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Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum Compassion Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum Volume III Edited by Viktor Reinhardt ANIMAL Welfare INSTITUTE Compassion Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum Volume III Edited by Viktor Reinhardt ANIMAL WELFARE INSTITUTE Animal Welfare Institute Cover photo: Brittany Randolph | Flickr Creative Commons 900 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE Design: Ava Rinehart and Alexandra Alberg Washington, DC 20003 Copy editing: Dave Tilford, Cathy Liss, and awionline.org Annie Reinhardt Compassion Makes a Difference Copyright © 2013 Animal Welfare Institute Discussions by the Laboratory Animal Printed in the United States of America Refinement & Enrichment Forum, Volume III ISBN 978-0-938414-82-7 Edited by Viktor Reinhardt LCCN 2013939212 I dedicate this book to the investigator who does not treat animals as disposable research tools but as sensitive creatures whose well-being determines the quality of biomedical research data. Table of Contents CATS & DOGS 45 Treating UD [ulcerative dermatitis] 1 Environmental enrichment for cats in mice 3 Environmental enrichment for dogs 45 Foraging enrichment for rodents 10 Elevated resting surfaces for dogs 46 Shelters for rodents 12 Playroom for dogs 49 Wheel-running in rodents 14 Cleaning dog feeders 52 Rodent enrichment — census 53 Training rodents to cooperate PIGS during procedures 15 Pair formation of pigs 16 Encouraging rooting behavior in pigs RABBITS 19 Treats as training tool for pigs 57 Environmental enrichment for rabbits 21 Oral dosing of pigs 62 Housing female rabbits in pairs 22 Multiple blood collections from pigs 64 Bunny nest 65 Protected social contact housing SHEEP & GOATS for male rabbits 25 Environmental enrichment for sheep 67 Acclimating rabbits to humans 27 Environmental enrichment for goats 71 Oral dosing of rabbits 72 Recognizing pain in rabbits COLD-BLOODED ANIMALS 29 Environmental enrichment for PRIMATES cold-blooded animals 73 Access to the arboreal dimension for monkeys RODENTS 75 Play cages/areas for monkeys 31 Environmental enrichment for rats 76 Woodchip bedding for indoor-housed 34 Aggressiveness in single-caged rats macaques 35 Species-appropriate housing for mice 77 Foraging and feeding enrichment 37 Bedding and nesting material for mice for monkeys 43 Usefulness of the term enrichment 91 Gnawing sticks for monkeys 44 Preferred nesting location of mice 94 Water as enrichment for monkeys 44 Mouse cage changing 96 Protecting watering system hoses 96 Pair and group formation of monkeys MICELLANEOUS 106 Intermittent pair-housing of macaques 145 Dealing with repetitive locomotion/ 107 Pair-housing macaques of different movement patterns species 147 Addressing social needs of animals 108 Oral dosing of monkeys who have a bandage 115 Preparing monkeys for handling 149 Radio sounds in animal rooms procedures 151 Phased lighting in animal rooms 116 Monkeys cooperating during 152 Who is in charge of environmental procedures without formal training enrichment? 118 Monkey see, monkey do 155 Environmental enrichment and 120 Training monkeys to enter into a data variability transfer box/cage 156 Animal welfare and good science 125 Training macaques to cooperate 157 Are scientific benefits balanced against during blood collection costs to research subjects? 127 Training macaques to cooperate 159 Naming animals in research laboratories during sedative injections 161 Higher versus lower animals 128 Training macaques to cooperate 165 Are animals aware of themselves? during saliva collection 167 Do animals have a sense of humor? 130 Are male macaques more difficult 169 Retiring and adopting animals who are to train than females? no longer needed for research 131 Treats as training tool for macaques 177 Human-animal trust relationship 132 Training vervets to cooperate 180 Dealing with emotional fatigue during procedures 183 Communication between animal 133 Training and behavioral pathologies care staff and investigators in monkeys 186 Professional satisfaction 135 Making use of quarantine time 137 Behavioral pathologies in macaques References 190 140 Touching non-human primates Photo Credits 197 Index 202 Introduction and Acknowledgements This is the third volume of discussions that took place on Thek, Lydia Troc, Melissa Truelove, Pascalle Van Loo, the Laboratory Animal Refinement & Enrichment Forum Pascal Van Troys, Augusto Vitale, Dhaval Vyas, Richard (LAREF). This forum is dedicated to the exchange of Weilenmann, Christina Winnicker and Russell Yothers. personal experiences of refining the conditions under which I have added in brackets editorial clarifications and animals are housed and handled in research laboratories. supportive references from the published literature. Great