The of Changes

A Modern Adaptation & Interpretation

Paul G. Fendos, Jr.

Vernon Series in Philosophy

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Table of Contents

Major periods of Chinese history v

Divisions of the Book of Changes (Yijing 易經) vii

Hexagram names ix

List of tables

Foreword xiii

1. Introduction 1

2. Origins of the Book of Changes 5

3. A philosophy of change 21

4. Hexagram line texts 33

5. Application and explanation 169

6. Summary 181

Works cited 185

Notes 189

Index 269

Major periods of Chinese history

Xia Dynasty 2100-1600 BCE 1576-1045 BCE 1045-256 BCE (Western Zhou 1045-771 BCE) ( 771-256 BCE) ( 771-476 BCE) ( 403-221 BCE) Dynasty 221-206 BCE Dynasty 206 BCE-220 CE (Western Han 206 BCE-9) (Eastern Han 25-220) Three Kingdoms Period 220-265 Northern & Southern Dynasties 220-589 Dynasty 581-618 618-907 Five Dynasties 907-960 Ten Kingdoms 902-979 Northern & Southern Song Dynasty 960-1279 (Mongol) Dynasty 1279-1368 1368-1644 Qing (Manchu) Dynasty 1644-1911 Republic of 1911-present

People’s Republic of China 1949-present

Divisions of the Book of Changes (((Yijing 易經)))

Zhouyi (周易) Basic Text (Jing 經經經）經）））

64 Hexagrams ( Liushisi gua 六十四卦)

Hexagram Names ( Gua ming 卦名)

Decisions/Judgments/ Tuan 彖. (Hexagram Texts Gua ci 卦辭)

Line Texts ( Yao ci 爻辭)

Ten Wings ( yi 十翼) Commentaries ( Zhuan 傳傳傳)

Commentary on Decisions (Tuan zhuan 彖傳), Parts 1 & 2

Commentary on Images (Xiang zhuan 象傳), Hexagram Images & Line Images (Da xiang 大象 & Xiao xiang 小象)

Great Treatise ( Da zhuan 大傳), Parts 1 & 2 (Also called Commentary to Ap- pended Judgments/ Xici zhuan 繫辭傳)

Commentary on Words of Text ( Wenyan zhuan 文言傳)

Commentary on Trigrams ( Shuogua zhuan 說卦傳)

Commentary on Hexagram Sequence ( Xugua zhuan 序卦傳)

Miscellaneous Commentaries (Notes) on Hexagrams ( Zagua zhuan 雜卦傳)

Hexagram names

1. Expansion 33. Withdrawal 2. Acquiescence 34. Overbearing Power 3. Initial Difficulty 35. Advancing Interests 4. Youthful Ignorance 36. Concealing Oneself 5. Danger 37. Family Order 6. Conflict 38. Estrangement 7. Waging Battle 39. Encountering Obstacles 8. Mutual Trust 40. Relief from Obstacles 9. Limited Sway 41. Cutting Back (Decrease) 10. Correct Conduct 42. Intensifying Effort (Increase) 11. Harmonious Prosperity 43. Resolute Action 12. Stagnation 44. Self Control 13. Community 45. Anxiety 14. Wealth 46. Advancement (Promotion) 15. Humility 47. Affliction 16. Excess 48. The Source (Well) 17. Following the Greater Good 49. Change 18. Honoring Parents 50. Political Power 19. Overseeing 51. Shock 20. Contemplation 52. Restraint 21. Reckoning 53. (Gradual) Exposure 22. Proper Demeanor 54. Binding Relationships 23. Self-Inflicted Harm 55. Abundance 24. Return to Rectitude 56. Wandering 25. The Unexpected (Chance) 57. Compliance 26. Greater Control 58. Expropriation 27. Subsistence 59. Dissolution 28. Over Extension 60. Limitations 29. Dangerous Pitfalls 61. Inner Trust 30. The Passing of 62. Lowering Expectations 31. Sway (Influence) 63. Completed Action 32. Social (Moral) Constancy 64. Incompleted Action

