Chinese Environmental History Newsletter

CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL HISTORY NEWSLETTER

Issue 2:1, May 1995 This newsletter may be freely photocopied. ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

From the Editor networking, rough lists of subscribers arranged by main research areas have been appended to the directory. This, the third issue of the newsletter, includes the second instalment of Christian Daniels’s survey of the relationship ──────────────────────────────────────── between ethnohistory and environmental history in South-west China; a report on a scientific conference on the Chinese Environmental History evolution of the East Asian environment held in Hong Kong Newsletter 2:1, May 1995 in January; introductions to two database projects (one originally started within China by a pioneering Chinese Contents scholar, the other, using GIS, involving collaboration among Page an impressive array of Australian universities); and a short Noticeboard account of an M.A. thesis on the significance of the royal (conferences; professional associations; hunt in the Shang dynasty. While it may confidently be publications) 2 predicted that not every reader will find every contribution equally relevant to his or her research interests, the mixed Environmental Degradation, Forest contents of this issue reflect the editor’s belief in the Protection and Ethno-History in Yunnan necessity for thoroughgoing interdisciplinary awareness in (II): Traditional Practices of Non-Han the field of environmental history. As Fang Jinqi reminds Swidden Cultivators for the Protection us in his database report (below), although much significant of Forests by Christian Daniels 3 progress will continue to be made by scholars working within the framework of a single discipline (or two or more Report on the Fourth International related disciplines), the full potential of the subject cannot be Conference on the Evolution of the East realized without discussion and cooperation between natural Asian Environment, 1995 by Kerrie L. scientists, and scholars of the humanities and social sciences. MacPherson 6 This newsletter encourages relevant contributions from all three communities, as well as reports of collaborative Database on the Environment and its projects. Socioeconomic Impact in Historical China: Appended to this issue is the directory of subscribers. an Introduction by Fang Jinqi 11 Only persons who have explicitly subscribed to the newsletter are included. In the case of hard-copy “ASIAN”, “SIIASA”, and “SIIRCEASA” subscribers, those who have requested a subscription but by Lawrence W. Crissman 16 omitted to pay for it are not included on this occasion. (Hard-copy subscriptions within the PRC remain free for the Thesis Abstract Section time being). Supplementary lists will be published in “The Royal Hunt of the Shang subsequent issues of the newsletter. Dynasty: Archaeological and The publication of the directory is intended to facilitate Anthropological Perspectives” networking among subscribers, especially those with access by Magnus Fiskesjo 17 to e-mail. Communications which may be of interest to all subscribers, or which are intended for a multi-disciplinary Submission and Subscription Information 18 readership, can be sent to the newsletter editor for general distribution; at the same time, it will be possible for any Directory of Subscribers 19 subscriber to open conversations directly (i.e. without going through the editor) with the smaller number of people with ──────────────────────────────────────── related research interests (within or across disciplinary Although communications sent to the editor for general boundaries). In other words, we should (in theory) have distribution can be informal, the editor reserves the right to the framework for electronic discussion among specialists edit, and to decline to distribute any which are irrelevant to without the inconveniences of the conventional “list” (which environmental history (broadly defined) or which, in her can, in some scholars’ experience, be more of a distraction judgement, violate normal standards of professional than a blessing!) In order to facilitate such decentralized courtesy or integrity.

Page 1 Thanks are due to Liu Ts’ui-jung and her students geography, ecology, anthropology, natural resource (Academia Sinica) for preparing the Chinese-language management, landscape architecture, and literature. To version of this issue, to Liu Shi-yung (University of disseminate serious scholarly research, the Society publishes Pittsburgh) for physical production of the Chinese-language a quarterly journal, Environmental History Review, as well version, and to Robert Marks (Whittier College) and Wu as a newsletter that keeps members posted about events and Kegang (University of Liverpool) for consultation services. issues related to the field. It sponsors a biennial conference It remains only to wish all subscribers a rewarding and at which members gather to share their work. It also productive summer/winter (as the case may be), and to sponsors an e-mail discussion list, ASEH-L, to foster the encourage the submission of contributions for the November electronic discussion of environmental history. The issue! Society works actively to promote the study of environmental history in all disciplines, and encourages anyone who has an interest in the field to join and become Noticeboard involved in its work. For their annual membership fee, ASEH members receive: a subscription to the quarterly journal,