Interesting questions and relevant answers and comments thanks are due to Cathy Liss, Dave Tilford and my wife were selected that were posted by 88 LAREF members Annie for correcting errors and flaws in the final draft of between March 2010 and December 2012. the text. I am grateful to the following animal caregivers, To obtain photos from animals in research facilities animal technicians, clinical veterinarians and researchers is—understandably—problematic because such for editing together with me their contributions and giving material can easily be misused. Therefore, most of the me permission to include these in this book: Dawn Abney, accompanying photos of this book were obtained from the Jason Allen, Krystle Allison, Genevieve Andrews-Kelly, public domain, especially from Flickr’s Creative Commons. Paula Austin, Kate Baker, J.B. Barley, Sharon Bauer, I am particularly grateful to Polly Schultz, founder of the Vera Baumans, Paula Bazille, Krista Beck, Lorraine OPR Coastal Primate Sanctuary in Longview, Washington. Bell, Kaile Bennett, Louise Buckley, Rebecca Brunelli, Polly shared numerous photos from the sanctuary’s Lori Burgess, Holly Carter Anderton, Lynette Chave, animals to accompany her own comments and those from Yvette Chen, Cathryn Coke, Michele Cunneen, Ernest other LAREF members as they relate to refined housing Davis, Heidi Denman, Louis DiVincenti, Francine Dolins, practices for non-human primates. Marcie Donnelly, Richard Duff, Michel Emond, Fabio Alexandra Alberg and Ava Rinehart prepared the Fante, Anthony Ferraro, Thomas Ferrell, Kelsey Finnie, layout and created the design of this book. They added Alyssa Foulkes, Renee Gainer, Alison Grand, Stefanie a gentle touch of beauty which makes me very happy. Haba Nelsen, Catherine Hagan, Amanda Harsche, Working with Ava and Alex as a team in a relaxed but Penny Hawkins, Harriet Hoffman, Melissa Ann James, committed environment was a real privilege for me. Kenneth Jones, Hannah Kenward, Amy Kerwin, Amy Thank you Ava! Thank you Alex! Kilpatrick, Judith Kirchner, Michael Kob, Ann Lablans, LAREF is managed and moderated by Marcie Jennifer Lofgren, Shelley Lower, Meagan McCallum, Donnelly, Erik Moreau and Viktor Reinhardt, who reserve Keely McVeigh, Kristin Mayfield, Darren Minier, Robin the right to accept or reject subscribers. If you want to Minkel, Amanda Moitoza, Erik Moreau, David Morton, join the forum, send a message to [email protected] Ali Moore, Zachary Myles, Darlene Potterton, Octavio indicating briefly your practical experience with animals Augusto França Presgrave, Mary Rambo, Kimberly in research, your current professional affiliation, and your Rappaport, Jillann Rawlins-O’Connor, Angelika Rehrig, interests as they pertain to this discussion group. Dave Robertson, Susan Rubino, Jodi Scholz, Polly Schultz, Jacqueline Schwartz-Cohoon, Jürgen Seier, Viktor Reinhardt Meagan Shetler, Chris Sherwin, Evelyn Skoumbourdis, Mt. Shasta, California Adrian Smith, Carolyn Sterner, Autumn Sorrells, Karena May, 2013 CATS & DOGS Environmental they have toys hanging from the cage ceiling enrichment for cats that they enjoy batting at from time to time. How do you help cats deal with chronic It has been my experience that single-caged boredom when they are kept alone? cats are not easily distracted by any kind of environmental enrichment gadgets, but they The room with our singly housed cats has a all love their raised, comfortable platform from window that allows all the cats of the room to which they can monitor what’s going on in their look out to the animal care hallway. They love room. Depending on their experience with to sit and watch the day’s business go by. I’m humans, some cats readily trust me and enjoy sure an outdoor window would be even more popular but that isn’t feasible. When we had cats, those in my care always received extra human attention. Some of them wanted to be petted or groomed while others preferred to just watch me doing the chores. Most of them enjoyed it when I played with them, throwing a small ball in the room or dragging a piece of rope with a toy attached to it. Each of our cages is furnished with a hammock or a comfortable raised resting board which all the cats seem to love, plus 1 it when I visit and groom them. Others are better left alone because they have difficulties overcoming their mistrust of humans. However, they also enjoy watching from a safe distance what is going on in the room. I believe that the unobtrusive presence of the attending caregiver is the most effective enrichment that can be offered to single-caged cats. Once they have overcome their distrust of humans, most cats like it when you interact with them in a friendly, cat-appropriate way. Under those circumstances, the attending care personnel can provide high-quality environmental
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