Zoning of the Mejillones Peninsula Marine Protected Coastal Area of Multiple Uses, Northern Chile
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Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res., 41(3): 506-518, 2013 Marine protected area zoning 506 DOI: 103856/vol41-issue3-fulltext-14 Research Article Zoning of the Mejillones Peninsula marine protected coastal area of multiple uses, northern Chile Raúl Ulloa1, Adolfo Vargas2,3, Cristian Hudson2 & Marcelo M. Rivadeneira4 1Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera, Instituto Nacional de Pesca Dirección General de Investigación Pesquera Pacifico Norte Miguel Alemán sur Nº605, C.P. 85400, Guaymas, Sonora, México 2Programa Magíster en Ciencias Aplicadas mención Biología Pesquera Departamento Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Arturo Prat, P.O. Box 121, Iquique, Chile 3Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Profesionales Marinos Pacífico Ltda. Vivar 1218, Iquique, Chile 4Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) & Facultad de Ciencias del Mar Universidad Católica del Norte, Av. Bernardo Ossandón 877, CP. 1781681, Coquimbo, Chile ABSTRACT. Marine protected areas of multiple uses (MPA-MU), are an important management tool to protect biodiversity and regulate the use of coastal marine resources. However, robust conservation plans require an explicit consideration of not only biological but also social components, balancing the protection of biodiversity with a sustainable exploitation of marine resources. Here we applied the decision-making algorithm MARXAN to provide a zoning analysis at the Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU in northern Chile, one of largest MPA’s of the Humboldt Current Marine Ecosystem. We set conservation goals for coarse and fine-filter conservation targets that were crossed out against different threats and pressure factors from human activities across the area. We identified a portfolio of sites for conservation, within the Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU, representing different ecological systems with different levels of human impacts and vulnerability. These results may serve as a foundational guideline for the future administration of the MPA-MU. Keywords: MPA-MU, MARXAN, conservation plans, marine coastal ecosystems, northern Chile. Zonificación del área marina costera protegida de múltiples usos de la península de Mejillones, norte de Chile RESUMEN. Las áreas marinas protegidas de múltiples usos (AMCP-MU), son una importante herramienta de manejo para la protección de la biodiversidad y la regulación del uso de recursos marinos costeros. Sin embargo, planes robustos para la conservación, deben considerar explícitamente no sólo componentes biológicos sino además sociales, equilibrando la protección de la biodiversidad con la explotación sustentable de los recursos marinos. En este trabajo se aplica el algoritmo de toma de decisiones MARXAN, para entregar un análisis de zonificación del AMCP-MU, de la península de Mejillones, en el norte de Chile, una de las AMP más grandes del Ecosistema Marino del sistema de la Corriente de Humboldt. Se fijaron metas de conservación para objetivos de conservación de filtro grueso y fino, que fueron cruzados contra diferentes amenazas y factores de presión, generados por las actividades humanas registradas en la zona. Se identificó un portafolio de sitios prioritarios de conservación, dentro de la AMCP-MU, representativos de diferentes sistemas ecológicos, sometidos a diferentes niveles de impacto humano y vulnerabilidad. Estos resultados pueden proveer las guías fundacionales para el futuro plan de administración de la AMCP-MU de la península de Mejillones. Palabras clave: AMCP-MU, MARXAN, planes de conservación, ecosistemas marinos costeros, norte de Chile. ___________________ Corresponding author: Marcelo M. Rivadeneira ([email protected]) 507 Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research INTRODUCTION placed in the coastal area of the hyper-arid Atacama Desert, and it is the third largest MPA of the Marine ecosystems are fundamental to the sustainable southeastern Pacific, covering more than 400 km² development of coastal countries, providing a large along a stretch of ca. 100 km of coast (Wood, 2007). variety of environmental resources. Currently, these The marine ecosystem is characterized by nearly ecosystems face a growing menace of overexploitation continuous upwelling events, which introduce cold of fisheries, pollution, habitat destruction, among and nutrient-rich waters to coastal areas (Sobarzo & other human-driven impacts (Jackson, 2001; Jackson Figueroa, 2001; Thiel et al., 2007). The high marine et al., 2001; Jackson & Sala, 2001; Rivadeneira et al., productivity and relative isolation from human 2010). In this scenario, Marine Protected Areas activities, begets a great diversity and abundance of (MPA) arises as one of most practical