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Sex Worker Organisations and Political Autonomy from Funders

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Sex Worker Organisations and Political Autonomy from Funders Sex worker organisations and political autonomy from funders: Case studies of Scarlet Alliance Australian Sex Workers Association and Empower Foundation (Thailand) Elena Adriana Jeffreys Diploma of Community Development, 2013 (ICM Training, Scarlet Alliance) Bachelor of Arts, 2005 (University of Western Australia) A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2017 School of Political Science and International Studies 1 Abstract The central research question of this thesis is: How do sex worker organisations maintain political autonomy while also receiving external funding from governments, donors and/or private philanthropists? In order to answer this question two detailed case studies were undertaken–of Scarlet Alliance (in Australia) and Empower Foundation (in Thailand). Document analysis, semi-structured interviews and participant observation were the methods used in these case studies. Both Scarlet Alliance (‘Scarlet’) and Empower Foundation (‘Empower’) have been in receipt of funding for decades, and the main finding of this research project is that they use three main strategies to protect their political autonomy from funders. Firstly, they work to understand and shape the political landscapes in which both they and their funders operate. The strategies here include devoting resources to monitoring and engaging with the political domain (both domestic and international), diversification of funding, volunteerism and (potential or actual) disengagement from funders. Secondly, Scarlet and Empower use a community development approach in all their activities and thus put the sex worker community at the centre of all undertakings. This is evident in the regular events, peer education work and public advocacy of both organisations and helps create a buffer between them and the influence of funders. Thirdly, Scarlet and Empower work to identify and transform the lived experiences of oppression that negatively impact on sex workers. This work forms the core purpose of the two organisations. Transforming experiences of oppression also helps build and maintain political autonomy from funders because it positions lived/personal experience as vital to both the inner workings and public activities of Scarlet and Empower. Scarlet and Empower are part of a movement that, since inception, has actively distanced itself from institutions that seek to criminalise and oppress sex workers. These politics are part of the impetus for autonomy from funders. Community development, and a keen ear for sex worker concerns, keep Scarlet and Empower in check and accountable to sex worker communities above and beyond any potential loyalty to funders. As a result, sex worker organisations are able to offer reliable data and evidence in the public sphere about sex workers’ political needs. Managing autonomy is not just about keeping NGO leadership accountable to the community, it is also part of a pattern of transparency and a genuine desire to circulate sex worker theory, politics, experiences and realities. 2 Declaration by author This thesis is composed of my original work, and contains no material previously published or written by another person except where due reference has been made in the text. I have clearly stated the contribution by others to jointly-authored works that I have included in my thesis. I have clearly stated the contribution of others to my thesis as a whole, including statistical assistance, survey design, data analysis, significant technical procedures, professional editorial advice, financial support and any other original research work used or reported in my thesis. The content of my thesis is the result of work I have carried out since the commencement of my higher degree by research candidature and does not include a substantial part of work that has been submitted to qualify for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university or other tertiary institution. I have clearly stated which parts of my thesis, if any, have been submitted to qualify for another award. I acknowledge that an electronic copy of my thesis must be lodged with the University Library and, subject to the policy and procedures of The University of Queensland, the thesis be made available for research and study in accordance with the Copyright Act 1968 unless a period of embargo has been approved by the Dean of the Graduate School. I acknowledge that copyright of all material contained in my thesis resides with the copyright holder(s) of that material. Where appropriate I have obtained copyright permission from the copyright holder to reproduce material in this thesis and have sought permission from co-authors for any jointly authored works included in the thesis. 