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Bomen En Heesters Met Aantrekkelijke Bast of Takvorm

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Bomen En Heesters Met Aantrekkelijke Bast of Takvorm E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 31 Bomen en heesters met aantrekkelijke bast of takvorm Ir. M.H.A. Hoffman In de wintermaanden valt er in de meeste tuinen en plantsoenen weinig te beleven. Veel gewassen hebben immers hun sierwaarde in het voor- jaar, de zomer of de herfst. Naast een enkele winterbloeier zijn er ech- ter ook vrij veel gewassen die vanwe- ge hun stam en takken in de winter sierwaarde hebben. Meestal vanwege een opvallende kleur of structuur van de bast of vanwege bijzondere takvormen. Dit geeft een welkome meerwaarde aan de planten. Niet in het minst omdat de meeste bomen en heesters bijna de helft van de tijd van het jaar geen blad of bloemen dragen. Dit artikel geeft achtergron- den over dit onderwerp en een over- zicht van het sortiment. Onderzoek Functie van bast In het kader van het onderzoeksproject “Sorti- De bast van bomen en struiken bestaat uit twee ment en gebruikswaardeonderzoek houtige delen. De binnenste, onzichtbare, laag is levend. gewassen en vaste planten” is onderzoek gedaan Hier bevinden zich de bastvaten die zorgen voor naar het thema aantrekkelijke bast en takvormen transport van water en voedingsstoffen van bij bomen en struiken. De gegevens zijn ont- boven naar beneden. Dit binnenste deel van de leend aan literatuuronderzoek en eigen ervarin- bast groeit vanuit het cambium, een dunne laag gen en waarnemingen. Een deel van het sorti- actief delende cellen tussen bast en hout. Naar ment, vooral de meest aantrekkelijke, zijn buiten toe worden door het cambium nieuwe opgeplant in de sortimentstuin Harry van de bastcellen afgezet, naar binnen toe nieuwe hout- Laar in Boskoop. cellen (xyleem). Het buitenste deel van de bast is De belangrijkste doelstelling van dit onderzoek wel zichtbaar en is grotendeels dood. Dit deel is het geven van een overzicht van soorten en bestaat uit afgestorven cellen van het binnenste cultivars met sierwaarde van stam, takken of deel van de bast, aangevuld met kurk, gevormd twijgen en daaraan gekoppeld het aanbevelen en door het kurkcambium, dat zich op de grens van promoten van het meest geschikte sortiment. binnenste deel en buitenste deel van de bast Daaronder vallen ook nadrukkelijk de tot nu toe bevindt. De belangrijkste functie van dit deel niet of weinig bekende soorten en cultivars. Het van de bast is bescherming tegen omgevingsfac- onderzoek is gefinancierd door het Productschap toren, vooral ziekten en plagen. Maar ook Tuinbouw. bescherming tegen uitdroging, zonlicht, vuur Dendroflora nr 43 2006 31 E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 32 hout bast buitenste bast kurk- kernhout cambium binnenste bast cambium spinthout 17. Schema stamdoorsnede (bosbrand), koude en mechanische beschadigin- groeisnelheid laag en wordt de dode bast snel en gen. Bij bomen en struiken moet niet alleen het in zeer kleine stukje afgescheiden. Bovendien is transportweefsel beschermd worden, maar voor- er niet veel kurkvorming. Daardoor is de bast al ook het cambium. Hier vindt immers de dikte- glad. Bij bijvoorbeeld Robinia pseudoaccacia is groei plaats. Via de lenticellen (poriën in de de groeisnelheid hoger, is er veel kurkvorming bast) staat het buitenste deel van de bast in con- en wordt het dode bastweefsel