List of tables

Table 2.1: Examples of early numeric gua 12

Table 2.2: Ancient source materials on and Book of Changes 13

Table 2.3: Timeline for development of Book of Changes 17

Table 3.1: ‘Five phases' correlations 30

Table 3.2: ‘Mutually producing’ order of Pre-Han rulers 31

Table 3.3: ‘Mutually conquering’ order of Pre-Han rulers 31

Table 3.4: Categories of line text materials 32

Table 5.1: Changing lines and Changing hexagrams 179

Table 6.1: Quality of line text interpretations in this book 183

Foreword

I have known Dr. Paul Fendos over thirty years, dating back to the Spring se- mester of 1981 when he was a graduate student in East Asian Languages & at the University of Wisconsin – Madison and an enrollee in a course I was teaching at that time—Chinese Philosophical Texts. He had re- cently returned from East Asia, having finished a period of study at the Yonsei University Graduate Department of Chinese in the Republic of . Because his main interests lay in the classical period of , specifically philosophical prose, he chose me as his graduate advisor and a long period as my student, colleague, and friend began. From the beginning, it was clear that Paul had a special interest in the Book of Changes . The central philosophical work of the Chinese tradition, I remem- ber well the many discussions we had on it in my office. These discussions laid the foundation for his main area of graduate research, research which culminated in May of 1988 with the completion of his dissertation, Fei Chih’s Place in the Development of I-ching Studies , for which he received a Doctorate of Philosophy. It comes as no surprise to me, then, that Paul continued to be engaged in studying the Book of Changes after graduation, or that it led to him this new work, The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Inter- pretation . The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation takes a novel approach to understanding the Book of Changes . Gone is the emphasis on divination and the correlative Yin/Yang system that served as its foundations during the last 2,000 years. In its place are a set of sixty-four newly fashioned patterns of change that are the core of what Paul refers to as a modern Chi- nese philosophy of change. The book sets out to give an account of what this philosophy of change is in three stages: first by setting forth a clear timeline explaining the origins and early development of the Book of Changes (chap- ters 2-3); then by fashioning what Paul refers to as metaphorical interpreta- tions of the line texts in the Zhouyi (or Basic Text) portion of the Book of Changes (chapter 4); and finally by showing how the patterns of change em- bodied in those interpretations might be used in better understanding the dynamics of everyday situations and circumstances and the problems they often engender (chapter 5). The timeline on the origins and early development of the Book of Changes , something I believe will be especially useful and interesting to readers with- out a basic understanding of the background of the Book of Changes , is unlike xiv Foreword many such timelines because it takes some clear positions on important is- sues that might not be attempted by others. A good example of this centers on the question of when hexagrams in the Book of Changes transformed from numeric diagrams to diagrams written using Yin /Yang lines. Extrapolating on archaeological evidence from the Zhou Dynasty, Paul argues that this change occurred sometime during the Eastern Zhou, perhaps as late as the 4 th centu- ry BCE—a unique if not bold assertion, one which upends a common belief in the more ancient origins of the Yin /Yang and their place in the Book of Changes . However, the metaphorical interpretations of the Zhouyi line texts are the centerpiece of this work and the part that will probably most interest students and scholars of the Book of Changes . Drawing on primary source materials that span the length of Chinese history, along with more recent modernist ideas and theories on the meanings of the line texts, Paul has fashioned en- gaging and documented explanations of these materials, explanations that are easily adapted to different situations and circumstances—four examples of which he provides. During a period when knowledge of China and things Chinese is in increas- ingly greater demand, it is clear The Book of Changes: A Modern Adaptation and Interpretation is an attempt to instill new life into an ancient Chinese text. I believe Paul has succeeded admirably in doing so, in a book that is both stimulating and enjoyable to read.

Tsai-fa Cheng 鄭再發 Emeritus Professor University of Wisconsin – Madison

To

Cheng Tsai-fa

鄭再發

Special thanks go out to a number of people for their help with this book. For taking the time to read and comment on my – Professor Edward Shaughnessy (University of Chicago), Emeritus Professor Kidder Smith (Bowdoin College), Emeritus Professor Yang Lee (Gyeongsang National Uni- versity [ROK]/Haskins Laboratories, Yale University), and Dr. Ronald Roberts (retired, University of San Francisco). For facilitating the publication of this book – Carolina Sanchez, Argiris Legatos, and Javier Rodriguez, all of Vernon Press. And for their comments and suggestions on preparing my manuscript – Dr. Catherine Marie Pulling (Normandale Community College) and Dr. Justin Eric Fendos (Fudan University [PRC]).