3 Publications during candidature Peer-reviewed Papers Jeffreys, Elena. 2015. “Sex worker politics and the term ‘sex work’”, Research for Sex Work, no. 14, pp. 4–8. Book Chapters Cole, Ryan, Jeffreys, Elena & Fawkes, Janelle. 2015. “The best parties happen under the bus: The impact of lesbian institutions on queer sex workers in Australia”, in Laing, M., Pilcher, K. & Smith, N. (eds.), Queer sex work, Routledge Studies in Crime and Society, no. 14, Abingdon, Oxon, pp. 219–231. Conference Abstracts Jeffreys, Elena. 2013. “Peer Education For Zero New Infections: The Sex Worker Movements Relationship to HIV Funders”, ICAAP Conference, Bangkok, 18-22 November. Jeffreys, Elena. 2014. “Sex Workers Unions; Engagement & Interchangability with HIV funded Sex Worker Organisations”, AIDS 2014, Melbourne, 20-25 July. Publications included in this thesis No publications included. 4 Contributions by others to the thesis None. Statement of parts of the thesis submitted to qualify for the award of another degree None. Research Involving Human or Animal Subjects This project received ethical clearance from the Research Committee of the School of Political Science and International Studies on the 7 November 2013. A copy of the ethics approval letter can be found in Appendix 2. Financial Support This research was supported by a RHD scholarship. I was also the recipient of a Research Committee (School of Political Science and International Studies) grant. 5 Acknowledgements I pay my respects to past and present Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander Elders of the land on which I live. Australia is at war with Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander people over land never ceded, and without treaty. As a person of white, settler colonial and European migrant background I am a direct beneficiary of the murder of Indigenous and Torres Strait Islander peoples, the theft of their lands and ongoing cultural genocide perpetuated by white supremacy. I acknowledge the contribution sex work has made to my survival. It is such a big part of my life; it puts food in the fridge and a roof over my head, gives me community, insight, makes me humble, encourages compassion and gives me an outlet in which to express my anger constructively. I can completely recommend sex work to all; there is always something new to learn. Many thanks to student and higher education activists; you consistently fight to protect academia from complete corporate sell-out. In particular I acknowledge the National Union of Students, the Council of Australian Post-Graduate Associations and the National Tertiary Education Union. To the sex worker agitators who laid the path to where this project has landed, I acknowledge the hardships, sacrifices and crises that have informed your actions. I hope I have added to your work in ways that are useful to you and to others. To the sex workers reading this and wondering about your place in the movement, I hope this research assists you to plant new ideas and extend old ones. A huge thank you to Barbara Sullivan, my supervisor and mentor, Fiona Bucknall, my friend and colleague, and Janelle Fawkes, my wifey, lover and best friend. Without these three amazing strong women this thesis would not be here today. Thank you also to my darling parents and sisters, you have given me endless support and courage! This project would not have been possible without the participation and cooperation of Empower Foundation and Scarlet Alliance. Thank you, I am now in your debt for decades to come! 6 Keywords sex work, HIV, governance, feminism, third sector, Global Fund, Empower Foundation, Scarlet Alliance, sexually transmitted infections, peer education Australian and New Zealand Standard Research Classifications (ANZSRC) ANZSRC code: 1117 Public Health and Health Services 50% ANZSRC code: 200105 Organisational, Interpersonal and Intercultural Communication 25% ANZSRC code: 160504 Crime Policy 25% Fields of Research (FoR) Classification FOR code: 1606 Political Science 70% FOR code: 1602 Criminology 15% FOR code: 1605 Policy and Administration 15% 7 Table of Contents Acronyms, Translations and Abbreviations 12 Chapter One: Introduction 16 1.1: Research Question 21 1.2: Method 21 1.3: Existing Approaches 22 1.3.1: Majic (2014) 22 1.3.2: Jackson (2013) 25 1.3.3: Beer (2010) 27 1.4: Theoretical Approach 29 1.4.1: Oppression 31 1.4.2: Knowledge 36 1.4.3: Sex work is work 37 1.4.4: Feminism 38 1.4.5: Human rights 41 1.5: Thesis Argument and Chapter Outline 42 Chapter Two: Method 46 2.1: Working with Sex Worker Organisations 46 2.2: Qualitative Research 50 2.3: The Case Study Approach 53 2.3.1: Multiple single case studies 53 2.3.2: Non-comparative case studies 54 2.4: Data Collection 55 2.4.1: Document analysis 56 2.4.2: Participant observation 58 2.4.3: Semi-structured interviews
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