DOCSLIB.ORG

Venturi Undertray KTH Bachelor Thesis Report

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Venturi Undertray KTH Bachelor Thesis Report DEGREE PROJECT IN TECHNOLOGY, FIRST CYCLE, 15 CREDITS STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN 2020 Venturi Undertray KTH Bachelor Thesis Report Selma Boudali and Mattias Olausson BACHELOR THESIS TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:134 KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT MACHINE DESIGN SE-100 44 STOCKHOLM Bachelor thesis TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:134 Venturi Undertray Boudali, Selma Olausson, Mattias Approved Examinator Supervisor . 2020-05-12 Ulf Sellgren Ulf Sellgren Commissioner Contact person KTH Formula Student Aaron Poutiainen ABSTRACT This bachelor thesis aims to describe the work performed for the design of the undertray for the Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student(KTHFS) race car. The goal was to achieve an aerodynamically optimized undertray design that follows the regulations of the competition and the targets set by KTHFS concerning the weight, the size, the materials needed for its manufacture and costs. After some research on previous work, the concept, on which we decided that the undertray would rely on, is Venturi tunnels inspired by the Aston Martin Valkyrie, chosen for its ability to provide a large amount of downforce with a negligible amount of drag using ”ground effect”. Numerous CAD design models were created in Solid Edge and a finalized design was then ported over to Siemens NX to be analyzed using Star-CCM+ and its Design Manager feature. The CFD analyses and optimization was performed in Star-CCM+ with regards to pressure gradient, streamline velocity and downforce. These were done with variable parameters in areas such as expansion height, inlet area and ride height. Contained within this report is a more detailed description of how the CFD analysis was performed as well as suggestions for manufacturing said undertray. 1 Given the time constraints and the societal impacts of COVID-19, manufacturing had to be removed from the scope of the project, however, a step-by-step manufacture guide is provided within. Analysis of uur final design showed 428 N of downforce, a weight of 2.55 kg and a production cost of approximately 2320 SEK. It therefore passes the requirements for weight, cost and ride-height rule regulations set by Formula Student and internal KTHFS targets. Keywords Race car aerodynamics, undertray, Venturi effect, Formula student, CFD analysis, Topology optimization. 2 Kandidatexamens arbete TRITA-ITM-EX 2020:134 Venturi Underrede Boudali, Selma Olausson, Mattias Godkänd Examinator Handledare . 2020-05-12 Ulf Sellgren Ulf Sellgren Uppdragsgivare Kontaktperson KTH Formula Student Aaron Poutiainen SAMMANFATTNING Detta kandidatexamesarbete syftar till att beskriva arbetet som utförts för konstruktions- designen av Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student (KTHFS) racerbils underrede. Målet var att uppnå en aerodynamisk optimerad underredes design som följer de regler och krav fastställda av KTHFS gällande vikt, storlek, material som behövs till tillverkningen och kostnader. Efter en litteraturstudie på tidigare arbete, blev Venturi tunnlar, inspirerade av Aston Martin Valkyrie, konceptet som vi beslutade att uderreden skulle bygga på och valda på grund av deras förmåga att förbättra bilens prestanda genom sitt nedkraftsbildande och försumbar mängd drag med hjälp av ”ground effect”. Många CAD-designmodeller skapades i Solid Edge och en slutgiltig design överfördes sedan till Siemens NX för att analyseras med Star CCM+ och dess Design Manager- funktion. CFD-analyserna och optimeringen utfördes i Star CCM+ med avseende på tryckgradient, strömlinjehastighet och nedkrafter. Dessa gjordes med variabla parametrar i områden som utvidgningshöjd, inloppsarea och frigångshöjd. I denna rapport finns en mer detaljerad beskrivning av hur CFD-analysen utfördes samt förslag för tillverkning. Med tanke på tidsbegränsningarna och samhällseffekterna av COVID-19 fick vi ta 3 bort tillverknink från projektets omfattning, men en steg-för-steg tillverkningsguide tillhandahålls i rapporten. Analyser av vår slutgiltiga design visade på 428N downforce, en vikt på 2,55 kg och en produktionskostnad på cirka 2320 SEK. Den överenstämmer därför kraven för vikt, kostnad och frigångshöjd som fastställdes av Formula Student. Nyckelord Aerodynamiken på racerbil, underrede, Venturi effekt, CFD analys, Topologioptimering 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost we would like to especially thank Per Niva, multidisciplanary technical problem solver at Avalon Innovation, for taking the time to share his expertise in the subject and guiding us. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to Yushi Murai for discussion on fluid- mechanic topics and the thesis manuscript. We would like to thank our fellow KTHFS teammates, especially Aaron Poutiainen and Vivek J Shah for the support they showed us during the course of this project. We also wish to express a special thanks to Selma Rahman for her continued support and input into the structure of the thesis report. Last but not least, we would like to thank our supervisor Ulf Sellgren for letting us turn our passion project into a thesis. Selma Boudali & Mattias Olausson Stockholm, May 2020 5 NOMENCLATURE Denominations Symbol Description ρ Density of flowing fluid ps Total pressure P Static pressure q Dynamic pressure u; v; w Velocity of fluid in x, y, z direction g Acceleration due to gravity h Elevation of fluid with respect to ground T Stress deviator tensor f Body force ν Kinematic viscosity Abbreviations CAD Computer Aided Design CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics AC Aerodynamics and Composites KTHFS Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student KTH Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan FS Formula Student VIM Vacuum Injection Molding FEM Finite Element Method 7 Table of Contents ABSTRACT 2 SAMMANFATTNING (SWEDISH) 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 5 NOMENCLATURE 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS 9 1 INTRODUCTION 11 1.1 Background ................................ 11 1.2 Problem Statement ............................ 11 1.3 Purpose .................................. 12 1.4 Goal .................................... 12 1.5 Methodology ............................... 13 1.6 Delimitations ............................... 14 2 FRAME OF REFERENCE 15 2.1 Ground Effect ............................... 15 2.2 Related Work ............................... 19 3 EXECUTION 23 3.1 Pre-thesis work .............................. 23 3.2 Initial design ............................... 24 3.3 Second design .............................. 25 3.4 The McDonald’s design ........................ 27 3.5 Design Manager ............................. 29 3.6 Potential production ........................... 32 3.7 Costs and weight ............................. 36 4 RESULTS 39 5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS 41 5.1 Discussion ................................. 41 9 5.2 Conclusion ................................ 44 6 RECOMMENDATIONS AND FUTURE WORK 45 7 REFERENCES 47 A Material Properties 49 A.1 Material Description ........................... 49 B Excerpt from Formula Student regulations 55 B.1 Formula student rules .......................... 55 APPENDICES 49 10 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan Formula Student (KTHFS), is a non-profit student organization with the sole purpose of designing, constructing and racing an electrically driven race car to compete in Formula Student competitions. In order to produce an optimally performing car, a number of areas have to be taken into account and therefore is KTHFS divided into a number of subgroups: Mechanical Design, Vehicle Dynamics, Powertrain & Electronics, Driverless, Business Marketing, Management and lastly there is Aero & Composites (AC), in charge of the entire aero package of the car. This is the group of which we are members, working on the construction of the undertray. To be able to have a functioning car, a lot of communication is necessitated between the team groups. This can be challenging especially for decision- makings concerning the placement, shape and size of our undertray but is a really good learning experience for us as engineering students. 