Asian Migrant Writers in Australia and the Negotiation of the Third Space

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Asian Migrant Writers in Australia and the Negotiation of the Third Space Edith Cowan University Research Online Theses: Doctorates and Masters Theses 5-2011 Asian migrant writers in Australia and the negotiation of the third space Jacqueline M. Highland Edith Cowan University Follow this and additional works at: https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses Part of the Australian Studies Commons Recommended Citation Highland, J. M. (2011). Asian migrant writers in Australia and the negotiation of the third space. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/156 This Thesis is posted at Research Online. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/156 Edith Cowan University Copyright Warning You may print or download ONE copy of this document for the purpose of your own research or study. The University does not authorize you to copy, communicate or otherwise make available electronically to any other person any copyright material contained on this site. You are reminded of the following: Copyright owners are entitled to take legal action against persons who infringe their copyright. A reproduction of material that is protected by copyright may be a copyright infringement. Where the reproduction of such material is done without attribution of authorship, with false attribution of authorship or the authorship is treated in a derogatory manner, this may be a breach of the author’s moral rights contained in Part IX of the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Courts have the power to impose a wide range of civil and criminal sanctions for infringement of copyright, infringement of moral rights and other offences under the Copyright Act 1968 (Cth). Higher penalties may apply, and higher damages may be awarded, for offences and infringements involving the conversion of material into digital or electronic form. ASIAN MIGRANT WRITERS IN AUSTRALIA AND THE NEGOTIATION OF THE THIRD SPACE JACQUELINE MARY HIGHLAND B A . B. ED. UNIVERSITY OF MADRAS A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE AWARD OF MASTER OF ARTS, ENGLISH. FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND ARTS EDITH COWAN UNIVERSITY th DATE OF SUBMISSION: 18 May, 2011 USE OF THESIS The Use of Thesis statement is not included in this version of the thesis. ABSTRACT This thesis is a comparative study of three selected texts by Australian novelists Yasmine Gooneratne, A Change of Skies,(1991) Adib Khan, Seasonal Adjustments (1994) and Brian Castro, Birds of Passage ((1983). All three writers explore the experiences and perceptions of their protagonists in relating to the landscape, people and cultural traditions within the Australian context into which they have migrated from different Asian countries. Brian Castro’s central characters, Lo Yun Shan and Seamus O’Young, are drawn from two contexts, the former from the 19th century China while the latter is a contemporary Australian born Chinese. Gooneratne’s and Khan’s protagonists hail from South-East Asian contexts, which are again interestingly different, Gooneratne’s character being from Sri Lanka and Khan’s from Bangladesh. From the multiplicity of cultures from which these texts emerge with their inevitable movements of the protagonists between the originary and adoptive homes, there seems to be a reaching towards a necessary ‘inter’ space, what Homi Bhabha calls the ‘Third Space.’ In terms of perception of identity and belonging this borderline position would appear to be crucial to the diasporic condition. (1994, p. 53) While this study explores the problematics, accommodations, resolutions and synergies involved in the experience of negotiating this liminal space and living what Rushdie calls a ‘translated’ existence, (1991, p. 17) the focus is on particular processes crucial to that translation. My study will suggest that the arrival at the ‘Third Space’ is represented neither as a benign experience of adaptation to a different sense of home nor a sense of being relegated to a state of permanent loss and alienation. Rather it will be apparent that the migrant experience is more mosaic than formulaic resisting neat definitions of movement from an initial sense of estrangement from the host nation to accommodation and assimilation within the new society. It seems that each individual character is poised on different and differing configurations of cultural allegiances and identities within the’ Third Space’. The representation and perception of the’ Third Space’ ‘in relation to the performance of identity as - ii - iteration and the recreation of self…[particularly in terms of] the desire for recognition’ (Bhabha, 2004, p.12) appears more diverse than originally envisaged by Bhabha. There appears to be a plurality of articulations within this formulation, suggesting it is not a single, homogenous in-between space but a constellation