The hexagrams represent situations, the lines the stages of these situations. Separated into three, then doubled, they suffice to include the many patterns. Extended and expanded on, drawing analogies and increasing, all possible things in the world are encompassed in them.

夫卦者，事也。爻者，事之時也。分三而又兩之，足以包括衆理。引而 伸之，觸類而長之，天下之能事畢矣。

Cheng Yi’s (1033-1107) Commentary on the Changes

Hexagram 3, Zh ūn, Image commentary to Line 6

易程傳1.22b, 屯卦上六象

1. Introduction

Joseph Needham once referred to Richard Wilhelm’s translation 1 of the Book of Changes as a “sinological maze.” He was, of course, talking about the organ- izational structure of Wilhelm’s translation and how “unnecessarily compli- cated and repetitive” he thought it was. 2 But he could just as easily have been talking about the content of the Book of Changes . In any form, but especially in translations meant for the non-specialist Western reader, the Book of Changes is an enigma. Full of cryptic textual material and burdened by a sys- tem of correlative associations connecting hexagrams and their constituent trigrams and lines with a variety of natural or social phenomena and imagery, this work is of such complexity and difficulty that many Western readers, unable to really understand it, simply see and use it as a divinatory text. A manual for fortune telling, if you would, something that lies open on the liv- ing room floor as interested readers sit and toss coins or count out yarrow stalks 3 in their search for answers to pressing questions. As will be shown, the Book of Changes did indeed originate in ancient China as a divinatory text. And throughout its history, the vast majority of Chinese scholars of this work, recognized and otherwise, espoused its divinatory func- tion. Nevertheless, the Book of Changes today is not seen just as a manual for fortune telling. Its origins can be traced back almost three millennia. For scholars and students of Chinese civilization, therefore, it serves as a window to the past, a repository of culture and customs waiting to be discovered. Generally considered the central classic of Chinese philosophical literature, it also functions as a door to better understanding traditional Chinese philoso- phy, especially and Daoism, the disparate systems of thought which are reflected in the three most prominent traditional Chinese commen- taries of this text that have survived to this day.4 Yet, in spite of its age, the Book of Changes is far from being a mere relic of years gone by, and much more than simply a source on China’s past. In fact, to the present-day readers inhabiting our rapidly shrinking world, a world in which interactions with others can increasingly impact if not directly deter- mine the advantages or disadvantages that are to be found in everyday situa- tions or circumstances, the Book of Changes is as useful as—if not more useful than—it has ever been, especially if one is looking for the kind of knowledge 2 Chapter 1 or wisdom that will contribute to deciding how best to respond to and adapt to change. It is from just such a vantage point that this book looks at the Book of Changes , aiming, along the way, to introduce to the reader a philosophy of change, albeit one that takes a somewhat different approach to understand- ing and responding to such change than might normally be associated with this ancient work. Much has already been written about the Book of Changes . Countless Chi- nese commentaries on this work have been authored since it became a focus of the Chinese mind. Like Laozi’s (fl. 6 th cent. BCE) Daodejing and the Ana- lects of (551-479 BCE), it is a text that many Chinese can either quote from or know something about. Scholarly theses aiming to clarify or expound on some aspect of Book of Changes studies, as well as translations or interpretations of the text itself, can also be found in many different non- Chinese languages. So, whether one looks at a list of the most popular or the most influential works ever written, this text is sure to be somewhere in the mix. One might, of course, quite naturally then ask what another book can add to all that has already been written. The answer is a simple one. China is again on the rise and China and things Chinese have become the object of more and closer examination. Consequently, now seems the best of to look at the Book of Changes from the different perspective that this book offers. One final matter, this on the use of the word “modern” in the title of this book. In their early dealings with China, especially during the 19 th century, Western countries generally viewed China and its culture as backwards, if not semi-barbarous or heathen, and in need of major reform (even proselytiza- tion). Clearly, this was part of a rationalization to subjugate China and incor- porate it into their expanding empires. These countries and the people who represented them brought to China an attitude of arrogance and self- righteousness, an obstinate smugness perhaps exceeded only by China’s over- confidence in its own moral and cultural preeminence. Ultimately, steam- powered Western gunships settled the contest, and China was dragged along unwillingly by the West in an attempt to create a country more in the West’s own image. During this era of imperialism, the West equated its own culture and much that was associated with it to all that was desirable and good. This struggle for cultural hegemony stopped after the Revolution of 1949 when China closed its doors to the outside world. But it has only really been since 1978—when China began to implement new economic policies and slowly reopened those doors—that this condescending attitude of superiority among many Westerners has started to change. In much of the argument surrounding this clash of cultures, the word “mod- ern” has often been bandied around as if it was one of the defining character- Introduction 3 istics of Western superiority, its concomitant “lack” in China being the reason for China’s own backwardness. In this book the term modern is used in a much more narrowly defined way, as reflecting a standard of rationality wherein the ‘mysterious’ (or ‘mystical’) numerological system on which Book of Changes divination is based is not seen as a reliable index or method of forecast for future events, and the Book of Changes itself is seen as something more than that manual of divination mentioned above. Such a standard pre- cludes the possibility of explaining Book of Changes divination—yarrow stalk counting or coin tossing—even within the context of “chance hits” and the principle of “synchronicity” that is sometimes used to explain them, 5 i.e., “[as] coincidences of events in space and time…[as] something more than mere chance…[but states of] peculiar interdependence of objective events among themselves as well as with the subjective (psychic) states of the ob- server or observers [interpreting them].” 6 Nevertheless, this more reasoned approach does contribute to bringing the Book of Changes back to life as something relevant to our time and day, not as a reliable barometer of future events, but as a guide of sorts, a semi-codified system that helps one under- stand change in one’s life, even if that system is centered around the limited number of models or patterns for such change that will be introduced in this book.