strategies for marine species. The area is a vertebrate hotspot of the conservation of the marine biodiversity (Allison et endemism (Tognelli et al., 2005, 2008), and it is well al., 1998). MPA not only seek to protect biodiversity recognized for the presence of large colonies of sea but also allows sustainable exploitation of the lions, transit of dolphins, great abundance and ecosystem, providing social, economic, and research diversity of seabirds, and the seasonal arrival of sea benefits (Salm et al., 2000). turtles and whales (Aguayo & Maturana, 1973; Guerra In contrast to terrestrial ecosystems, MPA et al., 1987; Rendell et al., 2004; Vilina et al., 2006; networks are worldwide poorly developed and less Guerra-Correa et al., 2008). than 1% of the global ocean is currently protected In spite of the relative isolation of the Mejillones (Chape et al., 2005). The situation is no better in Latin Peninsula, different human activities can be identified, America and Caribbean regions, where despite there all of which can potentially interfere on marine are over 700 MPA established, only 1.5% of coastal biodiversity and conservation plans, including both and shelf waters areas are protected (Guarderas et al., legal and illegal artisanal fisheries, aquaculture 2008). Moreover, vast areas of the Humboldt Current centers, and non-regulated tourism from the nearby Large Marine Ecosystem, included Chile, are largely cities (Hudson et al., 2008). Therefore, conservation unprotected (Guarderas et al., 2008). plans for the MPA-MU must take into account the The current environmental policy of Chile recog- integration of human stakeholders in order to find nizes eight categories of areas for conservation of optimal solutions that balance biodiversity protection biodiversity (Sierralta et al., 2011). Among them, with socio-cultural and economic realities. In this marine protected costal area of multiple uses (MPA- work, we carried out a spatial zoning analysis to MU) are mixed-used MPA, aimed to conserve identify specific areas for conservation across the biodiversity, protect marine species, reduce conflicts Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU, using optimization of use, allowing commercial and recreational algorithms to reduce human threats and maximize the activities, including fishing and tourism (Sierralta et conservation goals. al., 2011). Currently, there are four MPA-MU established for the Chilean coast (Tognelli et al., 2009). Despite the existing MPA network that seems MATERIALS AND METHODS to protect a large fraction of the marine biodiversity, many species with small geographic ranges are not Biological and anthropogenic database covered. In addition, the success of a MPA depends on The study area included 435 km², 98.5 km of the existence of zoning plans, able to resolve conflicts coastline, encompassing all marine coastal shelf between local users and the environment, balancing habitats (<200 m depth), from the intertidal to 2.7 km the protection of marine biodiversity with a offshore within the coastal shelf. We compiled an sustainable exploitation of marine resources and uses exhaustive georeferenced database, documenting of the coastal seascape (Villa et al., 2002; Douvere, different facets of the marine biodiversity and human 2008). However, to date, such zoning analysis has activities (see below) in the study area. The infor- been implemented only at Isla Grande de Atacama mation data was obtained from four main sources: a) MPA-MU (Gaymer et al., 2008; Rojas-Nazar et al., Published scientific literature, including papers, thesis, 2012). technical reports from Chile governmental services The Mejillones Peninsula (Fig. 1), has been (e.g., Ministerio del Medio Ambiente de Chile, previously identified as a priority site for marine Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Fondo de Investi- conservation (Tognelli et al., 2005, 2008, 2009; gación Pesquera, Comisión Nacional Forestal, and Miethke et al., 2007), and is one of the recently Centro Nacional de Datos Hidrográficos y Oceano- proposed MPA-MU for the Chilean coast (Hudson et gráficos), b) Unpublished information, available from al., 2008). The Mejillones Peninsula MPA-MU, is Chilean public services (e.g., Servicio Nacional de Marine protected area zoning 506508 Figure 1. Spatial distribution of the coarse filter for conservation in the study area. Pesca, Subsecretaría de Pesca, Servicio Hidrográfico y and also cross-validate the information provided by Oceanográfico de la Armada), c) the traditional the traditional knowledge of fishermen. knowledge of local fishermen regarding fisheries, The georeferenced information was assigned to reproduction and recruitment zone, and sea bottom 10,873 hexagonal planning units (PU) of 4 ha each types, and d) new information from field samplings in intertidal and subtidal benthic habitats, carried out (0.04 % of total area of MPA) (Fig. 1). For a geogra- during