Conferences Environmental History Review; a subscription to the ASEH

Newsletter; special rates at the Society’s biennial Symposium on Ecotourism in East Asia, Taipei, May conferences; notification of meetings and other events 1995 related to environmental history; and reference and referral This symposium, sponsored by the Institute of Natural services to scholars with related interests. Resources, National Dong Hwa University, will be held on Membership is on a calendar year basis (i.e. May 19th–20th, 1995. For further information, please January–December). Cheques should be made payable to contact: ASEH, and must be in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank. Prof. Wang Hurng-Jyuhn Students should provide a copy of their current student I.D. Institute of Natural Resources to receive the student rate. Subscriptions should be sent to: National Dong Hwa University American Society for Environmental History Hualien Attn.: Arlene McKenna, Managing Editor Taiwan R.O.C. Center for Technology Studies Tel: 038-662500, ext. 175 New Jersey Institute of Technology Fax: 038-662533 Newark NJ 07102

U.S.A.

“From the Jomon to Star Carr: Hunter-Gatherers of Annual subscription rates, in U.S.$: East and West Temperate Eurasia.” Cambridge and Individual: Durham (England), September 1995. • U.S. Only 24.00 This international conference will be held at the • Airmail outside U.S. 32.00 Universities of Cambridge and Durham during September • Student and Retired (U.S.) 12.00 1995. It will explore the following eight themes relating to • Contributor 100.00 the archaeology of Holocene hunter-gatherers in East and • Patron 300.00 West Eurasia: “Historical Development of Jomon and Institutional: Mesolithic Studies; Transition from Pleistocene to Holocene; • United States 30.00 Territoriality and Landscape Use; Technology and Material • Airmail outside U.S. 38.00 Culture; Society, Symbolism and Religion; Ecology and

Subsistence; Intra-site Analysis; and Towards Agriculture.” To subscribe to the e-mail discussion group, send the The conference organizers within England are Simon Kaner message “sub aseh-l “ (excluding quotation and Liliana Janik of the Department of Archaeology at marks) to [email protected]#026#. Cambridge, and Peter Rowley-Conwy of the Department of

Archaeology at Durham (46 Saddler St., Durham DH1 3NU, U.K. Tel. 0191-374-3632; 0191-374-3619). Publications

Teaching resource. Teachers of courses on environmental Professional associations history, and on Chinese history with an environmental

component, might wish to consider using Mark Elvin’s American Society for Environmental History article “Three Thousand Years of Unsustainable Growth: The American Society for Environmental History China’s Environment from Archaic Times to the Present” (ASEH) was founded in 1977 to promote the for a stimulating overview of the issues. The article will be interdisciplinary study of past environmental change. Its found in East Asian History No. 6, Dec. 1993, pp. 7–46; members come from many intellectual backgrounds: history,