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Index

1 100 Schools of Philosophy, 21 C canonical classic A oldest reference to Book of Changes as in Han shu, 11 Annotations on the Zhouyi change background information on, 16 author's philosophy of, and practical application, 169 author's philosophy of, basic B guidelines, 169 Baoshan Chu Bamboo Strips changing hexagram summary of materials in, 13 in author's philosophy of Book of Changes change, 169 archaeological evidence on Cheng Yi origins of, 10 and the yi li school, 24 as a door to the past, 1 author of Yi Cheng zhuan, 16 as a guide, 3 Confucianism as an enigma, 1 and Book of Changes background of period when commentaries, 1 compiled, 9 Confucius collection of patterns that reputed author of explains real life situations commentaries with and offers prescriptions for moralizing interpretations, action in dealing with them, 10 29 reputed author of Ten Wings, 5 compilation of, summarized, Cui (Hexagram #45) 11 application in author's system divisions of, vii of change, 171 jump from Zhouyi to, 9 cyclical universe, 21 more than a relic of the past, 1 oldest received version of, 11 D origins of, 6 relevance of today, 3 Daodejing symbolic representation of the reference to Yin/Yang in, 21 world, 23 Daoism time line for development of, and Book of Changes 17 commentaries, 1 traditional theories on divination development of, 5 early forms of, 5 underlying value system, types of used with Book of situational, dealing with Changes, 3 benefit/advantage and yarrow stalk, comparison with harm/loss, 29 author's philosophy of change, 178 Dong ZhongShu 270 Index

and correlative world view, 23 K King Xiang of F and the Zhouyi), 8 Fu Xi Kong Yingda reputed author of eight zhengyi commentary to Book of trigrams, 5 Changes, 16 Fuyang Han Bamboo Strip Kunst, Richard Zhouyi , 9 advocate of Modernist school, summary of materials in, 15 5