1.2 Problem Statement The competitions of Formula Student require that each team follows a list of rules. These have an impact on the decisions related to the design of the race car and some of the rules may be constraining especially for the aerodynamic design of the undertray. The one that is significantly important to focus on is about the static ground clearance. Any part of the vehicle other than tires must be at least 30 mm clear with a driver in the seat (Formula Student, 2020). Apart from the rules, within the team some constraints are decided together. One of these is the budget of 42 000 SEK which plays a determining role in the manufacturing aspect of the undertray. There is also a maximum weight target of 7.5 kg, set internally, that impacts its design and material choices that need to be sustainable. Of course, the placement of other car parts made by other subgroups conflicts also with the construction and placement of the undertray. Our mission as members of the AC subgroup is to find a solution for how to construct an undertray achieving an optimal aerodynamical performance while respecting the above- 11 mentioned rules. 1.3 Purpose As a vehicle reaches higher velocities the amount of air passing around the car increases as well. Normally this would lead to an increase in drag as the vehicle encounters increase resistance in correspondence with the increased velocity. But the usage of the air flow contouring the car makes it possible to benefit in an improvement of downforce with less drag thus increasing
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Road in New Vantage, 2018'S Hottest Sports
    REPRINTED FROM CAR MAGAZINE FEBRUARY 2018 ASTON RISING! On the road in new Vantage, 2018’s hottest sports car PLUS: Reborn DB4 GT driven! Valkyrie’s F1 tech secrets! February 2018 | CARMAGAZINE.CO.UK DB4 GT VALKYRIE THEY’VE YOUR GUIDED A SENSATIONAL NEW VANTAGE FAITHFULLY T O U R O F REPRODUCED A S T O N ’ S THEIR ICONIC HYPERCAR BY RACER – WE THE MEN WHO EPIC ENGINES AND ELECTRONICS FROM AMG DRIVE IT MADE IT VANTAGE A N E X C L U S I V E RIDE IN A COSY RELATIONSHIP WITH RED BULL 2018’S MOST EXCITING A NEW EX-MCLAREN TEST PILOT SPORTS CAR DB11 SALES SUCCESS, A NEW FACTORY AND FULL-YEAR PROFITS IN 2017 A V12 HYPERCAR TO REDEFINE THE CLASS HERITAGE TO DIE FOR… …WHY 2018 IS ALREADY ASTON’S YEAR CARMAGAZINE.CO.UK | February 2018 February 2018 | CARMAGAZINE.CO.UK Aston special New Vantage SPECIAL FTER 12 YEARS' sterling service, the old Vantage has finally been put out to pasture. Its replacement is this vision in eye-melting lime green, and it’s by no means just a styling refresh – the new Vantage is powered by a 4.0-litre twin-turbo V8 from AMG (as deployed in the V8 DB11), uses a new aluminium architecture with Aa shorter wheelbase than a 911’s and boasts a gorgeous interior with infotainment pinched from the latest Mercedes-Benz S-Class. Admittedly the new car shares parts with the DB11 – suspension, for example – but 70 per cent are bespoke. The days of Aston photocopying old blueprints and changing the scale are gone.
    [Show full text]
  • Formula 1 Race Car Performance Improvement by Optimization of the Aerodynamic Relationship Between the Front and Rear Wings
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Engineering FORMULA 1 RACE CAR PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT BY OPTIMIZATION OF THE AERODYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE FRONT AND REAR WINGS A Thesis in Aerospace Engineering by Unmukt Rajeev Bhatnagar © 2014 Unmukt Rajeev Bhatnagar Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science December 2014 The thesis of Unmukt R. Bhatnagar was reviewed and approved* by the following: Mark D. Maughmer Professor of Aerospace Engineering Thesis Adviser Sven Schmitz Assistant Professor of Aerospace Engineering George A. Lesieutre Professor of Aerospace Engineering Head of the Department of Aerospace Engineering *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ii Abstract The sport of Formula 1 (F1) has been a proving ground for race fanatics and engineers for more than half a century. With every driver wanting to go faster and beat the previous best time, research and innovation in engineering of the car is really essential. Although higher speeds are the main criterion for determining the Formula 1 car’s aerodynamic setup, post the San Marino Grand Prix of 1994, the engineering research and development has also targeted for driver’s safety. The governing body of Formula 1, i.e. Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) has made significant rule changes since this time, primarily targeting car safety and speed. Aerodynamic performance of a F1 car is currently one of the vital aspects of performance gain, as marginal gains are obtained due to engine and mechanical changes to the car. Thus, it has become the key to success in this sport, resulting in teams spending millions of dollars on research and development in this sector each year.