zeer traag afge- tact met het binnenste deel, waarbij (gasvormi- scheiden. Hierdoor ontstaat een dikke bast met ge) stoffen tussen omgeving en plant, onder diepe groeven. Bij bijvoorbeeld een Plataan is de andere het binnenste deel van de bast en het groeisnelheid gemiddeld en valt het dode bas- cambium worden uitgewisseld. Hiermee is de tweefsel in plakjes af waardoor een karakteris- buitenste bast van bomen en struiken qua functie tieke kleurtekening ontstaat. Bij de kurkeik te vergelijken met de huid bij mensen en dieren. (Quercus suber) is er extreem veel kurkvorming Vooral de jonge bast van twijgen bevat vaak nog en ontstaat een zeer dikke (buitenste) bast. Ook bladgroenkorrels (chlorophyl) ten behoeve van lenticellen zijn er in allerlei vormen en maten. de fotosynthese. Dit geeft een groene kleur aan Soms zijn deze vanwege de kleur of vorm zeer de bast, die door sommige (vooral tropische en opvallend. Op deze manier heeft elke soort zijn aride) soorten heel lang stand kan houden. karakteristieke bastkleur en -structuur. Min of meer door toeval kan dit er voor mensen aan- Diversiteit aan basten trekkelijk uitzien en daarmee sierwaarde heb- De diktegroei van de stam en takken is het resul- ben, maar dat is niet het doel van de plant. taat van de activiteiten van het cambium. Het Voor een aantal geslachten en soorten is de bast buitenste dode deel van de bast niet meer mee- een uitermate functioneel determinatiekenmerk. groeien waardoor scheuren ontstaan. De omvang Iedereen kan immers op grote afstand een Berk, van de scheuren hangt af van de groeisnelheid en Plataan, Witte Abeel of Witte kornoelje wel her- de manier en snelheid waarmee de dode bast kennen. wordt afgestoten. Ook de mate en plaats van kurkvorming is van grote invloed. Dit is zeer Sier- en gebruikswaarde verschillend per boomsoort. Bij een Beuk is de Als in de herfst de bladeren gevallen zijn, wor- 32 Dendroflora nr 43 2006 E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 33 18. Betula utilis ‘Doorenbos’ Dendroflora nr 43 2006 33 E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 34 19. Acer griseum 34 Dendroflora nr 43 2006 E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 35 den opvallende kleuren en structuren van stam, diverse gekleurde Cornussen. Verder worden ook takken en twijgen pas echt goed zichtbaar. De twijgen gebruikt voor het maken gebruiksvoor- meeste soorten hebben van november tot maart werpen zoals manden. Hiervoor worden Wilgen- of april dit kale winterbeeld. Dit is ruim vijf tenen gebruikt, die soms op kleur worden geko- maanden, bijna de helft van het jaar. Dit pleit zen. Bekende rassen die hiervoor worden gebruikt sterk voor toepassing van bomen en heesters zijn Salix fragilis ‘Belgium Red’ en ‘Bullata’, waarvan de stam of takken sierwaarde hebben. Salix purpurea ‘Green Dicks’, Salix ✕rubens ‘Bas- Een uitgelezen mogelijkheid om kleur en dyna- fordiana’ en ‘Hutchinson’s Yellow’ en Salix miek in de saaie wintertuin te brengen. triandra ‘Black Maul’. Bij sommige soorten is de bastkleur in de winter- maanden zelfs duidelijk sterker aanwezig dan in Selectie op sierwaarde van stam of twijgen het zomerseizoen, los van de camouflage door Een aantal plantensoorten heeft van nature een bladeren en bloemen. Dit geldt vooral voor soor- aantrekkelijke kleur of structuur van stam en ten waarvan de éénjarige takken een opvallend takken of twijgen. Vaak is er in natuurlijke pop- gekleurde bast hebben. Denk hierbij