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Visualizing and Understanding Tectonism and Volcanism on Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies Mladen M

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Visualizing and Understanding Tectonism and Volcanism on Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies Mladen M Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Physics Theses & Dissertations Physics Winter 2013 Visualizing and Understanding Tectonism and Volcanism on Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies Mladen M. Dordevic Old Dominion University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/physics_etds Part of the Astrophysics and Astronomy Commons, Physics Commons, Tectonics and Structure Commons, and the Volcanology Commons Recommended Citation Dordevic, Mladen M.. "Visualizing and Understanding Tectonism and Volcanism on Earth and Other Terrestrial Bodies" (2013). Doctor of Philosophy (PhD), dissertation, Physics, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/qgfn-p482 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/physics_etds/48 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Physics at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Physics Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. VISUALIZING AND UNDERSTANDING TECTONISM AND VOLCANISM ON EARTH AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL BODIES by Mladen M. Dordevic B.S. June 2008, University of Belgrade, Serbia M.S. May 2010, Old Dominion University A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY PHYSICS OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY December 2013 Approved by: Declan De Paor (Co-Director) (Co-Director) LepoeBva VuSkovi 6 (Member) Ale^ange* L. Godunov (Member) Carol Simpsos (Member) v ABSTRACT VISUALIZING AND UNDERSTANDING TECTONISM AND VOLCANISM ON EARTH AND OTHER TERRESTRIAL BODIES Mladen M. Dordevic Old Dominion University, 2013 Co-Directors: Dr. Declan De Paor Dr. Jennifer Georgen This dissertation presents new methods of visualizing, teaching, assessing, mod­ eling, and understanding tectonics on Earth and other celestial bodies. Tectonics is the study of planetary lithospheres and includes impact, plate, plume, cryo- and gravitational mechanisms. This dissertation is concerned with plate tectonics and plate/mantle plume interactions. Plate tectonics describes the mainly horizontal motion of lithospheric plates over the asthenosphere. Lithosphere is created at ridges and consumed at subduction zones. In addition to the plate tectonic system, mantle plumes also contribute to mass motions in the subsurface Earth. Both plate tectonics and plume upwelling processes help shape the present form of the planetary surface, including long volcanic island chains, deep ocean basins, and plate boundary triple junctions. Better understanding of these processes by visualization and numerical modeling is one of the primary goals of this study. In the geospatial analysis lab at ODU, our research methodology starts with the creation of visualizations for teaching. These include Google Earth-based virtual field explorations enhanced with digitized specimens find emergent geological and geophysical cross sections. We test these in classes with IRB compliance and some­ times this leads to the discovery of tectonic research questions which we then explore. Settings studied in this investigation are Tonga Trench in the western Pacific Ocean, Artemis on Venus, the Hawaiian-Emperor seamount chain, and the Azores triple junction. Some of these cases pose specific geophysical problems that were selected for further study. The Tonga Trench is a subduction zone that includes trench rollback and opening of a marginal basin-the Lau Basin. The rollback process is difficult to imagine, find therefore we created a set of instructional resources using COLLADA models and the Google Earth Application Programming Interface (API). Animated models for the Tonga Trench and Lau Basin helped explained rollback as shown by our outcomes assessments tests and exploration of different initiations of the subduction process led to a new alternative hypothesis for rollback. Virtual field explorations required the development of new interface features for the Google Earth API. All these instructional materials were combined into modular multi-user virtual field trip experiences and were subject to IRB-compliant evalu­ ation of learning outcomes. Animated COLLADA models for the Hawaii Islands and Emperor Seamounts helped explain the origin and time progression of the island chain. Prom seismic data, a three-dimensional reconstruction of the Hawaiian man­ tle plume was created raising the question of the horizontal advection of the plume conduit in the mantle and its correlation with the change in trend of the islands. The Hawaiian-Emperor chain on Earth is spread out as the Pacific plate is moving over the Hawaiian mantle plume. On Venus, however, the Artemis structure was able to grow to super-plume size due to the absence of plate motion. For Venus, visualization was done on a much larger scale, including cross sections of the whole plate showing large plume structures, and Magellan SARS imagery of surface features. In the Azores triple junction, dispersion of plume material is influenced by plate boundary geometry, creating anomalies in seafloor geophysical data for severed hun­ dred kilometers away from the plume center. To explore the interaction between a memtle plume and a plate boundeiry triple junction, a series of three-dimensioned finite element numerical models was calculated. A parameter space investigation changed the location of the plume conduit and its volume flux, as well as the treatment of viscosity. Flow patterns, dynamical topography, relative crustal thickness variations and waist width scaling relationships resulting from these calculations give valuable insight into the importance of triple junction configuration in the dispersion of plume material. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank my dissertation advisor Dr. Declan De Paor without whom this research work would not be possible. I am vary grateful for all your pa­ tience, support, encouragement and understanding over these years. Also, I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Jennifer Georgen for her guidance and invaluable input about every problem I faced while working on this dissertation. Thank you for making your computational resources and software available for the numerical mod­ eling work. I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my graduate committee for taking part in this work. My special thanks goes to Dr. Leposava Vuskovic and Dr. Svetozar Popovic for all their immense help and support in both professional and personal growth. The two of you, together with my flatmates: Ivan, Milos, Milka, Ana, and Filip made my stay here filled with memories that I will cherish for ever. I consider all of you my second family. To all my friends from Serbia, thank you guys for being there for me. Mom, dad, sis, thank you for all your unconditional love and support, I could not have made it without you. Finally to my little niece, I am excited to finally meet you. I dedicate this dissertation to you. My research was supported in part by National Science Foundation (NSF) CCLI 0837040, NSF TUES 1022755, NSF GEO 1034643, and a Google Faculty Research Award. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or commendations expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Na­ tional Science Foundation or Google Inc. I benefited from collaborations with Steven Whitmeyer, Vicki Hansen, John Bailey, and Richard Treves, and NSF independent assessor Janice Gobert. V TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES....................................................................................................... vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................... viii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 1 1.1 PLATE TECTONICS ON E A R T H ......................................................... 1 1.2 TECTONICS OF OTHER TERRESTRIAL BODIES ......................... 3 1.3 PLUME DYNAMICS ON EA RTH ......................................................... 5 1.4 NUMERICAL MODELING AND SIMULATION ............................... 5 2. EMERGENT AND ANIMATED COLLADA MODELS OF THE TONGA TRENCH AND SAMOA ARCHIPELAGO: IMPLICATIONS FOR GEO­ SCIENCE MODELING, EDUCATION, AND RESEARCH ....................... 8 2 .1 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. 8 2.2 IN TRO D U C TIO N ..................................................................................... 9 2.3 GEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND............................................................ 11 2.4 COLLADA MODELS IN THE GOOGLE EARTH DESKTOP APP . 19 2.5 THE GOOGLE EARTH API AND JAVASCRIPT CONTROLS . 26 2.6 IMPLEMENTATION.................................................................................. 27 2.7 ENHANCED VISUALIZATION USING GOOGLE M ARS ............... 29 2.8 TECTONIC MODELS OF THE TONGA REGION ............................ 34 2.9 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................................... 47 3. GOOGLE VENUS................................................................................................ 50 3.1 ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. 50 3.2 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................... 50 3.3 PLANET VENUS ..................................................................................... 51
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