    [Show full text]
  • How Advancements in Aerodynamics Improves the Performance of Formula 1 Racecars Joshua Fields Union College - Schenectady, NY
    Union College Union | Digital Works Honors Theses Student Work 6-2015 How Advancements in Aerodynamics Improves the Performance of Formula 1 Racecars Joshua Fields Union College - Schenectady, NY Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses Part of the Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Commons Recommended Citation Fields, Joshua, "How Advancements in Aerodynamics Improves the Performance of Formula 1 Racecars" (2015). Honors Theses. 300. https://digitalworks.union.edu/theses/300 This Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Work at Union | Digital Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors Theses by an authorized administrator of Union | Digital Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. How Advancements in Aerodynamics Improves the Performance of Formula 1 Racecars By Joshua Fields ************************* Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Honors in the Department of Mechanical Engineering UNION COLLEGE June, 2015 1 ABSTRACT FIELDS, JOSHUA How Advancements in Aerodynamics Improves the Performance of Formula 1 Racecars. Department of Mechanical Engineering, June 2015. ADVISOR: Prof. Andrew Rapoff The purpose of this paper is to review how knowledge of aerodynamics improved the performance of Formula 1 racing cars since the beginnings of Formula 1 racing after World War II. Formula 1 racing places each competitive team on a similar level in regulating the cars to be safe while driving above 350 kph. This paper begins with how Formula 1 racing began and how race cars were designed and looked. Then each decade of racing will be discussed and remarks on major advancements and changes in aerodynamics.
    [Show full text]
  • Compressible Flows for Fluidic Control in Microdevices
    COMPRESSIBLE FLOWS FOR FLUIDIC CONTROL IN MICRODEVICES by Dustin S. Chang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Chemical Engineering) in The University of Michigan 2010 Doctoral Committee: Professor Mark A. Burns, Chair Professor Robert M. Ziff Associate Professor Luis P. Bernal Associate Professor Michael Mayer © Dustin S. Chang 2010 To my mom and dad, Sweson and Chaohui, and my grandparents, Po-High and Peyuk … Thank you for all your sacrifices. ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS To the casual observer, a doctoral thesis may appear to be the product of a single dedicated—albeit misguided—individual after multiple years of toil. Anyone that has survived the experience will most assuredly tell you that he could not have done it without the many people who supported him along the way. Beginning long before graduate school, my family has been a constant source of encouragement, well-meaning criticism, and material support. I am hugely grateful for my aunts and uncles who never failed to go the extra mile in taking care of me, teaching me, and challenging me to improve. Aunt Hsueh-Rong, Aunt Nancy, Aunt Chao-Lin, Uncle Jeff, Aunt Tina, and Uncle Ming ... Thank you for your love. The only people potentially deserving greater appreciation than these are my mother and father and my grandparents. I have no doubt that none of my meager accomplishments would have been possible without your prayers and unconditional support, both moral and financial. I also have no doubt that all of the aforementioned people are infinitely more enamored with the idea of a Ph.D.
    [Show full text]
  • Pressure and Piezometry (Pressure Measurement)
    PRESSURE AND PIEZOMETRY (PRESSURE MEASUREMENT) What is pressure? .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Pressure unit: the pascal ............................................................................................................................ 3 Pressure measurement: piezometry ........................................................................................................... 4 Vacuum ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Vacuum generation ................................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrostatic pressure ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Atmospheric pressure in meteorology ...................................................................................................... 8 Liquid level measurement ......................................................................................................................... 9 Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy ............................................................................................................. 9 Weighting objects in air and water ..................................................................................................... 10 Siphons ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamic Analysis of the Undertray of Formula 1
    Treball de Fi de Grau Grau en Enginyeria en Tecnologies Industrials Aerodynamic analysis of the undertray of Formula 1 MEMORY Autor: Alberto Gómez Blázquez Director: Enric Trillas Gay Convocatòria: Juny 2016 Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona Aerodynamic analysis of the undertray of Formula 1 INDEX SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................... 2 GLOSSARY .................................................................................................................................... 3 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................... 4 1.1 PROJECT ORIGIN ................................................................................................................................ 4 1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES .......................................................................................................................... 4 1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT ....................................................................................................................... 5 2. PREVIOUS HISTORY .............................................................................................................. 6 2.1 SINGLE-SEATER COMPONENTS OF FORMULA 1 ........................................................................................ 6 2.1.1 Front wing [3] .......................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • RL-Tyrrell 010/02 Dec.Pages
