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EUROPEAN FACILITIES and PLANS John Ellis CERN CH-1211 Geneva

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EUROPEAN FACILITIES and PLANS John Ellis CERN CH-1211 Geneva EUROPEAN FACILITIES AND PLANS John Ellis CERN CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland Summary provision for excavating two other RF galleries and filling them with superconducting RF which should give The capabilities and time schedules of present 32 2 and planned accelerators in Europe are reviewed. The rs= 180 GeV at a luminosity of 10 cm- sec-l • history of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) project is The cost of LEP II is estimated to be about 8 recalled, and the results of machine feasibility 10 $, 1 1/2 times the part of the annual CERN budget studies are summarized. It seems possible to build available for LEP construction. The additional RF for in the LEP tunnel a pp collider with ;; = 10 to LEP II could be installed during shutdowns of LEP I, 33 2 18 TeV and a luminosity of 10 cm- sec-l Results which is not expected to run for more than about 2000 hours per year. It is not unreasonable to foresee from the Lausa"ne Workshop on LHC physics are reviewed, and some aspects of Higgs and supersymmetric LEP II starting to operate above the w+w- threshold in 1992, and then running there for at least two years. particle production are discussed. Four detectors are currently under construction for Present and Planned Accelerators LEP. Among these are ALEPH and DELPHI which feature TPC's and other slow drift devices, and OPAL and L3 which do not have such slow drift devices, and could Spps Collider. In the past this machine has perhaps be used in a modified form at the LHC. operated at a centre-of-mass energy rs = 546 GeV at 29 -2 -1 an instantaneous luminosity up to 2 x 10 cm sec , HERA. This ep collider was finally approved in and has accumulated an integrated luminosity of about April 1984, and civil engineering is expected to start 102 nb-l • Plans for this year include a test for an soon. It is planned to collide 30 GeV e± with 820 GeV protons for a total center-of-mass energy of exploratory run in a pulsed mode, with the beam energy 32 2 oscillating between 120 and 450 GeV on a time-scale 314 GeV, with a luminosity around 10 cm- sec-l • measured in tens of seconds. It is hoped to achieve A simpler, cheaper and higher field magnet design is next year an instantaneous luminosity of order now being prepared, which might enable higher proton energies of 0(1) TeV to be achieved. It is expected 10 25 cm -2 at vsr 900 GeV , which should enable = to have electrons in their ring by early 1988, and the searches for Centauro events 01. any other novel protons in mid 1989, with ep collisions in mid phenomena with a threshold below /S = 1 TeV • Also 1990. Intensive e+e- physics is not a priority for planned for this year is a conventional physics run at the machine, and going to 40 GeV per beam in the 118 = 620 GeV for about 12 weeks between September and e-+ ri.. ngs would require superconducting RF: this makes December 1984, during which, with the aid of some it unlikely that HERA will be suitable for a toponium improvement in the instantaneous luminosity, one factory. As for possible subsequent developments of should be able to increase the present integrated HERA, the internal diameter of the tunnel is large luminosity by a factor of 3 to 5. In the future, it enough to contain another ring. There are no prizes If is planned to upgrade the Spps Collider with a new for guessing what that ring might be! The present accumulator ring called ACOL, which should increase cost of the HERA projected is estimated at around the peak luminosity by 0(10) from 1987 onwards. One 8 may hope to accumulate an integrated luminosity of 2.5 x 10 $ • About a third of this is being covered 4 by contributions of labour, materials and components 0(103) nb-l before then, and perhaps 0(10 ) nb-l by countries outside West Germany, including Italy, afterwards. Plans for detector upgrades include a Canada, France, the Netherlands, Great Britain and microvertex detector for UAl during 1984, and Israel. This is a novel model for international subsequently improved calorimetry. UA2 plans include participation in accelerator construction, which Ring Imaging Cerenkov (RICH) in the forward direction might be interesting for future projects such as the during 1984, and improved solid angle coverage for SSC. No experiments for HERA have yet been chosen their calorimetry in 1987. and it is expected that decisions will be