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Chapter 13: the Age of Exploration, 1500-1800

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Chapter 13: the Age of Exploration, 1500-1800 The Age of Exploration 1500–1800 Key Events As you read this chapter, look for the key events of the Age of Exploration. • Europeans risked dangerous ocean voyages to discover new sea routes. • Early European explorers sought gold in Africa then began to trade slaves. • Trade increased in Southeast Asia, and the Dutch built a trade empire based on spices in the Indonesian Archipelago. The Impact Today The events that occurred during this time period still impact our lives today. • European trade was a factor in producing a new age of commercial capitalism that was one of the first steps toward today’s world economy. • The consequences of slavery continue to impact our lives today. • The Age of Exploration led to a transfer of ideas and products, many of which are still important in our lives today. World History Video The Chapter 13 video, “Magellan’s Voyage,” chronicles European exploration of the world. Hernán Cortés 1497 Amerigo Vespucci John Cabot and 1519 Amerigo Vespucci Spanish begin 1595 explore the conquest of First Dutch fleet Americas Mexico arrives in India 1480 1510 1540 1570 1600 1492 1518 1520 Christopher First boatload Magellan sails Columbus of slaves into Pacific reaches the brought directly Ocean Americas from Africa to the Americas Shackled African slaves 404 Ships of the Dutch East India Company c. 1650 1630 Dutch occupy c. 1700 HISTORY English found Portuguese forts English establish Massachusetts in Indian Ocean colonial empire in Bay Colony trading areas North America Chapter Overview Visit the Glencoe World History Web site at 1630 1660 1690 1720 1750 tx.wh.glencoe.com and click on Chapter 13–Chapter Overview to preview World map, 1630 chapter information. 1767 Burmese sack Thai capital 405 Ferdinand Magellan Discovery of Magellan Strait by an unknown artist Magellan Sails Around the World onvinced that he could find a sea passage to Asia through the Western Hemisphere, the Portuguese explorer Ferdi- Cnand Magellan persuaded the king of Spain to finance his voy- Why It Matters age. On September 20, 1519, Magellan set sail on the Atlantic At the beginning of the sixteenth Ocean with five ships and a Spanish crew of about 250 men. century, European adventurers After reaching South America, Magellan’s fleet moved launched their small fleets into the down the coast in search of a strait, or sea passage, that vast reaches of the Atlantic Ocean. would take them through America. His Spanish ship captains They were hardly aware that they thought he was crazy: “The fool is obsessed with his search were beginning a new era, not only for a strait,” one remarked. for Europe but also for the peoples At last, in November 1520, Magellan passed through a nar- of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. row waterway (later named the Strait of Magellan) and These European voyages marked emerged in the Pacific Ocean, the beginning of a process that led which he called the Pacific Sea. ATLANTIC to radical changes in the political, SOUTH Magellan reckoned that it OCEAN economic, and cultural life of the AMERICA entire non-Western world. would be a short distance Strait of from there to the Spice Islands Magellan History and You Create a map of the East. PACIFIC to scale that shows Spain, South Week after week he and his SEA America, and the Philippines. Draw crew sailed on across the Pacific the route Magellan took from Spain as their food supplies dwindled. At last they reached the to the Philippines. If the voyage took Philippines (named after the future King Philip II of Spain). about 20 months, how many miles There, Magellan was killed by the native peoples. Only one of each day, on average, did Magellan travel? How long would a similar his original fleet of five ships returned to Spain, but Magellan sea voyage take today? is still remembered as the first person to sail around the world. 406 Exploration and Expansion Guide to Reading Main Ideas People to Identify Reading Strategy • In the fifteenth century, Europeans Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Summarizing Information Use a chart began to explore the world. John Cabot, Amerigo Vespucci, Francisco like the one below to list reasons why • Portugal, Spain, the Dutch Republic, and Pizarro, Ferdinand Magellan Melaka, a port on the Malay Peninsula, England reached new economic heights was important to the Portuguese. through worldwide trade. Places to Locate Portugal, Africa, Melaka, Cuba Importance of Melaka Key Terms conquistador, colony, mercantilism, Preview Questions balance of trade 1. Why did Europeans travel to Asia? 2. What impact did European