    ! 1980 Tyrrell 010 Chassis No: 010/2 • A competitive and useable ground effect entry to the flourishing FIA Historic Formula One Championship, with a sister 010 taking six wins so far this season. • Raced for 11 Grand Prix in 1980 by Derek Daly with a 4th at the British Grand Prix. • Driven in 1981 by Ricardo Zunino and Eddie Cheever, with another 4th at the British Grand Prix for Cheever. • HSCC Historic Formula 1 Champion with Richard Peacock in 1989. • In the current ownership for the last 10 years, with minimal use. The Tyrrell Racing Organisation is a name that rings out with some of the all time Formula 1 greats, with three Formula 1 World Championships and one Constructors Championship to its name. It’s founder, Ken Tyrrell first came into racing in 1958 when he ran three Formula 3 cars for himself and a couple of local stars. Ken soon realised that he was not destined to be a racing driver and stood down from driving duties in 1959, instead to focus on running a Formula Junior team from a woodshed owned by his family business, Tyrrell Brothers. Tyrrell ran a variety of cars in the lower formulas through the 1960s, giving drivers like John Surtees, Jacky Ickx and most notably Jackie Stewart their single seater debuts. In 1968, Tyrrell’s involvement with Matra in Formula 2 was stepped up to the main stage of Formula 1, where Ken ran Matra International, a joint venture between Tyrrell and Matra. They had many wins with Stewart in the MS10 during ’68.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning
    Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning Fluid Mechanics Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 1 1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS .................................................................... 1 1.2 PRESSURE ................................................................................... 1 1.3 FLOW.......................................................................................... 1 1.4 ENERGY IN A FLOWING FLUID .................................................... 1 1.5 OTHER PHENOMENA................................................................... 2 1.6 TWO PHASE FLOW...................................................................... 2 1.7 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION........................................................ 2 2 BASIC DEFINITIONS..................................................................... 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 3 2.2 PRESSURE ................................................................................... 3 2.3 DENSITY ..................................................................................... 4 2.4 VISCOSITY .................................................................................. 4 3 PRESSURE........................................................................................ 6 3.1 PRESSURE SCALES .....................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Fuel Injection
    Fuel injection • Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an internal combustion engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in gasoline automotive engines, having almost comppyletely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s. • The carburetor was invented by Karl Benz (founder of Mercedes‐Benz) in 1885 and patented in 1886. • Carburetors were the usual fuel delivery method for almost all gasoline (petrol)‐ fuelled engines up until the late 1980s, when fuel injection became the preferred method of automotive fuel delivery. In the U.S. market, the last carbureted cars were the 1990 Oldsmo bile CtCustom CiCruiser, BikBuick EttEstate Wagon, and SbSubaru Justy, and the last carbureted light truck was the 1994 Isuzu. Elsewhere, Lada cars used carburetors until 1996. A majority of motorcycles still use carburetors due to lower cost and throttle response problems with early injection set ups, but as of 2005, many new models are now being introduced with fuel injection. Internal combustion Engines: Carburetor, Fuel injection Carburetors are still found in small engines and in older or specialized automobiles, such as those designed for stock car racing. Dr. Primal Fernando • A fuel injection system is designed and calibrated specifically for the type(s) of [email protected] fuel it will handle. Most fuel injection systems are for gasoline or diesel Ph: (081) 2393608 applications. 1 2 Gas Review November 1913 Well, lets see if we can figure it out…… Used on tractors, boats, and stationary engines, including the Waterloo
    [Show full text]
  • Aerodynamics of Race Cars
    AR266-FL38-02 ARI 22 November 2005 19:22 Aerodynamics of Race Cars Joseph Katz Department of Aerospace Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182; email: [email protected] Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. Key Words 2006. 38:27–63 downforce, inverted wings, ground effect, drag The Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics is online at fluid.annualreviews.org Abstract doi: 10.1146/annurev.fluid. Race car performance depends on elements such as the engine, tires, suspension, 38.050304.092016 road, aerodynamics, and of course the driver. In recent years, however, vehicle aero- Copyright c 2006 by dynamics gained increased attention, mainly due to the utilization of the negative Annual Reviews. All rights lift (downforce) principle, yielding several important performance improvements. reserved This review briefly explains the significance of the aerodynamic downforce and how 0066-4189/06/0115- it improves race car performance. After this short introduction various methods to 0027$20.00 generate downforce such as inverted wings, diffusers, and vortex generators are dis- Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 2006.38:27-63. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org by Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) on 04/17/11. For personal use only. cussed. Due to the complex geometry of these vehicles, the aerodynamic interaction between the various body components is significant, resulting in vortex flows and lifting surface shapes unlike traditional airplane wings. Typical design tools such as wind tunnel testing, computational fluid dynamics, and track testing, and their rel- evance to race car development, are discussed as well. In spite of the tremendous progress of these design tools (due to better instrumentation, communication, and computational power), the fluid dynamic phenomenon is still highly nonlinear, and predicting the effect of a particular modification is not always trouble free.