made in iate 1985. LEP. Access pits are being dug, as well as the part ~the tunnel under the Jura mountains. The History of the Large. Hadron Collider (LHC) Idea. first e+e- collisions are expected towards the end There were many informal discussions of a possible of 1988. In its first phase (LEP I) the centre-of­ hadron collider in the LEP tunnel even before LEP was mass energy rs ~ 103 GeV with an instantaneous officially approved. Indeed, the possible subsequent 31 -2 -1 luminosity ~ 10 cm sec . The cost of LEP I is installation of a hadron ring or rings was taken into 8 consideration when choosing the LEP tunnel radius (as about 4.5 x 10 $ • Probably it will be run for at large as possible, since it might be the last piece of least two years at the Z0 peak, gathering up to 107 0 real estate available for accelerator construction in Z decays. Also, the latest data on the t quark Europe, as well as to get to the highest possible make it seem quite likely that toponium is too heavy e+e- energies) and diameter (large enough to leave to be produced at previous lower energy e+e­ room for hadron magnets). Discussion of an LHC was machines, and that LEP may provide the first detailed greatly stimulated by the recent success of the SppS exploration of the toponium system, something which Collider. Serious work was, however, triggered by the might take a year or more. Beyond LEP I there are initiation of the SSC project in the United States. options for increasing the available rs . called There were prepatory meetings at CERN in December 1983 generically LEP II. One possibility is to fill up the and February 1984, in which about 40 leading European first two planned RF galleries with superconducting physicists participated. Also during the winter RF. This would provide rs up to 140 GeV at 1983/1984 there was an LHC machine study group at CERN 2 luminosities up to 1032 cm- sec-l There is also which produced the feasibility studyl reviewed in the -799- next section. Then, in March 1984, about 150 physicists met and worked on LHC physics at Lausanne for four days, with a subsequent two day open presen­ tation at CERN.2 All this activity was summarized in presentations3 at the ICFA meeting at KEK near Tokyo in May 1984. LHC Machine Studies Possible Options. Although I am a total ignoramus about accelerators, I have been asked to review here the "feasibility study of possible options" for a Large Hadron Collider in the LEP tunnel 1033 made by the CERN Machine Group, so I will do the best that I can. The three main options considered have •.,, been: N I E (A) pp in a single beam channel, with either u present day or futuristic high-field magnets. Such a device would yield relatively low luminosity and ...J 1032 need a relatively large aperture so as to allow separation of the beams (Fig. la). (a) (b) (c) 1030 1.-----1.--1--l......L.J...LL.L.l....----''--.1-J.-'-'..u.J"'-~.__..._..._,__..........., I 10 100 1000 Figure 1 Possible Options for LHC Beam Channels Figure 2 Luminosity and Bunch Separation (B) Two beam channels with a common magnetic circuit (Fig. lb). The space available in the LEP a Large Hadron Collider suggest that it may be diffi­ tunnel can only accommodate one cryostat to contain cult to imagine working with n larger than 1, while both beam channels. The most interesting possibility one can do experiments with TX ~ 25 ns. If these are is to put them side by side, which permits a high strict limits, then the luminosity of a collider in luminosity pp machine with many bunches. If one 32 2 1 uses present-day lower-field magnets one can have the the LEP tunnel is restricted to L ~ 4 x 10 cm- s- • magnetic fields in the two channels either antiparal­ However, if higher values of n are tolerable, one can 33 2 lel (allowing pp in separated channels or pp in increase L to 1.5 x 10 cm- s-l (corresponding to the same channel) or parallel (allowing pp in n ~ 4 ) before hitting the beam-beam tune-shift limit separated channels). If one goes to high-field mag­ of 0.0025 reached at the Spps collider. Such a nets only the antiparallel possibility (permitting luminosity is feasible with the pp option, but would pp ) is available. require between 3000 and 4000 bunches. Matching the RF in the SPS and the LHC is only possible for a few (C) Two beam channels with independent magnetic choi ces of bunch number, and the only choice in this circuits (Fig. le). In this case one is restricted 13 range is 3564. With N = 5 x 10 protons the to moderate magnetic fields, but either pp or pp p could be realized.
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