이고 흡 화는 종의 지속적인 발생에 심각한 영향을 주어 절멸위험에 빠 밀식물과는 그 관계가 약한 것으로 나타났다(Auckland et al., 뜨리고 있다(Hunter, 2002; Erhardt and Thomas, 1991). 특히 멸 2004). 또한 비행에 있어서 P. smintheus는 양지바른 열린 장소 종위기 종과 같은 특이종들은 특별한 환경과 자원의 요구로 제 를 선호하는 것으로 나타나고 있고(Ross et al., 2005), 패치를 둘 한된 서식지에서 생활하여 지리적으로 분포지 감소추세에 직면 러싸고 있는 숲은 나비 이동을 방해할 뿐만이 아니라 암컷이 산 해 있으며 이러한 곳에서 서식하는 개체군들은 작게 분리된 적 란을 기피하는 장소임을 피력하였다(Roland et al., 2000). 합한 패치들로 연결된 서식지에서 개체들이 서로 이동하면서 모시나비속의 나비는 국제적으로 여러 나라에서 보호 종으 생활하고 있다(Maes and Dyck, 2001; Petit et al., 2001). 로 지정되어 보호받고(Wells et al., 1983) 한국에서도 P. bremeri 따라서 나비의 이주패턴 결정에 대한 이해는 즉 개체군간의 는 멸종위기종으로 지정된 가운데 근래에 이르러 옥천군 지역의 이주에 따른 연결성이 주요 관심사로 공간구조상에서 메타개체 서식지에서 소멸되는 등 서식지의 감소가 빠른 속도로 진행되 군의 크기를 결정하여 종의 생존 가능성을 결정하는 요인중의 어 현재에는 일부 지역에서 국지적으로 분포하게 되었다(Kim et 하나이다(Hanski, 1994; Thomas, 2000; Haag et al., 2005). 조각 al., 1999; Ko et al., 2004). Kim et al.(1999)은 서식지 특성에서 난 경관에서의 이주는 현재의 서식지에서 인접한 서식지까지 나비의 소멸원인이 인간 활동에 따른 급격한 서식지 환경의 변 개체가 도달 할 수 있는 거리 내에서 첫째 서식지 패치에서의 이 화와 식생천이에 따른 먹이식물의 감소가 주된 요인으로 지목 출, 둘째 환경이 열악한 곳에서 다른 곳으로의 이주, 셋째 새로운 하였으며 종 보존의 일환으로 Ko et al.(2004)은 인공 사육기술 서식지로의 이주로 나타날 수 있다(Conradt et al., 2000). 공간 을 수립하였다. 그러나 이러한 노력에도 불구하고 개체군의 야 구조의 연구에서 이주는 개체군간의 거리와 서식지 크기와 같 외서식지는 계속해서 감소하는 추세에 있어 보존의 필요성이 은 지리적 요인과 관계가 있는 가운데(Hanski, 1994; Moilanen 강하게 제기되었다. 따라서 본 연구는 Mark-Release-Recapture and Nieminen, 2002) 일반적으로 패치면적이 증가하면 국지적 (MRR) 방법을 이용하여 나비의 이동과 서식지 패치네트워크 소멸 위험은 줄어들고, 패치간에 연결성이 높아지면 이주가 증 를 분석하여 종 보전에 기여하고자 한다. 가하는 것으로 나타나고 있다(Kindvall and Ahlen, 1992; Thomas and Harrison, 1992). 또한 Ehrlich(1984)은 개체군의 모자이크 재료 및 방법 패턴 분포는 국지적 소멸에 따른 재이주가 가능하도록 하는 중 요한 역할을 하는 것으로 시사되었다. 그러나 이주를 논의하는 나비와 먹이식물 데 있어서 패치의 크기나 고립 그리고 개체군 크기와 같은 현상 만을 강조한 나머지 서식지의 질적인 요소 평가에 있어서는 부 붉은점모시나비는 한국, 중국 동 · 북부, 아무르지역에 분포 족하였다(Roland et al., 2000). 서식지의 질은 경관구조에 따른 하며 성충은 5월초부터 6월초에 출현하고 산란은 먹이식물이나 서식지 패치의 공간적 이질성과 패치를 둘러싸고 있는 경관이 그 주변에 하나씩 한다. 월동은 알 속 1령 또는 애벌레로 지내고 나 수목의 형태 그리고 패치내의 먹이식물과 흡밀식물의 분포 이른봄에 먹이식물의 어린 잎을 먹고 자라며 4월에서5월초에 에 따라서 결정되고 이는 개체군 분산에 영향을 준다(Hanski 서식지 주변의 장소에서 엉성한 고치를 만들고 그 안에서 번데 and Meyke, 2005). 이 중 가장 중요한 서식지 질 효과는 먹이식 기에 들어간 후 약 10일 후에 우화한다(Kim et al., 1999). 교미를 물의 구성이며, 암컷의 이주패턴과 선호성은 먹이식물과 흡밀 마친 암컷은 복부 끝에 수태낭이 생겨 교미여부를 쉽게 구별할 식물의 종 구성과는 일치하고 있어 새로운 서식지 패치로의 이 수 있으며 산란수는 127개까지 확인되었다(Ko et al., 2004). 