Page 2 copies of this issue may be ordered from The Secretary, Other items of interest Pacific and Asian History, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, Chinese Environment and Development (A Review of A.C.T. 0200, Australia, for U.S.$ 22.50 (including postage). Physical and Human Aspects). Quarterly journal, edited by The author, who owns the copyright, is happy to allow Shiu-hung Luk and Joseph Whitney, University of Toronto; unlimited photocopying by members of academic published by M.E. Sharpe, Inc., 80 Business Park Drive, institutions for teaching and research purposes. There is no Armonk NY 10504, U.S.A. (tel. 800-541-6563). need to submit individual requests for copyright permission. Richard L. Edmonds, Patterns of China’s Lost Harmony: A Yunnan article off-prints available. Christian Daniels Survey of the Country’s Environmental Degradation and still has several off-prints of his article “Unnan Shō Seisō Protection. London: Routledge, 1994. Hanna Taizoku no seitō gijutsu to shinrin hogo: genchi chō- sa ni miru sono rekishi” [Sugar Technology and Forest David Dudgeon and Richard Corlett, Hills and Streams: An Conservation Methods of the Dai People in Sip Song Panna Ecology of Hong Kong. Hong Kong University Press, (Xishuang Banna), Yunnan] (see Daniels’s article in this 1994, U.S.$ 18.00, paperback. “Documents Hong Kong’s issue of CEHN). The article, which is written entirely in freshwater and terrestrial habitats in the face of intense Japanese, includes thirty-four splendid original colour human impact.” photographs. Those wishing to obtain an off-print should write to Dr Daniels at Institute for the Study of Languages Conrad Totman, The Lumber Industry in Early Modern and Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University of Japan. University of Hawaii Press, U.S.$ 35.00. Foreign Studies, 4-51-21 Nishigahara, Kita-ku, Tokyo, Japan 114. Malcolm Tull and A. R. Krishnan, “Resource Use and Environmental Management in Japan, 1890–1990.” Pastoralists’ problems. J.W. Longworth and G.J. Included in the September 1994 issue of the Australian Williamson of the University of Queensland have recently Economic History Review. published China’s Pastoral Region: Sheep and Wool, Minority Nationalities, Rangeland Degradation and Sustainable Development. The publishers’ announcement Environmental Degradation, Forest reads, in part, as follows. “This book, based on extensive fieldwork spanning four and a half years, is about preserving Protection and Ethno-History in and improving the livelihood of pastoral communities in Yunnan northern and north western China. [It] deals with many (II) Traditional Practices of Non-Han aspects ... not previously discussed in the literature [on China]. Ecological damage to natural grasslands is one of Swidden Cultivators for the Protection the most serious but least well documented environmental of Forests issues facing humankind. This book provides first-hand observations on the nature and extent of the problem in Christian Daniels northern and north west China. The authors demonstrate that sustainable development requires the instigation of Institute for the Study of the Languages and policy-determined institutional structures and incentives as well as the provision of technical assistance.” The book Cultures of Asia and Africa, Tokyo University may be ordered from CAB INTERNATIONAL, of Foreign Studies Wallingford, OX10 8DE, England (e-mail [email protected]), or DA Books, 648 Whitehorse Common opinion in China holds that swidden Road, Mitcham, Victoria 3132, Australia (fax 03-873-5679). (“slash-and-burn”) cultivation is a primitive, backward and The price is £45.00 (U.S.$ 85.50). barbaric form of agriculture which destroys woodlands and causes soil erosion. The Chinese anthropologist Yin Newsletter on Indonesia. The Indonesian Environmental Shaoting has eloquently refuted this prejudice in his 1991 History Newsletter is edited by Freek Colombijn and David book on Yunnan swidden agriculture, Yige chongman Henley, and published twice a year by the EDEN (Ecology, zhengyi de wenhua shengtai tixi: Yunnan daogeng huozhong Demography and Economy in Nusantra) research yanjiu [A Highly Controversial Culturo-ecological System: 1 programme. It is obtainable from KITLV, P.O. Box 9515, Slash-and-Burn Cultivation in Yunnan]. He has 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands (tel. 71-272295; fax demonstrated that swidden agriculture is not, by definition, 71-272638). inefficient in terms of labour productivity or destructive of the environment. He has also argued that historically it has functioned as an agronomic system well adapted to an