G L Gao Heng Legge, James leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, influence of Modernists on, 5 5 Li (Hexagram #10) Gu Jiegang as Correct Conduct, 52 leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, Li Jingchi 5 leader of Skeptics of Antiquity, gui 5 or divination, 5 line texts Guodian Chu Bamboo Strips, 10 categories of materials in, 25 and the Yin/Yang, 22 containing a system of patterns summary of Book of Changes of change, 27 materials in, 14 imagery of can be read metaphorically, 28 patterns of change and their H application by author, 169 Han Xiping Stone Classic Yijing , primacy of, 25 11 theories on creation of, 5 background information on, 16 Hanshu M earliest reference to Book of Changes in, 16 Mawangdui Silk Manuscript hexagram and line texts and the Zhouyi, 9 constituent materials of, 7 date of, 11 show organizational design or earliest version of Book of structure, 26 Changes clearly associated hexagrams with Yin/Yang lines, 9 author's names for, ix early example of a complete theories on creation of, 5 Book of Changes, 10 summary of Book of Changes materials in, 15 J mei bu Jinshu numerical manipulation of summary of Book of Changes sticks, 5 related texts mentioned in, modern 14 meaning as used by author, 2 Modernist scholars, 5 Index 271

Modernists on relationships between contrasted with Traditionalists, oracle and 5 hexagrams, 7 main goal of, 27 R N received version Needham, Joseph of Book of Changes, formation on Wilhelm, 1 of, 24 number mysticism, 23 Rutt, Richard numeric gua advocate of Modernist school, and attached divinatory 5 statements, 7 on line text materials, 25 and oracle bones, 7 as forerunners of hexagrams and trigrams, 6 S early examples of, 6, 13 Shang Dynasty numbers associated with, 7 wellspring of early divination, opposite numbers and 21 similarities to Yin/Yang Shanghai Museum Chu Bamboo lines, 7 Strip Zhouyi , 10 summary of Zhouyi materials O in, 13 Shaughnessy, Edward omens advocate of Modernist school, decline of significance of 5 meaning in Zhouyi text on line text materials, 25 materials, 26 shi in line texts, 25 milfoil (yarrow stalk) divination, 5 divination, 5 Shisanjing zhushu , 16 oracle bones Song (Hexagram #6) three parts of inscriptions in, 6 Eastern and Western attitudes organismic world view on disputes, 44 of Eastern Zhou, 21 synchronicity, 3 original hexagram in author's philosophy of change, 169 T Tianxingguan Divination Bamboo P Strips summary of materials in, 13 proto-Zhouyi text Traditionalists was there a, 9 contrasted with Modernists, 5 focus of, 27 Q W Qu Wanli Waley, Arthur influence of Modernists on, 5 272 Index

Wang Bi Qian and Kun, 38 and the received version of the Book of Changes, 11 author of first real yi li Z commentary, 24 Zhang Zhenglang Wangjiatai Qin Bamboo Strip on significance of numeric gua, Guicang , 9 6 summary of Zhouyi materials Zhong fu (Hexagram #61) in, 14 application in author's system Western Zhou of change, 173 human centered semi-feudal Zhouyi political order, 21 and Jungian archetypes, 27 Wilhelm, Richard content and date of, 8, 9 influence of Modernists on, 5 example of intractable nature translation of Book of Changes, of line text material in, 54 1 hexagram and line text materials, 25 X textual evidence in the archaeological record, 9 xiang shu Zhu Xi image and number school, 24 author of Yi benyi, 16 scholars, early examples of, 24 central role in establishing Xincai Geling Chu Bamboo Strips standard process for summary of materials in, 13 divination, 169 li and synthesis of xiang shu and yi li schools, 24 Y Yan yarrow stalk divination, 169 and Essential Natures of the yi li Five Emperors, 22 ethics and reason/meaning Naturalist philosopher, 22 pattern school, 24 Zuo Commentary scholars, early examples of, 24 examples and dates of Book of Yin /Yang Changes divination in, 8 correlative system, 22 moralizing nature of Book of lines and how they developed Changes materials in, 8, 10 from numeric gua, 22 summary of Book of Changes lines in the Zuo Commentary, 8 materials in, 14 origins of terms, 21