THE IGNATIAN EPISTLES ENTIRELY SPURIOUS A Reply TO THE RIGHT REV. DR. LIGHTFOOT, BISHOP OF DURHAM. BY WILLIAM. P. KILLEN, D.D., PROFESSOR OF ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY, AND PRINCIPAL OF THE PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL FACULTY, IRELAND. “As the Account of the martyrdom of Ignatius may be justly suspected, so, too, the letters which presuppose the correct- ness of this suspicious legend do not wear at all a stamp of a distinct Individuality of character, and of a man of these times addressing his last words to the Churches.” AUGUSTUS NEANDER. EDINBURGH: T. & T. CLARK, 38 GEORGE STREET. 1 8 8 6. Journal of Higher Criticism, 8/1 (Spring 2001), 91-142. 92 JOURNAL OF HIGHER CRITICISM PREFACE. THIS little volume is respectfully submitted to the candid consideration of all who take an interest in theological inquiries, under the impression that it will throw some additional light on a subject which has long created much discussion. It has been called forth by the appearance of a treatise entitled, “The Apostolic Fathers, Part II. S. Ignatius, S. Polycarp. Revised Texts, with Introductions, Notes, Dissertations, and Translations, by J. B. Lightfoot, D.D., D.C.L., LL.D., Bishop of Durham.” In this voluminous production the Right Reverend Author has maintained, not only that all the seven letters attributed by Eusebius to Ignatius are genuine, but also that “no Christian writings of the second century, and very few writings of antiquity, whether Christian or pagan, are so well authenticated.” These positions, advocated with the utmost confidence by the learned prelate, are sure to be received with implicit confidence by a wide circle of readers; and I have felt impelled here openly to protest against them, inasmuch as I am satisfied that they cannot be accepted without overturning all the legitimate landmarks of historical criticism. I freely acknowledge the eminent services which Dr. Lightfoot has rendered to the Christian Church by his labours as a Commentator on Scripture, and it is therefore all the more important that the serious errors of a writer so distin- guished should not be permitted to pass unchallenged. All who love the faith once delivered to the saints, may be expected to regard with deference the letters of a martyr who lived on the borders of the apostolic age; but these Ignatian Epistles betray indications of a very different original, for they reveal a spirit of which no enlightened Christian can approve, and promulgate principles which would sanction the boldest assumptions of ecclesiastical - despotism. In a work published by me many years ago, I have pointed out the marks of their imposture; and I have since seen no cause to change my views. Regarding all these letters as forgeries from beginning to end, I have endeavoured, in the following pages, to expose the fallacy of the arguments by which Dr. Lightfcot has attempted their vindication. ASSEMBLY COLLEGE, BELFAST, July 1886. KILLEN: REPLY TO LIGHTFOOT 93 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. The critical spirit stimulated by the Reformation — The Ignatian Epistles as regarded by Calvin, Ussher, Vossius, Daillé, Pearson, Wake, and Cureton — Dr. Lightfoot as a Scholar and a commentator — The valuable information supplied in his recent work — His estimate of the parties who have pronounced judgment on the question of the Ignatian Epistles — His verdict unfair — His introduction of Lucian as a witness in his favour -- The story of Peregrinus — Dr. Lightfoot’s cardinal mistake in his treatment of this question. CHAPTER II THE TESTIMONY OF POLYCARP TO THE IGNATIAN EPISTLES EXAMINED. Dr. Lightfoot makes a most unguarded statement as to the Ignatian Epistles — The letter of Polycarp better authenticated — The date assigned for the martyrdom of Ignatius — The date of Polycarp’s Epistle — Written in the reign of Marcus Aurelius.— Not written in the reign of Trajan — The Epistle of Polycarp has no reference to Ignatius of Antioch -- It refers to another Ignatius of another age and country — It was written at a time of persecution — The postscript to the letter of Polycarp quite misunderstood — What is meant by letters being carried to Syria — Psyria and Syria, two islands in the Agæan Sea — The errors of transcribers of the postscript — The true meaning of the postscript — What has led to the mistake as to the claims of the Ignatian Epistles — The continued popularity of these Epistles among High Churchmen. CHAPTER III. THE DATE OF THE MARTYRDOM OF POLYCARP Dr. Lightfoot’s strange reasoning on this subject The testimony of Eusebius, Jerome, and others Eusebius and Jerome highly competent witnesses Dr. Döllinger’s estimate of Jerome The basis on which Dr. Lightfoot rests the whole weight of his chronological argument Aristides and his Sacred Discourses Statius Quadratus, the consuls and proconsuls Ummidius Quadratus Polycarp martyred in the reign of Marcus Aurelius His visit to Rome in the time of Anicetus Put to death when there was only one emperor Age of Polycarp at the time of his martyrdom The importance of the chronological argument. 