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Genetic Variation in Two Rare Endemic Mexican Trees, Magnolia Sharpii and Magnolia Schiedeana

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Genetic Variation in Two Rare Endemic Mexican Trees, Magnolia Sharpii and Magnolia Schiedeana CHESTER, M., R. S. COWAN, M. F. FAY and T. C. RICH RASPE, O. and J. R. KOHN (2007). Population structure at (2007): Parentage of endemic Sorbus L. (Rosaceae) the S-locus of Sorbus aucuparia L. (Rosaceae: Mal- species in the British Isles: evidence from plastid DNA. oideae). Molecular Ecology 16: 1315–1325. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 154: 291–304. SÆBØ, A. and Ø. JOHNSEN (2000): Growth and morphology DEMESURE, B., B. L. GUERROUE, G. LUCCHI, D. PART and differ between wind-exposed families of Sorbus aucu- R. J. PETIT (2000): Genetic variability of a scattered paria (L.). J Arboric 26: 255–262. temperate forest tree: Sorbus torminalis L. Ann. For. SALEEM, U., I. KHALIQ,T. MAHMOOD and M. RAFIQUE Sci. 57: 63–71. (2006): Phenotypic and genotypic correlation coeffi- DEWAY, D. R. and K. H. LU (1959): A correlation and path cients between yield and yield components in wheat. coefficient analysis of components of crested wheat Journal of Agricultural Reaserch 44: 1–6. th grass seed production. Agronomy Journal 51: 515–518. SAS Institute (1989): SAS user’s guide: statistics. 5 edi- tion. SAS Institute, NE.956 p. FALCONER, D. S. and T. F. C. MACKAY (1996): Introduction SEBBENN, A. M., A. A. S. PONTINHA, E. GIANNOTTI and P. Y. to quantitative genetics. Longman, London. KAGEYAMA (2003): Genetic variation in provenance-prog- HOEBEE, S. E., C. MENN, P. ROTACH, R. FINKELDEY and eny test of Araucari angustifolia (Bert.) O. Ktze. In Sao R. HOLDEREGGER (2006): Spatial genetic structure of Paulo, Brazil. Silvae Genetica 52: 181–184. Sorbus torminalis: The extent of clonal reproduction in SOKAL, R. R. and F. J. ROHLF (1995): Biometry: the princi- natural stands of a rare tree species with a scattered ples and practice of statistics in biological research. 3rd distribution. Forest Ecology and Management 226: 1–8. edition. W. H. FREEMAN and Co., San Francisco, Califor- KUMAR, A. (2007). Growth performance and variability in nia. 859 p. different clones of Gmelina arborea (Roxb). Silvae SPERENS, U. (1997): Long-term variation in, and effects of Genetica 56: 32–36. fertilizer addition on, flower, fruit and seed production MACALLISTER, M. (2005): The genus Sorbus: mountain ash in the tree Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae). Ecography 20: and other rowans. Royal Botanical Garden, Kew. 521–534. PEDERSEN, A. P., J. K. HANSEN, J. M. MTIKA and T. H. TERMENTZI, A., P. KEFALAS and E. KOKKALOU (2006): MSANGI (2007): Growth, stem quality and age-age corre- Antioxidant activities of various extracts and fractions lations in a teak provenance trial in Tanzania. Silvae of Sorbus domestica fruits at different maturity stages. Genetica 56: 142–148. Food Chemistry 98: 599–608. Genetic Variation in Two Rare Endemic Mexican Trees, Magnolia sharpii and Magnolia schiedeana By A. C. NEWTON1),2),8), J. GOW1),5), A. ROBERTSON1),6), G. WILLIAMS-LINERA3), N. RAMÍREZ-MARCIAL4), M. GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA4), T. R. ALLNUTT1),7) and R. ENNOS1) (Received 25th October 2007) Abstract mates derived from Inter-SSR markers (mean Spop of 0.56 and 0.50 for M. sharpii and M. schiedeana respec- Patterns of genetic variation were examined within tively) are comparable to values obtained for other tree two endemic tree species restricted to Mexican cloud for- species. As predicted on the basis of its larger geograph- est, Magnolia sharpii and Magnolia schiedeana. Leaf ic range, the degree of population differentiation was samples collected from natural populations were found to be higher within M. schiedeana than analysed using PCR RFLP of cpDNA, Inter-SSR and M. sharpii, with 12.9% and 3.4% of total variation isozyme genetic markers, which were used to test a recorded between populations for the two species respec- series of hypotheses regarding patterns of intraspecific tively using isozymes, and 26% and 11% using Inter- variation within the two species. Genetic diversity esti- SSR markers. Isozyme analyses indicated negative Fis 1) Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of 5) Present address: Department of Zoology, University of British Edinburgh, Darwin Building, Kings Buildings, Mayfield Rd., Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, B.C., Cana- Edinburgh, EH9 3JU. da V6T 1Z4. 2) School of Conservation Sciences, Bournemouth University, 6) Present address: Department of Plant Sciences, University of Talbot Campus, Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK. Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK. 3) Instituto de Ecologia A.C., Apartado Postal 63, Xalapa, Vera- 7) Present address: Central Science Laboratory, Sand Hutton, cruz 91000, Mexico. York, YO41 1LZ, UK. 4) Departamento de Ecología y Sistemática Terrestres, División 8) Corresponding author: Dr. ADRIAN NEWTON, School of Conser- de Conservación de la Biodiversidad, El Colegio de la Frontera vation Sciences, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Sur (ECOSUR), Apartado Postal 63, 29200 San Cristóbal de Poole, Dorset BH12 5BB, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 1202 595670, Fax: Las Casas, Chiapas, México. +44 (0) 1202 595255, E-mail: [email protected] 348 Silvae Genetica 57, 6 (2008) values, which may be suggestive of inbreeding in popu- severely fragmented over the past 30 years (CAYUELA et lations of M. sharpii, but provided less evidence of al., 2006), which has been accompanied by loss of floris- inbreeding in M. schiedeana. On the basis of PCR RFLP tic diversity (GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA et al., 1991, 1995; analysis of cpDNA, two chloroplast types were differen- GALINDO-JAIMES et al., 2002). Similarly, in the state of tiated, type A being recorded for all of the individuals of Veracruz establishment of croplands, cattle ranching both species, with the exception of one population of and the cutting of trees for fuelwood have been impor- M. schiedeana that was fixed for type B. These results are consistent with recent evidence suggesting that tant causes of forest destruction, which severely threat- some endemic plant taxa are able to maintain relatively ens remaining forest fragments and their associated bio- high diversity within populations despite the occurrence diversity (WILLIAMS-LINERA, 2002). M. schiedeana is of inbreeding and genetic drift, and that species with used for medicinal purposes; for example a decoction of wider geographic ranges tend to exhibit relatively high the flowers is used as a remedy for scorpion stings genetic differentiation among populations. Conservation (CALLAWAY, 1994). Leaves of M. sharpii are used for strategies for these species need to take into account the wrapping tamales (a foodstuff); its timber was used to significant genetic differences recorded among the popu- construct rifles during the Mexican revolution (M. MAR- lations studied. TINEZ-ICÓ, pers. comm.). Key words: cloud forest, conservation biology, genetic varia- Both species are evergreen trees reaching up to thirty tion, isozyme, cpDNA, PCR-RFLP, Magnolia sharpii, Magnolia meters in height (CALLAWAY, 1994). Very little is known schiedeana. about their ecology. M. schiedeana is known to be simi- lar to most other members of the Magnoliaceae in being Introduction self-compatible and beetle pollinated (DIERINGER and The objectives of the present investigation were to ESPINOSA, 1994), although it seems to possess a more examine patterns of genetic variation within two threat- specialised pollination system than temperate Magno- ened tree species endemic to Mexico, Magnolia sharpii lias. One of its two known pollinators, Cyclocephala Miranda and Magnolia schiedeana Schltdl. The genus jalapensis, is a regionally endemic scarab beetle that Magnolia has a complex biogeographic history, belong- appears to be dependent on M. schiedeana for adult ing as it does to one of the oldest extant angiosperm nutrition and reproduction (DIERINGER and DELGADO, families (Magnoliaceae) (DANDY, 1971). Magnolia is now 1994). All M. schiedeana populations studied by distributed primarily in Asia (Nepal to New Guinea) and DIERINGER and ESPINOSA (1994) exhibited very low fertil- the Americas (E. Canada to Brazil and the Caribbean) ity, which was attributed to previous episodes of over- (FRODIN and GOVAERTS, 1996). Both species considered harvesting. In Chiapas, forest fragmentation and habi- here belong to section Theorhodon Spach., which based tat modification of the remaining forest fragments on Miocene fossil records, is thought to have contracted appear to be limiting conditions for many understory drastically in range over the last 25 million years owing trees, including M. sharpii (GONZÁLEZ-ESPINOSA et al., to climatic change. A once continuous distribution that 1991; RAMÍREZ-MARCIAL et al., 2001). extended over much of Miocene USA and into Canada, The research was designed to test a series of hypothe- Mexico and Central America has now been reduced to a ses relating to the pattern of intraspecific variation highly disjunct distribution in SE USA, Mexico and Cen- within the two species. Specifically, given their contrast- tral America (FIGLAR, 1993). ing patterns of distribution, and the fact that both A recent taxonomic revision of the Mexican and Cen- species are restricted to relatively small forest frag- tral American species has resulted in the description of ments, based on current theory and empirical evidence a number of new taxa (VÁZQUEZ, 1994), but as a group from other species (NYBOM and BARTISH, 2000; HAMRICK these trees are very poorly known (CALLAWAY, 1994). Fol- et al., 1992) we hypothesized that: (i) M. schiedeana lowing this revision, M. schiedeana now has a much maintains higher genetic variation within its popula- smaller range than previously thought; it is apparently tions compared with M. sharpii because of its wider geo- restricted to fourteen scattered populations ranging graphic range; (ii) given their animal-pollinated breed- across the Mexican states of Querétaro, Hidalgo, Ver- ing system, these species display relatively low intraspe- acruz, Guerrero and Oaxaca (VÁZQUEZ, 1994). Popula- cific variation, but high population differentiation, com- tions typically occur on steep slopes or ravines in cloud pared with wind-pollinated tree species; (iii) higher forests at altitudes of 1500–2000 m (DIERINGER and within-population variation is expected within larger ESPINOSA, 1994).
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