of ‘Third Spaces’, fluid and changing, overriding the possibility of a ‘happy hybridity’ which, in any case. most theorists in the field find an untenable concept. The tracing of this highly complex . inter-related and entangled plethora of experiences which constitute the fate of the migrant will be explored in depth and detail in this thesis. Finally, no arrival at certain certainties is promised at its conclusion; only, possibly, a heightening of awareness, an expansion of understanding.. This provides an opportunity to revisit, indeed to rethink the complexities of migrant experience as not only transcending dichotomies of insider/outsider, belonging/alterity which are encoded in the narrative of a nation, while simultaneously affirming the processes of hybridity as crucial to the formation of a ‘double selved’ identity. - iii - DECLARATION I certify that this thesis does not to the best of my knowledge and belief: (I) incorporate without acknowledgement any material previously submitted for a degree or diploma in any institution of higher education; (ii) contain any material previously published or written by another person except where due reference is made in the text; or (iii) contain any defamatory material. I also grant permission for the Library at Edith Cowan University to make duplicate copies of my thesis as required. Signature________________________ Date ________________________ - iv - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS My principal thanks are to my supervisor, Dr Cynthia vanden Driesen, for her unflagging encouragement, patient guidance and education in scholarship. I also wish to acknowledge Honorary Professor, Glen Phillips for his advice, direction and support throughput this process. I would like to express my gratitude to my colleagues and friends at Chisholm Catholic College and Seton Catholic College for their encouragement and support through the years: to Louise Hulton who first urged me on this path; to my two Principals, Patricia Rodriguez and Egmont Melton for creating a climate of learning and enquiry; to the English Department for their affirmation and encouragement; to my Literature students for their engagement and fascination with new and different worlds of experience. Finally and most importantly I must express my appreciation to my wonderful family: Cornell, Samantha, Simon, Will and my sisters Marianne and Christine whose belief in me never wavered, whose ongoing support have helped carry me over the hardest parts of this odyssey and, in doing so, oriented me towards my own ‘Third Space of Enunciation’. - v - TABLE OF CONTENTS Copyright and Access Declaration……………………….......................i Abstract………………………………………………………..…...…..iii Declaration……………………………………………………………..v Acknowledgements……………………………………………..……...vi Introduction……………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1 – Context: Host and Originary Cultures. ….…………….…..7 Chapter 2 - Negotiating the Landscape …………………………….…24 Chapter 3 - Representations of People……………………….……..…49 Chapter 4 - Negotiating Cultural Rituals.……………………..…….....92 Conclusion.……………………………………………….…………..114 Bibliography……………………………………………………….….137 INTRODUCTION People are always very curious about nationality. They will go to great lengths to pigeonhole someone. They think this knowledge gives them power. Birds of Passage, (Castro, 1983, p. 8) Until we choose where we shall settle, and decide (in our own time) to make ourselves known, displaced people such as ourselves enjoy a liberty that others may well envy. A Change of Skies, (Gooneratne, 1991, p. 281) I am a variable without a constant to measure myself against, a changing shadow whose exact composition cannot be determined. Seasonal Adjustments, (Khan, 1994, p.9) - - 1 - - Salman Rushdie, in his essay ‘Imaginary Homelands’ (1991), quotes these well known words from L P Hartley’s novel The Go-Between: ‘…the past is a foreign country, they do things differently there’ but he goes on to state that this idea should be inverted, that instead ‘...it is the present that is foreign and the past is home, albeit a lost home in a lost city in the mists of lost time’ (Rushdie, 1991, p.9). Granted, individuals carry what Said identifies as an ‘infinity of traces’ (1978, p. 25) regarding the past, but for a migrant, the experience of disorientation and loss is particularly acute on account of being ‘out-of-country’ and even ‘out- of-language’ (Rushdie, 1991, p.12). Rushdie goes on to state that individuals in diaspora become hybridised, radically altered in translation, and it is only through this hybridisation that innovation can surface. The hybridity of diasporic peoples across the world has been an insistent trope in literary studies over the past two decades, mainly because the study of race has radically altered critical interpretations of literature. T.S. Eliot (cited in Bhabha, 1996, p.54) states: The migrations of modern times…have
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