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The Anatomy of the Avocado Pedicel and the Localization of Diplodia

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The Anatomy of the Avocado Pedicel and the Localization of Diplodia The Anatomy of the Avocado Pedicel and the Localization of Diplodia mycelium Author(s): Tova Arzee, Yehudit Cohen and Mina Schiffmann-Nadel Reviewed work(s): Source: Botanical Gazette, Vol. 131, No. 1 (Mar., 1970), pp. 50-54 Published by: The University of Chicago Press Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2473827 . Accessed: 09/02/2013 21:30 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. The University of Chicago Press is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Botanical Gazette. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded on Sat, 9 Feb 2013 21:30:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions BOT. GAZ. 131(1): 50-54. 19/0. THE ANATO1MYOF THE AVOCADO PEDICEL AND THE LOCALIZATION- OF DIPLODIA 31YCELIUaNI TOVA ARZEE,1 YEHUDIT COHEN,1 AND' MIN-X SCHTFFAI.XA-N-AYRDE,L- ABSTRACT Avocado fruit is often attacleed during softening by Diplodia natalensis, which causes stem-end rot. The pedicel anatomy and the localization of the fungal mycelium in various tissues urere studied in artificiallnr inoculated pedicels. Mycelium was found to be present in most tissues of the pedicel. Vessel e]ements of the pedicel seem to serve as the main route of fungal penetration. In the vessels the mycelium advances mainlv via perforation plates and to some extent through pits. The intrusion into fibers, sclereids, and parenchyma cells is similarly through pits. The anatomy of the pedicel and that of the stem snere compared. Introduction with KOH. Cotton blue (R.&WLINS1933) was used Avocado fruit is often attacked shortly after har- to stain fungal hnrphaein the pedicel tissues. vest by the fungus Diplodia natalensis Pole-Evans, Observations and discussion which causes stem-end rot. It was observed by SCHIFEMANNNADEL (1968) that fruit harvested with The avocado fruit is borne on a pedicel about 20 short pedicels was severely rotted at the softening mm long and 6-10 mm in diameter. Camparative stage, whereasin fruit with long pedicels, the amount examination of cross sections of the pedicel and the of rot was low. CUMMINGSand SCHROEDER(1942), in stem, similar in age and diameter and collected from their stud) of avocado fruit anatomy, have briefls the same branch, revealed pronounceddifferences in mentioned the pedicel, with reference to its coInpact cortex/stele ratio, pith diameter, and cortex struc- vascular c-linder. ture (figs. 1, 2). In the pedicel the radial ratio of It was assurned that detailed anatomical knowl- cortex/stele is approximatelv 1/1 comparedwith 1,'9 edge of the avocado pedicel would contribute to a in the stem. The pith of the pedicel is quite narrow better understanding of the relation between the and is composed of compact parenchymatous tissue pedicel tissues and the route of the fungus. Therefore, (fig. 1), whereasthe pith of the stem has almost twice the anatomw-of the avocado pedicel was studied, and the diameter of that of the pedicel and the tissue is the localization of the fungus in the various tissues mostly disintegrated (fig. 2). These difTerencesin was traced. cortex/stele ratio and in pith size might possibl- be related to the diSerent forces acting upon the pedicel Material and methods and the stem. It mav be assumed that the pedicel is Avocado (Persea americana Mill. var. Fuerte) subjected relatively more to tensile forces caused by fruits with pedicels ranging from 10 to 20 rnm in fruit weight, while the stem is subjected mainlv to length were picked twice during the picking season, bending forces. It is noteworthy, however, that the that is, in February and in April. The fruits were sequence of the tissues is similar in both cases. A de- artificialls-inoculated at the cut surface of the pedicel tailed description of the pedicel tissues follows. with a conidial spore suspension of the fungus. At EPIDERMIS.The epidermis is composed of a various intervals after inoculation, the pedicels were single layer of cells of unequal size covered by a thick collected and fixed in formalin-acetic acid. Trans- cuticle. In cross sections of the pedicel, radial peglike verse and longitudinal sections (20-40 u thick) were thickenings of the epidermal walls could be ob- prepared with the sliding microtome. The following served at intervals of from two to seven cells (fig. z). reagents and stains were used for histochemical In longitudinal section, such radial wall thickenings identification of tissues, cell walls, and inclusions: appear in each cell (fig. 6). From a surface view the zinc-chlor-iodide for cellulose (SASS 1940); phloro- epidermis appears as horizontally elongated groups glucinol-HCl for lignin (FOSTER1949); sudan IV for of