bijvoorbeeld ulaties meer of minder variatie aanwezig in kleur aan de rode takken van Cornus alba en de gele tot en/of structuur van stam of twijgen. Om maxi- rode takken van Salix alba. Vooral voor deze maal effect te bereiken zijn er van verschillende soorten is het belangrijk om na de winter flink te soorten specifieke selecties gemaakt op kleur of snoeien om weer veel nieuwe (gekleurde) twijgen structuur van de bast of vorm van de tak. Zeer te krijgen voor de volgende winter. bekende voorbeelden zijn: Acer palmatum ‘San- Naast gebruik als tuinplant worden sommige soor- gokaku’, Cornus alba ‘Sibirica’ en Cornus seri- ten ook gebruikt als snijheester. Dit zijn meestal cea ‘Flaviramea’. soorten met gekleurde twijgen of bijzondere tak- In een aantal gevallen wordt de sierwaarde van vormen. De allerbekendste is wel de Kronkelwilg stam of twijgen ook in de cultivarnaam weerge- (Salix babylonica ‘Tortuosa’ en daarop lijkende geven. Bekende voorbeelden zijn: Acer palma- cultivars zoals ‘Caradoc’ en ‘Erythroflexuosa’), tum ‘Red Wood’, Acer rufinerve ‘Winter Gold’, die vooral rond Pasen massaal als decoratietak Betula ermanii ‘Blush’, Cornus alternifolia verkocht wordt. Maar er zijn ook andere zoals de ‘Winter Orange’, Cornus sanguinea ‘Magic Kronkelhazelaar (Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’) en Flame’, Cornus sanguinea ‘Winter Beauty’, 21. Cornus sanguinea ‘Midwinter Fire’: de sierwaarde van de twijgen wordt in de cultivarnaam weergegeven Dendroflora nr 43 2006 35 E613_dendro_bin 01-10-2007 08:53 Pagina 36 Corylus avellana ‘Contorta’, Salix triandra drie gewassen die bekend staan om hun gekleur- ‘Black Maul’ en Tilia cordata ‘Winter Orange’. de twijgen zijn Cornus (Kornoelje), Salix (Wilg) Cultivars die qua sierwaarde van de stam of tak- en Rubus (Braam). Ook in Acer palmatum en ken van betekenis zijn en/of iets toevoegen aan diverse Rozensoorten zitten soorten en cultivars de soort, worden in de overzichtstabel apart met zeer opvallend gekleurde twijgen. genoemd. Zoals boven al vermeld is het voor deze catego- rie erg belangrijk om tijdig en flink te snoeien na de winter om weer ruimschoots nieuwe twijgen Gekleurde twijgen te krijgen. Bij de meeste soorten vervaagt vanaf het tweede jaar de takkleur snel. Bij bijvoor- Jonge twijgen zien er qua kleur en vorm vaak beeld Cornus sanguinea hebben de tweejarige anders uit dan de oudere takken. Doordat er nog takken nauwelijks meer sierwaarde. niet of nauwelijks kurkvorming heeft plaatsge- vonden zijn ze vaak gladder en soms ook glan- Gele twijgen zender dan oudere takken. Bovendien zitten er in De meest opvallende gele of groengele twijgen de jonge bast van de twijgen ook nog bladgroen- zitten bij de Wilgen. De mooiste en tevens korrels en/of anthocyaan (rode kleurstof). Deze bekendste zijn Salix ✕sepulcralis ‘Chrysocoma’, rode kleurstof wordt vooral gevormd onder met hangende takken (Treurwilg) en Salix alba invloed van zonlicht, waardoor de zonzijde vaak ‘Vitellina’. S. fragilis ‘Bullata’ is iets minder roder is, en er kleurverschil ontstaat tussen bekend, maar heeft ook prachtige gele twijgen. boven en onderzijde van de twijg. Een aantal andere cultivars heeft van gele twij- Bij de meeste soorten is er wel iets bladgroen, gen die naar de top toe oranjerood verkleuren anthocyaan en/of glans aanwezig, maar niet in (zie bij de kleurgroep Geel/oranjerood). Ook die mate dat het erg opvalt.
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