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Andreas Loos Phd Thesis DIVINE ACTION, CHRIST AND THE DOCTRINE OF GOD : THE TRINITARIAN GRAMMAR OF ADOLF SCHLATTER'S THEOLOGY Andreas Loos A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St Andrews 2006 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/7298 This item is protected by original copyright DIVINE ACTION, CHRIST AND THE DOCTRINE OF GOD The Trinitarian Grammar ofAdolf Schlatter's Theology A thesis submitted for the degree ofDoctor ofPhilosophy by Andreas Loos University ofSt. Andrews 29 March 2005 ABSTRACT This dissertation constitutes an examination ofthe inner-theological basis of Adolf Schlatter's theology which, as recent research has established, needs to be understood in terms of a theology of God's works. The foundation of Schlatter's theology is recon­ structed by means of a critical outline and assessment of three dogmatic concepts, namely: a) the relation between God and the world; b) the ground and mode of God's agency in, and towards, the world; c) the structure ofGod's agency and works. I argue that the doctrine of the Trinity constitutes the ontological basis for Schlat­ ter's concept ofdivine action. It is seen that Schlatter relates God's triune being ad intra and God's triune economy ad extra, through the notion of love. This analogia caritatis assumes the form of an analogia operationis which gives rise to an analogia relationis. Special attention is devoted in this context, first, to the role which Schlatter ascribes to the Holy Spirit and, second, to the Christocentricity of Schlatter's approach. At decisive points in this study, attention is drawn to parallels between Schlatter's thought and the contemporary trinitarian theology of Wolfhart Pannenberg, Colin Gunton, Christoph Schwebel and others. In the light of the trinitarian depth-structures of Schlatter's theology of divine ac­ tion, an effort is made to explicate his theology ofGod's works as an attempt to model a theology in methodological obedience to God's triune economy. Fundamental aspects of Schlatter's approach are briefly reconsidered from a trinitarian perspective. What the present study has found itself obliged to offer constitutes, in essence, a new reading of Schlatter's dogmatics, conceived, in effect, as an applied trinitarian theology. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The conclusion ofthis thesis is due to the help and influence ofa number ofpeople to whom lowe a debt of gratitude. Professor Alan Torrance has accompanied my aca­ demic work and the becoming of this thesis with great encouragement and support. As my Doktorvater in the full sense of the word, he consistently offered helpful advice ­ not only with respect to my research but also concerning my personal life and that of my family. Dr. Werner Neuer greatly inspired this thesis during its initial stages and ­ through his comprehensive knowledge of Schlatter's life and work - enabled me to complete my research after it had been interrupted by my move to a teaching position at St. Chrischona Theological Seminary in Switzerland. The personal and theological debt lowe these two persons can only be adumbrated here by affirming that without them there would be no thesis at all. The proof-reading of this study by Elizabeth Wenzel requires special mention. I found the challenge to write a dissertation in English as my second language aggravated by the fact that Schlatter, whose style of writing causes frequent lamentation even among German-speaking theologians, is difficult to translate. Elizabeth Wenzel has improved the language ofthis study enormously, and this in such a way that she did not simply replace my English but made it more readable and lucid. Finally, my deepest gratitude is to my dear wife, Simone. Her strength gave me the freedom to do my research. In her curiosity she became a constant dialogue-partner with whom I had to discuss the latest theological insights from my work. By her knowledge of my self she enabled me to keep focused and to relax at the appropriate time. It is her love which continues to open my eyes to the relational, indeed, "trinitarian depth struc­ tures" ofour life. CONTENTS 1 CONTENTS CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION 7 1. The State of Research: Schlatter's Theology as a Theology ofGod's Works 7 2. The Task and the Promise of the Present Study 10 CHAPTER II. PROBES INTO SCHLATTER'S CONCEPT OF DIVINE AGENCY ~ 14 1. God - the Creator ofHumanity 14 A. Introductory remarks 14 i. The ontological dependence ofcreation upon the Creator 14 ii. The analogy ofall creaturely being and the notion ofthe imago Dei 15 B. Human personhood 17 i. The ontological dependence ofthe human person upon God 17 ii. Creatio ex nihilo 20 C. Human corporeity and the gift ofspace and time 22 i. The creation and enabling ofhuman being and action through nature 23 ii. The divine