    [Show full text]
  • P 48 P 60 P 72 P 86 P 22/34
    05 05 P Changing the P Acclerating equality 48 game: Redefining 72 with FIA Women F1 for the future in Motorsport / How the FIA and Formula 1 / Celebrating 10 years FUTURE are planning to take the FEMALES of progress on and off FORMULA pinnacle of motor sport to FIRST track with Commission new heights in 2021 President Michèle Mouton 05 06 P Flying the flag P ‘These are feelings 60 for national motor 86 that you can never sport’s finest forget’ / Behind the scenes at / Legendary sports car issue MEDALS OF inaugural FIA Motorsport ENDURING racer Nino Vaccarella on #29 HONOUR Games at Rome’s APPEAL the lure of Le Mans and international journal of the fia Vallelunga circuit winning with Jean Guichet 04 Grand design: P Frank Stella and 22/34 the art of victory Celebrated artist joins / forces with the FIA to COVER honour motor sport’s STORY champions FIAAutoMagazine_DPS_11_18.indd 1 05.11.18 13:57 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THE FIA Editorial Board: Jean Todt, Gerard Saillant, THE FIA THE FIA FOUNDATION Saul Billingsley, Olivier Fisch Editor-In-Chief: Luca Colajanni Executive Editor: Justin Hynes The Fédération Internationale de The FIA Foundation is an Dear reader, dear friend, Contributing Editor: Marc Cutler l’Automobile is the governing body independent UK-registered charity Chief Sub-Editor: Gillian Rodgers Art Director: Cara Furman of world motor sport and the that supports an international As we head into 2020, we begin this edition of AUTO with a look back Contributors: Pino Allievi, Ben Barry, Antonio Ghini, federation of the world’s leading programme of activities promoting Nathalie McGloin, Chris Medland, Edoardo Nastri, Gaia at another exceptional year of racing and rallying through our traditional motoring organisations.
    [Show full text]
  • Flow Measurment by Venturi Meter and Orifice Meter
    FLOW MEASUREMENT BY VENTURI METER AND ORIFICE METER Objectives: To find the coefficient of discharge of a venturi meter To find the coefficient of discharge of an orifice meter Theory: Venturi meter The venturi meter has a converging conical inlet, a cylindrical throat and a diverging recovery cone (Fig.1). It has no projections into the fluid, no sharp corners and no sudden changes in contour. Flowrate Q Inlet Throat Diameter D1 Diameter D2 Velocity V1 Velocity V2 Area of cross-section Area of cross-section S1 S2 Fig. 1 Venturi meter The converging inlet section decreases the area of the fluid stream, causing the velocity to increase and the pressure to decrease. At the centre of the cylindrical throat, the pressure will be at its lowest value, where neither the pressure nor the velocity will be changing. As the fluid enters the diverging section, the pressure is largely recovered lowering the velocity of the fluid. The major disadvantages of this type of flow detection are the high initial costs for installation and difficulty in installation and inspection. The Venturi effect is the reduction in fluid pressure that results when a fluid flows through a constricted section of pipe. The fluid velocity must increase through the constriction to satisfy the equation of continuity, while its pressure must decrease due to conservation of energy: the gain in kinetic energy is balanced by a drop in pressure or a pressure gradient force. An equation for the drop in pressure due to Venturi effect may be derived from a combination of Bernoulli’s principle and the equation of continuity.
    [Show full text]