expansion have on the conquerors and the Preview of Events conquered? ✦1480 ✦1495 ✦1510 ✦1525 ✦1540 ✦1555 1488 1494 1500 1550 Bartholomeu Dias rounds The Treaty of Tordesillas Pedro Cabral lands Spanish gain control the Cape of Good Hope divides the Americas in South America of northern Mexico Voices from the Past In a letter to the treasurer of the king and queen of Spain, Christopher Columbus reported on his first journey: Believing that you will rejoice at the glorious success that our Lord has granted me in“ my voyage, I write this to tell you how in thirty-three days I reached the Indies with the first fleet which the most illustrious King and Queen, our Sovereigns, gave me, where I discovered a great many thickly-populated islands. Without meeting resistance, I have taken possession of them all for their Highnesses. When I reached [Cuba], I followed its coast to the westward, and found it so large that I thought it must be the mainland—the province of [China], but I found neither towns nor villages on the sea- coast, save for a few hamlets.” —Letters from the First Voyage, edited 1847 Christopher Columbus To the end of his life, despite the evidence, Columbus believed he had found a new route to Asia. Motives and Means The dynamic energy of Western civilization between 1500 and 1800 was most apparent when Europeans began to expand into the rest of the world. First Portu- gal and Spain, then later the Dutch Republic, England, and France, all rose to new economic heights through their worldwide trading activity. CHAPTER 13 The Age of Exploration 407 European Voyages of Discovery Greenland Ca Hudson H bo 16 ° Hudson ud t 0 60 N son 1 9 Bay 610 14 9 EUROPE 7 ASIA Ca rtier ENGLAND NETHERLANDS 15 34 FRANCE pacific NORTH 4 PORTUGAL Ocean o 152 AMERICA azan SPAIN Verr JAPAN 30°N MEXICO Bahamas CHINA Tenochtitl´an Cuba INDIA TROPIC OF CANCER Hispaniola 92 (Mexico City) bus 14 Goa Philippines Death of Cort´es 1519 Caribbean Colum 0 Sea 0 1 AFRICA 5 Magellan 5 HONDURAS P Calicut 3 i l 1 a z a m Melaka April 1521 1 a a r EQUATOR - G ° 1 r b a 0 5 d r a l 3 o C ra Spice Islands pacific 2 ab Strait of Ma AtlanticD C (Moluccas) gellan i Ocean PERU a Malacca Lima s d Ocean 1 a Elcano TROPIC OF 4 SOUTH G 8 CAPRICORN a 7 Elcano (for Magellan) 1522 30°S AMERICA m AUSTRALIA Magellan 1521 a 1497 INDIan N Ocean Magellan 1519-1520 Dutch W E English 0 2,000 miles Strait of Magellan French S ° 60 S Portuguese 0 2,000 kilometers Spanish Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection 150°W 120°W90°W 60°W 30°W 0° 30°E 60°E90°E120°E150°E180° For more than a hundred years European explorers sailed Economic motives loom large in European expan- the globe searching for wealth and glory. sion. Merchants, adventurers, and state officials had 1. Interpreting Maps Which continents were left high hopes of expanding trade, especially for the untouched by European explorers? spices of the East. The spices, which were needed to 2. Applying Geography Skills Create a table that orga- preserve and flavor food, were very expensive after nizes the information on this map. Include the explorer, being shipped to Europe by Arab middlemen. Euro- date, sponsoring country, and area explored. peans also had hopes of finding precious metals. One Spanish adventurer wrote that he went to the Amer- icas “to give light to those who were in darkness, and For almost a thousand years, Europeans had to grow rich, as all men desire to do.” mostly remained in one area of the world. At the end This statement suggests another reason for the of the fifteenth century, however, they set out on a overseas voyages: religious zeal. Many people shared remarkable series of overseas journeys. What caused the belief of Hernán Cortés, the Spanish conqueror of them to undertake such dangerous voyages to the Mexico, that they must ensure that the natives “are ends of the earth? introduced into the holy Catholic faith.” Europeans had long been attracted to Asia. In the There was a third motive as well. Spiritual and late thirteenth century, Marco Polo had traveled with secular affairs were connected in the sixteenth cen- his father and uncle to the Chinese court of the great tury. Adventurers such as Cortés wanted to convert Mongol ruler Kublai Khan. He had written an the natives to Christianity, but grandeur, glory, and a account of his experiences, known as The Travels. The spirit of adventure also played a major role in Euro- book was read by many, including Columbus, who pean expansion. were fascinated by the exotic East. In the fourteenth “God, glory, and gold,” then, were the chief century, conquests by the Ottoman Turks reduced the motives for European expansion, but what made the ability of westerners to travel by land to the East.
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