gift ofspace and time 25 D. Human sociality and history 27 i. The creation and enabling ofhuman being and action through community 27 ii. The creation and enabling ofhuman being and action through history 29 E. On being the image of God 31 i. Relationship with God 31 ii. Relationship with the rest ofcreation 35 a) Nature (non-personal creation) 36 b) Community (personal creation) 37 2. God - the Preserver and Ruler of Humanity 38 A. Preliminary remarks on the relation between creation and providence 38 CONTENTS 2 B. Divine providential action 39 i. Conservatio 40 a) God's active and creative presence in creation 40 b) Conservatio and creatio continua 41 ii. Gubernatio 43 a) The teleological orientation ofdivine action 43 b) God's ruling ofman through nature and history 44 c) The differentiation between mediate and immediate providential acts ofGod 47 iii. Concursus 51 a) Concursus generalis 51 b) Concursus specialis 52 c) Concursus specialissima 54 C. Human sinfulness and divine providence 57 i. Original sin (peccatum originale) and the concrete act ofsin (peccatum actuale) 57 ii. Sin and its total impact on man (peccatum totale) 58 iii. Sin and the sovereignty and faithfulness ofGod 60 a) The exegetical argument.. 60 b) The dogmatic argument.. 61 c) Conclusion: man is simul creatus et peccator 63 iv. The actuality of sin in relation to the omni-activity ofGod 64 a) Man as the subject ofsinful actions 65 b) The dependence ofthe sinner upon God concerning the arising ofsinful action 65 c) The dependence ofthe sinner upon God concerning the result of sinful action 68 d) God's reaction to man's sinful action 69 e) Concluding observations on God's reign in the face ofhuman sin 71 3. God - the Saviour of Humanity 75 A. Divine action toward man: the cross as Jesus' regal act and the reality ofsalvation 75 B. The appropriation ofsalvation through faith in Christ 77 i. Faith as an anthropological category 77 ii. Faith as a soteriological category 79 C. Divine action in man: the mediation of salvation through the Holy Spirit 81 i. The human impossibility of salvific faith and the necessity ofa divine intervention 81 ii. The creative action ofthe Spirit 83 iii. Conclusion 86 CONTENTS 3 CHAPTER III. SCHLATTER'S THEORY OF DIVINE ACTION 87 1. Schlatter's Awareness ofthe Problematic Aspects of a Theory of Divine Action 88 A. Divine transcendence, divine action and the pitfall ofmonism 88 i. God's transcendence and his active involvement with the world 88 ii. Divine omnipotence and divine creative action 90 iii. Divine being and action over against human being and action 93 B. Conclusion: Two desiderata for a theory ofdivine action 95 i. Concerning the inner-divine paradox 95 ii. Concerning the dualism ofGod and creation 96 2. Towards a Multi-Dimensional Understanding ofDivine Action 96 A. The transcendental and the immanent dimension ofdivine action 96 i. Transcendental action 96 ii. Immanent action 99 B. The interplay ofthe different dimensions ofdivine action 100 i. The creation ofthe world 100 ii. The inspiration ofthe divine word 102 C. God acts upon, with and through the creature 107 3. Towards a Modal Theory ofDivine Action 111 A. Personal action 111 i. Schlatter's call for a personal concept ofdivine action 111 ii. Characteristics ofpersonal action 113 a) Conscious action . 113 b) Intentional action 114 c) Free action 115 iii. Personal action, Word and history 116 B. Personal action as grace and love 119 i. Personal action as grace 119 ii. Personal action as love 122 4. Towards a Trinitarian Theory of Divine Action 124 A. The mediation ofdivine action through Christ.. 124 i. The divine Logos, the eternal Son ofGod and the logoi ofcreation 125 CONTENTS 4 ii. The exclusiveness ofChrist's mediation 127 iii. The christological mediation ofall divine actions 129 B. The mediation ofdivine action through the Spirit 132 C. The three persons ofthe Trinity and the three dimensions ofdivine action 137 5. Concluding Observations on the Conceptual Capacity ofSchlatter's Theory... 138 A. Features ofa modal ontology ofdivine action 138 i. God's action as the ontological enabling-ground ofhuman being and action 138 a) Divine omni-activity, the creative act and the ontology ofgiving 138 b) The orientation of God's action towards the particular and the other 139 ii. The conceptual employment ofthe metaphysical attributes ofGod 145 a) Omnipotence 145 b) Omnipresence 147 iii. The conceptual integration ofdivine transcendence and divine relation to creation 148 B. Towards a structural theory ofdivine action 151 i. The unity ofdivine agency 151 a) Different dimensions - one agency 151 b) Different works - one history 152 ii. The distinctness ofthe divine actions and works 155 a) The actuality ofHe ilsgeschichte - new actions and works 155 b) Divine monocausality, human sin and the distinctness ofGod's works 157 iii.
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