Page 3 environment rich in forest resources, as long as population lead to feuding, as such action was tantamount to violating a density levels remained low. These points have been made grave. before by agronomists and anthropologists working on other regions, but Yin is the first scholar to have published a fully 3. Scenery forests. This term refers to the trees and detailed exposition for China. bamboo left growing around villages for beautification. Yige chongman zhengyi de wenhua shengtai tixi is an These woods also had a cooling effect, and served as exceptionally important book, which, together with its shelters against dust, wind and floods. sequel published in 1994,2 should be read by agronomists, anthropologists, ecologists and historians. Not only does it 4. Water conservation forests. Vegetation cover for distinguish between the different types of swidden several hundred metres along both sides of gullies, and that cultivation practised, elucidate the various patterns of crop around streams, brooks and springs utilized by human rotation, and consider the effect of the tools used on the beings, received protection and was left untouched. Also, environment; it also makes some very pertinent comments when clearing land, swidden cultivators did not cut the trees on the future of swidden agriculture among the non-Han. on ridges and in the hollows on slopes. They had two The arguments and opinions presented carry great weight purposes in mind here. In the first place, the trees because they are based on data collected by the author in prevented fire from going up the slope and crossing over to extended periods of field work conducted during the 1980s, the other side of the hill in the repeated burnings required to and not available elsewhere. Here, I will draw on Yin’s prepare the land for cultivation. After an initial firing, 1991 book to explain some of the traditional practices of cultivators collected the half-burnt material into heaps and swidden cultivators for protecting forests. ignited it again to ensure that the ashes spread over the Yin shows that before collectivization during the 1950s, surface of the clearance as evenly as possible. Depending hill peoples regulated the way they utilized land resources. on circumstances, cultivators could repeat these secondary Villagers clearly defined the extent of the land belonging to firings three or four times. The purpose of these controlled their settlements, and classified it according to type of use. burnings was to create an ash fertilizer, and the trees Common classifications included sacred forests; burial hills; retained on the ridges acted as a barrier against the spread of scenery forests; water conservation forests; path protection fire. forests; hunting grounds; and agricultural land. Swidden Secondly, however, the preservation of the trees on cultivators did not “recklessly slash and burn”, as is often ridges and in hollows assisted water retention. Swidden claimed. On the contrary, they made planned use of the cultivators understood that natural forest vegetation environment. The first four categories of forest functioned enhanced the penetration of precipitation into the ground as nature reserves, so let us look at each in turn. and provided them with a constant supply of water for household use.5 1. Sacred forests. Members of hill-farming communities designated woodlands where the gods dwelled Villagers and consanguineal clans laid down various as sacred forests, and strictly forbade people from entering, rules and regulations which specifically prohibited the except for making the annual sacrifices to the mountain and destruction of these four types of forest, and often organized earth gods. Since the villagers firmly believed that groups to enforce them. For instance, among the Jinuo trespassing on these sanctuaries for the purposes of tree minority people in Xishuang Banna, youths over fourteen felling, cultivation, hunting and gathering would bring them years of age were charged with the task of patrolling these great misfortune, these forests generally remained pristine. forest reserves, and their head, who was appointed annually Remnants of them may still be seen today in the patches of by the village elders, had authority to fine offenders, primary forest among villages in Lancang County and children and adults alike. The collectivization of land and Xishuang Banna Dai Minority Autonomous Zhou, both of other government policies implemented during the 1950s which lie close to the Burmese (Myan Mar) and Laotian and 1960s destroyed the social system and religious beliefs borders in southernmost Yunnan.3 The idea of sacred upon which the conservationist attitude of many non-Han forests was not the sole preserve of swidden cultivators, as peoples was founded. This has brought about the the Dai, the principal wet rice cultivators on the lowland disappearance of traditional policing activities by villagers, basins in Xishuang Banna, also practised a similar form of but remnants of these forests can still be seen in some border conservation in their veneration of sacred hills. The area villages today. ethno-botanist Pei Shengji has described their beliefs and Yin emphasizes four techniques practised by swidden practices, and shown how sacred hills have saved the local cultivators which had positive effects for the maintenance of fauna and flora from human-induced destruction.4 the environment. First, land was divided out amongst villagers according to the customs of the different peoples: 2. Burial hills. The protection of burial hills, usually allocation by village or clan elders appears to have been located far from the dwellings, was an important concern for common. Planned allocation of land ensured that villagers. The burning of burial hills by outsiders could cultivators alternated cropping and fallow in a rotation