입(Kuussaari et al., 2000)과 서식지 건설(Hanski and Singer, 붉은점모시나비의 먹이식물은 Sedum속 Sedum Kamtschaticum, 2001)에 직접적인 영향을 주고 있다. 따라서 이주율은 서식지 면 S. aizoondlau이며 사육에 의해서 S. zokuriense, S. middendorffi- 적, 광도, 고립도와 같은 패치구조와 공간적 배치에 의해서 결정 anum, S. takesimense도 먹는 것이 확인되었다(Kim et al., 1999; 된다(Baguette et al., 2000; Bergman and Landin, 2002). Ko et al., 2004). 모시나비속 나비의 연구에서 Parnassius smintheus의 이주 와 관련된 연구에서는 패치면적이 크거나 먹이식물량이 많으면 패치 네트워크 이입은 많아지고(Matter and Roland, 2002) 나아가 패치의 면적 과 개체군 밀도는 이입하고자 하는 개체수에 중대한 영향을 미 조사 지역은 경상북도 의성군 안계면 도덕리에서 이루어졌 친다고 하였다(Välimäki and Itämies 2003). 그리고 P. clodius 다(36°2*´52.85˝ N, 128°2*´23.28˝ E). 서식지는 해발 235 m로 98 Kor. J. Appl. Entomol. 50(2): 97~105 (2011) Fig. 1. The life cycle of P. bremeri. 등고선을 따라서 바위퇴적층이 발달하여 지표융기 됨으로써 나 비의 먹이식물인 기린초가 생육하기 좋은 지형적 조건을 형성 하고 있다. 이런 천혜의 조건은 산 전체지역을 나비가 서식하기 좋은 환경을 만들어 다수의 서식지 네트워크를 형성하고 있다. 서식지 패치 면적의 산정은 조사지역 내에서 나비가 활동하 기 좋은 암반지역에서 먹이식물인 기린초가 분포하는 곳을 경 2 계로 하였다. 7개의 패치 중 가장 큰 곳은 1353 m (패치번호 5) 2 이고 가장 작은 곳은 918 m (패치번호 7)이며 패치간 거리는 각 각의 패치 중심점으로부터 가장 짧은 곳은 51 m(패치번호 4, 7) 이고 가장 먼 곳은 554 m(패치번호 1, 5)로 나타났다. 그러나 인 접한 지역에서도 먹이식물인 기린초 군락 일부가 존재하였지만 Fig. 2. Landscape of study area with patch environment for the metapopulation study of P. bremeri in Uiseong, Gyeongbuk, 면적이 너무 작아서 조사에서는 제외하였다. Korea. 야외 데이터 의 포기수로 카운트하였다. 야외에서 붉은점모시나비의 자료수집은 2010년에 성충 발 데이터 분석 생 시기인 5월 말부터 6월 초까지 MRR방법을 이용하여 매일 서 식지 패치를 이동하면서 포충망을 이용하여 포획하였으며, 포 자료의 분석에서 메타개체군의 크기는 Jolly-Seber(Jolly, 획된 나비의 뒷날개 아랫면에 유성 펜을 이용하여 고유번호를 1965)의 방법을 이용하여 다음의 과정을 거처 추정하였다. 표기하고 사진 촬영을 한 후 즉시 방사하였다(Fig. 1-성충사진). 그리고 먹이식물량은 각각의 서식지 패치내에 분포하는 기린초 멸종위기종 붉은점모시나비(Parnassius bremeri)의 메타개체군 구조와 이주 99 Table 1. Summary of patch size number of host plants and distance between patches in the study area for P. bremeri in Uiseong, Gyeongbuk, Korea, in 2010 Patch size No. of Distance between patches (m) Patch no. (m2) hostplants 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 1120 835 78 233 359 554 410 254 2 839 394 155 281 467 332 280 3 608 339 126 321 177 147 4 1252 397 195 58 51 5 1353 245 177 145 6 1776 1082 90 7 918 906 =개체군 내에서 i 번째 샘플에서 표지 될 수 있는 추정개 체수이며 따라서 개체군 내에서 i 번째 샘플에서의 추정개체군 , 크기() 는 다음과 같이 계산된다.
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