94 JOURNAL OF HIGHER CRITICISM CHAPTER IV. THE TESTIMONY OF IRENAEUS AND THE GENESIS OF PRELACY The testimony of Irenaeus quite misunderstood Refers to the dying words of one of the martyrs of Lyons The internal evidence against the genuineness of the Ignatian Epistles The contrast between the Epistle of Polycarp and the Ignatian Epistles as exhibited by Dr. Lightfoot himself Additional points of contrast Dr. Lightfoot quite mistaken as to the origin of Prelacy It did not originate in the East, or Asia Minor, but in Rome -- The argmnent from the cases of Timothy and Titus untenable -- Jerome’s account of the origin of Prelacy James not the first bishop of Jerusalem — In the early part of the second century the Churches of Rome, Corinth, and Smyrna were Presbyterian Irenaeus conceals the origin of Prelacy Coins the doctrine of the apostolical succession The succession cannot be deter- mined even in Rome Testimony of Stillingfleet In what sense Polycarp may have been constituted a bishop by the apostles. CHAPTER V. THE FORGERY OF THE IGNATIAN EPISTLES. We have no positive historical information as to the origin of the Ignatian Epistles First saw the light in the early part of the third century Such forgeries then common What was then thought by many as to pious frauds Callistus of Rome probably concerned in the fabrication of the Ignatian Epistles His remarkable history The Epistle to the Romans first forged It embodies the credentials of the rest Montanism stimulated the desire for martyrdom The prevalence of this mania early in the third century The Ignatian Epistles present it in its most outrageous form — The Epistle to the Romans must have been very popular at Rome — Doubtful whether Ignatius was martyred at Rome — The lgnatian Epistles intended to advance the claims of Prelacy — Well fitted to do so at the time of their appearance — The account of Callistus given by Hippolytus — The Ignatian letters point to Callistus as their author — Cannot have been written in the beginning of the second century Their doctrine that of the Papacy. APPENDIX I. -- Letter of Dr. Cureton. KILLEN: REPLY TO LIGHTFOOT 95 THE IGNATIAN EPISTLES ENTIRELY SPURIOUS. CHAPTER I. PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS. HE question of the genuineness of the Epistles attributed to Ignatius of Antioch has continued to awaken interest ever Tsince the period of the Reformation. That great religious revolution gave an immense impetus to the critical spirit; and when brought under the light of its examination, not a few documents, the claims of which had long passed unchallenged, were summarily pronounced spurious. Eusebius, writing in the fourth century, names only seven letters as attributed to Ignatius; but long before the days of Luther more than double that number were in circulation. Many of these were speedily condemned by the critics of the sixteenth century. Even the seven recognised by Eusebius were regarded with grave suspicion; and Calvin — who then stood at the head of Protestant theologians — did not hesitate to denounce the whole [2]* of them as forgeries. The work, long employed as a text-book in Cambridge and Oxford, was the Institutes of the Reformer of Geneva; and as his views on this subject are there proclaimed very emphatically — “There is,” says Calvin, “nothing more abominable than that trash which is in circulation under the name of Ignatius”1 we may presume that the entire body of the Ignatian literature was at that time viewed with distrust by the leaders of thought in the English universities. But when the doctrine of the Divine Right of Epis- copacy began to be promulgated, the seven letters rose in the estimation of the advocates of the hierarchy; and an extreme desire was manifested to establish their pretensions. So great was the importance attached to their evidence, that in 1644 in the very midst of the din and confusion of the civil war between Charles I. and his Parliament the pious and erudite Archbishop Ussher presented the literary world with a new edition of these memorials. Two years later the renowned Isaac Vossius produced a kindred publication. Some time afterwards, Daillé, a learned French Protestant minister, attacked * Original page numbers are in brackets 1 Instit., 1.13.29. 96 JOURNAL OF HIGHER CRITICISM them with great ability; and proved, to the satisfaction of many readers, that they are utterly unworthy of credit. Pearson, subsequently Bishop of Chester, now entered the arena, and in a work of much talent and research the fruit of six years’ labour attempted to -restore their reputation. This vindication was not [3] permitted to pass without an answer; but, meanwhile, the dark prospects of the Reformed faith in England and the Conti- nent directed attention to matters of more absorbing interest, and the controversy was discontinued.