Page 4 system to allow for regeneration. Second, cultivators trees of economic value in with maize and other food crops selected crops that were suited to the soil conditions of is a good way of preventing the notorious erosion problems different locations. Third, most swidden cultivators were which Han Chinese farmers created when they began the particularly careful to avoid killing the stumps of felled trees. permanent cultivation of New World food crops on hill They avoided disturbing the roots during cultivation, and slopes after the seventeenth century.6 even covered the stumps with leaves during dry periods to The combination of tree farming with a slash-and-burn prevent them from becoming desiccated. Finally, some rotation system of cropping and fallow increases the degree peoples had, and still preserve, a custom of reforesting to of land-use intensification principally because it extends the prevent the degradation of forest land. They planted period over which the land can be utilized: the planting of fast-growing trees, or trees with a high commercial value, on fast-growing, soil-fertilizing trees rejuvenates soil strength, fallow land for the purposes of fertilizing the soil and and thus helps to shorten the fallow period. Stressing these, obtaining economic benefits. Alnus nepalensis D. Don (the and all other advantages outlined above, Yin Shaoting shuidonggua, “water winter melon” tree), lacquer trees and recommends this type of commercial tree farming as the pine trees were, and still are, the main trees cultivated. most effective method of increasing the incomes of swidden Alnus nepalensis grows into a large tree within five agriculturalists who have no other options open to them. years in places with sufficient rainfall, and is highly prized Let us not forget that lowland wet rice cultivators also for its efficiency in returning fertility to the soil. The practised reforestation. The Dai people of Xishuang Banna bacteria (an azotobacter called bacillus radicicola Beijerinok) still cultivate fuelwood forests today. Each Dai family on its roots have an exceptionally strong nitrogen fixing plants cassia siamea Lam. on the gentle slopes in the effect. This tree also bears a large quantity of leaves which, vicinity of its village, and uses this tree as a source of after falling, provide the soil with nutrients more rapidly firewood. Seeds are sown on burned slopes in May to June than those of other trees. In the past, and at present, the Wa, at the beginning of the rainy season, and the first pollarding Jingpo, Lisu and Dulong peoples have planted this tree, but takes place four to five years later, when the trees reach a their cultivation methods differ. For instance, the Jingpo in height of about fifteen metres with a trunk diameter of ten to Kachang, Yingjiang County, mixed the seeds of alnus fifteen centimetres. The tree is cut at a point about one nepalensis and upland rice, and broadcast them together, metre up the trunk, and the upper foliage is used for fuel. while the Dulong planted seedlings of this tree together with Within five years, three to five new branches have sprouted other crops on land in the second year of cultivation after to a height of eight to ten metres (trunk diameter of five to forest clearance. The growth period varied from four to eight centimetres), and these are chopped down, leaving the eight years; the wood could be used for fuel, and the thick stump as before. Thereafter, the new growth is pollarded trunks as timber for houses and furniture. every three years. The Lemo ren (a sub-group of the Bai people), who According to estimates given by Pei Shengji, a dwell in the Luobenzhuo district of Lushui County, and cultivated cassia siamea forest can be harvested in this way some members of the Nu minority people cultivate lacquer for about a hundred years, and yields sixty cubic metres of trees in cropping and fallow rotations. In February and fuelwood per hectare at every triennial cutting. Pei March, the Lemo broadcast lacquer tree seeds on the slopes calculates that each Dai uses 1.0-1.5 cubic metres of of high mountains, and in March of the following year they fuelwood per year, and that 0.1 hectares of this tree are transplant the seedlings to fields at a lower elevation. sufficient to meet the fuel needs of one person.7 From my Alnus nepalensis seedlings may also be transplanted at the own experience, I doubt whether Dai villagers are still able same time in order to enhance soil fertility with their to provide for all their fuelwood requirements from their nitrogen fixing effect. Forty to fifty lacquer tree seedlings own cassia siamea forests today, though it cannot be denied are planted per mu on relatively fertile land, while fifty to that they still rely on them a great deal. Nevertheless, Pei is sixty are planted per mu on less fertile ground. In April or undoubtedly correct in saying that by providing a constant May of that year, maize and kidney beans (phaseolus source of fuel, the cultivation of this tree over the past 400 vulgaris L.) are intercropped between the seedlings. years has reduced pressure on natural forests for energy. Intercropping ceases three to four years later, when the trees In their traditional agricultural systems, swidden have grown tall and come to shade the ground. Latex cultivators and the Dai strove to protect their environment, tapping commences after the lacquer trees have attained an for they knew that in the long run they would be the ones to age of eight years, and they yield about fourteen kilograms suffer the consequences of resource depletion. In spite of per mu. After about ten years of tapping, the trees are Yin’s convincing data, one cannot help wondering why the chopped down and burnt to fertilize the soil. At that point, hill peoples today lack their past enthusiasm for planting begins all over again. Cultivators sell the latex, environmental protection. This will be the topic of the next thus gaining an income from the land during the fallow installment. period, and are still able to burn the tree for fertilizer at the end of the cycle. Although Yin does not specifically [Final installment: “Nature Reserves and Non-Han Swidden mention it, we can assume that mixing lacquer trees or other Cultivators.” Forthcoming in the November 1995 issue of