cells, one cell wide and from two to seven cells cuticle, fats (JOHANSEN1940); FeCl3 for tannins long, surrounded by heavy walls (fig. 7). This cell (JENSEN1962); IKI for starches (SASS1940); and the arrangement appears to result from subdivision of triple stain, safranin-fast green-orangeG (JOHANSENepidermal cells with the newly formed cells aligned 1940), as a general differential stain. Maceration of at right angles to the pedicel axis; the divisions and the pedicel was carried out using JEFEREY'Smethod cell enlargementkeep pace with the radial thickening (FOSTER1949); epidermisseparation was carried out of the pedicel. Thick-walled, unicellular hairs, 150-350 u long, 1 Department of Botany-, Tel-Aviv University-; Te]-Aviv, Israel. are scattered sparsely over the pedicel, becoming 2 Volcani Institute of Agricultural Research, Rehovot more abundant toward the sepals, where they maSr Israel. number up to 100-200 per square millimeter. 50 This content downloaded on Sat, 9 Feb 2013 21:30:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions r 1 3 l p :S 4 FIGS. 1-4. F igs. 1-2, Transectionsof avocadopedicel and X120. Fig. 4, Part of fig. 2, magnified,showing cortex pa- stem, respectively, showing differencesin cortex/stele ratio renchyma and collenchyma, X120. Cortex, c; phloem, pXt; and in pith diameter.Fig. 1, X10; fig. 2, X12. Fig. 3, Part of xylem, x; pith, p; collenchyma,cl; parenchyma,pr; stained fig. 1, magnified,showing homogeneouscortex parenchyma, with safranin-fastgreen-orange G. This content downloaded on Sat, 9 Feb 2013 21:30:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions FIGS.5-8.-Figs. 5-7, Pedicelepidermis. Fig. 5, Transection X450. lig. 8, Transectionof pedicel showinga lentice], the of pedicel showingepidermis with spaced radialwa]l thicken- epidermisstill present, X60. Peglike thickening,pg; stained ing, X450. Fig. 6, Longitudinalsection of pedicel, showing with safranin-fastgreen-orange G except fig. 7, stained with radialwall thickeningin each cell, X450. Fig. 7, Surfaceview safraninonlt. of separated epidermis showing horizontal groups of cells, This content downloaded on Sat, 9 Feb 2013 21:30:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions _ - ARZEE ET AL. DIPLODIA IN AVOCADOPEDICEL 53 Stomataare paractic and verr scarce;the sub- (fig. 8). The onset of peridermformation, however, sidiar- cells are locatedsidewise and underneaththe was observedonly in pedicelsof fruit pickedlate in guardcells, thus causingelevation of the latterabove the season. 3"large substomatalcavitr. The epidermalcells are CORTEX.-Thethick cortexof the pedicelis strik- generallyrich in tannin. Lenticelsof various sizes ingly homogeneous,consisting of large isodiametric can be observedwhile the epidermisis still persistent parenchxmacells (fig. 3). The stem cortex on the . ..,. iEn * .: ! t L__>* !' . : mJw Fu L _x 1 FIGS.9-12. The occurrenceof myceliumin pediceltissues. vessel member,X650. Fig. 10, AIyceliumin pith parenchyma Mycelium,m; perforationplate, pp; pit, pt; longitudinaland cells, X950. Fig. 11, Mvce]ium in fibers, X 650. fi ig. 12, transections,stained with cotton blue. I7ig. 9, Myceliumin Myceliumin sclereids,X650. This content downloaded on Sat, 9 Feb 2013 21:30:37 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions 54 BOT.XA-IC.NLG.NZETTE other hand, is composed of both collench-ma and THE LOCATIONOF THE FUNGUS. Xntltolllicbllex- parenchxma tissues (fig. 4). Among the parenchyma amination of longitudinal and cross sections of the cells of the pedicel, solitary sclereids or groups of pedicel made at several intervals after inoculation sclereids,mostly of the brachysclereidtype, were ob- with spores of Diplodia xatalewlsisshowed the follow- served. The sclereids were at different stages of wall ing results. Four daSs after inoculationn m!-celium thickening, from very thin to almost complete was observed mainly in vessel elenlents (tig. 9), 3-4 elimination of cell lumen. Starch, fats, and tannins mm from the cut surface; there WclS also sollle Ill-- were generally found in the parenchSma cells. In celium in the parench-ma cells of the cortex and the pedicels of fruit picked in February, starches pith (fig. 10), close to the cut surface. Nfter / davs were predominantand very little tannin was present; the m-celium was more profuse in the sanle tissues in April, at the end of the season, a marked rise in and had penetrated more deeplx into the pedicel. tannin and a depletion in starch were noticed. Later, the mycelium advanced and becrlle more STELE. The phloem occupies about one-seventh abundant; several hxphae could frequentl!- be ob- and the xSlem about one-fifth of the total pedicel served in a single vessel element. After two n-eelSs,the radius?which is similar to the ratio in the stem (figs. ms-celiumwas found throughout the pedicel?inelud- 1, 2).
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