CERN & the LHC Programme

John ELLIS, Advisor to the Director-General, CERN, Geneva, Switzerland CERN’s Basic Missions

• Scientific research & discovery! • Technological innovation Spin-offs & industrial collaboration • Advanced training Many aspects of human resource development • International collaboration Member and non-member states Inside Matter

All matter is made of What are they? the same constituents What are the forces between them? The Standard Model of Particle Physics

Proposed by Abdus Salam, Glashow & Weinberg

Key tests in experiments at CERN

In perfect agreement with all laboratory experiments The ‘Standard Model’ = Cosmic DNA The matter particles

The fundamental interactions

Gravitation electromagnetism weak nuclear force strong nuclear force Open Questions beyond the Standard Model • What is the origin of particle masses? due to a Higgs boson? LHC

• Why so many types of matter LHC particles? • Unification of fundamental forces? LHC

• Quantum theory of gravity? LHC The Large Hadron Collider (LHC)

Proton- Proton Collider

7 TeV + 7 TeV

1,000,000,000 collisions/second Primary targets: •Origin of mass •Nature of Dark Matter Total energy over 14,000 proton masses •Primordial Plasma •Matter vs Antimatter Installation of LHC Magnets

Commissioning and first collisions in 2008 Contributions to LHC accelerator from: Canada, India, Japan, Russia, US, Pakistan LHC Commissioning: April 7th Ramp of 138 Power Converters to a Current Equivalent to 5.3 TeV

19 February 2008,15:00 commissioning team

10 Beam Squeezing Test

19 February 2008,15:00 commissioning team

11 General LHC Schedule – 06.03.08

Sector 12 Sector 2-3 Sector 3-4 Sector 4-5 Sector 5-6 Sector 6-7 Sector 7-8 Sector 8-1 Pt 2 LSS3 Pt 4 Pt 6 LSS7 Pt 8

IT1R LR1 Arc12 ML2 IT2L IT2R MR2 Arc23 Arc34 ML4 MR4 Arc 45 ML5 IT5L IT5R MR5 Arc 56 ML6 MR6 Arc 67 Arc 78 ML8 IT8L IT8R MR8 Arc 81 ML1 IT1L

Warm (67) Powering tests 300-80 K magnets Empty 300 - 150 K Flushing tests cryostat Purge 7 QSRA 7 Empty repair cryostat Purge Purge 1.9 - 80K 80-20 K repair Feb. ELQA ELQA Feb. 8 8 Empty Turbine tests 20-4.5 K cryostat repair Flushing Purge 9 Purge 300-80 K 9

Vacuum 80-300 K Empty -cooler 4.5 - 1.9 K Flush. 10 cryostat ELQA LSS6 ELQA 10 repair Empty Sub cryostat ELQA repair Tuning Cryo 80-20 K

11 Vacuum 11 Purge

Mar. 20-4.5 K Mar. Purge Empty 150-80 K 12 cryostat 12 repair QSRA

Flushing Water 300-80 K ELQA 4.5 - 1.9 K 13 ELQA 13 Tuning Cryo 80-20 K

Warm Consolidation 14 OPEN DAYS 14 magnets Line Y leaks

tests Purge Leaks (7R4, 15R4, 17L5, 29R4)Inner Triplets PIM diagnostic and repairs 15 ELQA Q5R4 - Short 15 Helium gauges 20-4.5 K 300-80 K Empty cryostat 80-20 K Apr. Apr. 16 300-80 K 16 2008 2008 4.5 - 1.9 K 300-80 K 17 17 80-20 K 20-4.5 K Tuning Cryo 18 80-20 K 18 20-4.5 K tests

80-20 K 19 20-4.5 K 4.5 - 1.9 K 19

4.5 - 1.9 K Vac.

20-4.5 K QUI - 20 4.5 - 1.9 K line B 20 May Tuning Cryo Tuning Cryo May

Tuning Cryo 21 Tuning Cryo 300-20 K 21

22 22

20-4.5 K 23 23

4.5 - 1.9 K 24 24 Jun. Jun.

25 25 12 26 26 GeneralVista Ge Viewneral d ofel LLHCHC y & su itss E Experimentsxperimentos

27km in circumference ~ 100m deep CMS Collaboration

The ATLAS Detector

Diameter 25 m Barrel toroid length 26 m End-cap end-wall chamber span 46 m Overall weight 7000 Tons

CERN’s Basic Missions

• Scientific research & discovery! • Technological innovation Spin-offs & industrial collaboration • Training Many aspects of human resource development • International collaboration Member and non-member states The first server at CERN The Birthplace of the World-Wide Web

Tim Berners-Lee the inventor

The first download in California 1991 From the Web to the Grid

http:// Web: Uniform access to HTML documents http://

Software catalogs Grid: Flexible, high- Computers performance access Sensor to all significant nets resources

Colleagues Data archives

On-demand creation of powerful virtual computing systems The Grid is also useful for …

• Medical/Healthcare (imaging, diagnosis and treatment ) • Bioinformatics (study of the human genome and proteome to understand genetic diseases) • Nanotechnology (design of new materials from the molecular scale) • Engineering (design optimization, simulation, failure analysis and remote Instrument access and control) • Natural Resources and the Environment (weather forecasting, earth observation, modelling and prediction of complex systems, earthquakes)

Support by European Union via EGEE programme Grid Application: Observations & Modelling the Environment

SST

November 1997: El Niño January 1999: La Niña

SST anomaly Applications of Detector Technologies

E.g. analyzing tumours by PET scanning, detecting photons using crystals developed to detect elementary particles CERN’s Basic Missions

• Summer undergraduate student programme: – 120 students from 20 Member States – Students from 30 Non-Member States, e.g., – Armenia, Azerbaijan, China, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Georgia, Ghana, India, Israel, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, Pakistan, Palestine, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Turkey, UAE, Vietnam • High-school teacher programme: participants – Saudi Arabia, UNESCO • Digital libraries: – UNESCO (South Africa, Madagascar, Rwanda) CERN’s Basic Missions

• Scientific research & discovery • Technological development Spin-offs & industrial collaboration • Training Many aspects of human resource development • International collaboration Member and non-member states Scientists remain based in their home Universities, Institutes Latin America: Africa: Asia & Australasia: Cooperation Agreements Cooperation 3 Observer States with 8 countries Agreements Cooperation HELEN network with 3 countries Agreements funded by EU with 10 countries Regional Participation @ CERN

• LHC experiments: ATLAS, CMS • Accelerator R&D: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey • Observer States: Turkey, Israel • International Co-operation Agreements: Morocco, Pakistan, Iran, Cyprus, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, UAE, Malta (Jan), Turkey (April 14th), Algeria (April 30th) • LHC group @ ICTP (ATLAS: DZ, LK, VE, VN) • Workshop in UAE (Nov. 2007) • Other contacts: Bahrain, Kuwait, Lebanon, Qatar, Tunisia CMS stands on feet made in Pakistan

King Abdullah II of Jordan at CERN ATLAS testing laboratory in Casablanca UAE professor & students at CERN

Saudi Arabian Ph.D. students at CERN