Page 5 CEHN.] The Ethno-Botanical Laboratory, Kunming Institute of China, Collected Research Papers on the Ethno-Botany of REFERENCES Xishuang Banna (Kunming: n.d., but the dates of the papers range from 1982-88), pp. 107–11; and Christian Daniels, 1. Yin Shaoting, Yige chongman zhengyi de wenhua “Unnan Shō Seisō Hanna Taizoku no seitō gijutsu to shinrin shengtai tixi: Yunnan daogeng huozhong yanjiu [A Highly hogo: genchi chōsa ni miru sono rekishi” [Sugar Controversial Culturo-Ecological System: Slash-and-Burn Technology and Forest Conservation Methods of the Dai Cultivation in Yunnan]. Kunming: Yunnan Renmin People in Sip Song Panna (Xishuang Banna), Yunnan], in Chubanshe, 1991. Shūjitsu Joshi Daigaku shigaku ronshū 5 (1990), pp. 260–64. 2. Yin Shaoting, Senlin yunyu de nonggeng wenhua: Yunnan daogeng huozhong zhi [A Farming Culture Formed 5. It is also worth noting that pathways in and around by Forest: Slash-and Burn Cultivation in Yunnan]. villages were lined with trees, which provided shade and Kunming: Yunnan Renmin Chubanshe, 1994. reduced dust. These were the path protection forests that Yin mentions. 3. The Xishuang Banna Dai Minority Autonomous Zhou was set up in 1953 by the People’s Republic of China. The 6. Ho Ping-ti, in Studies on the Population of China, area under its jurisdiction roughly corresponds to that of its 1368–1953 (Harvard University Press, 1959) early pointed forerunner, the kingdom of Sipsong Panna, which was a out that the cultivation of New World crops such as maize polity dominated by Tai Lw people (a Tai language and peanuts on hill slopes caused serious erosion in South speaking people known as Dai in Chinese). The Tai Lw China. In Japan, Chiba Tokuji has pursued the relationship potentate of this polity ruled over the various ethnic peoples between swidden agriculture, soil erosion and maize who practiced swidden agriculture in the highlands, as well cultivation in South China in the eighteenth and nineteenth as his own Tai Lw people who cultivated wet rice on the centuries. See e.g. his “Kanan sangaku chitai no yakihata lowland basins. From the late thirteenth century, China kōsaku: Chūgoku bunken ni yoru rekishiteki gaikan to established indirect control over Sipsong Panna by mondaiten no shiteki” [Swidden Cultivation on Mountain incorporating it into the tusi system. The Yuan dynasty Land in South China: A Historical Overview According to conferred the highly prestigious title of xuanwei shi Chinese Sources, and Issues for Further Research], in Chiri (Pacification Commissioner) on the potentate of Sipsong kagaku 3 (1967), pp. 1–9; and Chiiki to minzoku bunka Panna, and the Ming and Qing dynasties, as well as the [Region and Folk Culture] (Tokyo: Daimeitō, 1977), pp. Republican government, all recognized his position. 167–189. However, the PRC abolished the tusi system in the 1950s. Under the tusi system, China allowed the Sipsong 7. Pei, op. cit., p. 112. Panna potentate to govern the internal affairs of his polity in return for submitting to a tributary relationship with China. Despite submission to Chinese control, Sipsong Panna kept its identity as a Theravada Buddhist state that maintained Report on the Fourth International strong political ties and cultural affinities with similar polities established by Thai-speaking peoples in northern Conference on the Evolution of the continental South-east Asia. Chinese migration to East Asian Environment, 1995 Xishuang Banna really began only after the 1950s; this has enabled the various peoples there to uphold their traditional Kerrie L. MacPherson way of life until quite recently. It has also greatly contributed to the preservation of tropical rainforest along University of Hong Kong with all the flora and fauna for which Xishuang Banna is renowned today. This has made it a popular site for Fifty-eight papers, arranged in seven categories, illuminating field-work by Chinese anthropologists, ethno-botanists, “The Evolution of the East Asian Environment” were biologists, etc. The name Xishuang Banna, a Chinese presented at this international conference hosted by the transliteration of Sipsong Panna, is a vestige of this now University of Hong Kong during January 3rd–7th, 1995, deceased polity. At present, the Tai Lw (the Dai Minority under the auspices of the University’s Centre of Asian People) still retain their position as the largest single ethnic Studies and Earth Science Unit. This conference was the people in Xishuang Banna. fourth in a series that began in 1983 as an interdisciplinary

examination of the East Asian palaeoenvironment, focussing 4. Pei Shengji, “Some Effects of the Dai People’s Cultural on the later Tertiary and early Quaternary. One result of Beliefs and Practices upon the Plant Environment of the initial conference was the publication of the East Asian Xishuang Banna, Yunnan Province, Southwest China”, in Tertiary/Quaternary Newsletter published by the Centre of

Page 6 Asian Studies twice a year under the editorship of Nina G. during this period. Zheng Zhuo and Z. Lei gave the results Jablonski, California Academy of Sciences, who was also a of their research on vegetation and climatic changes from a member of the conference organizing committee. Other borehole sample dating back 350,000 years B.P. from the members include the Chairman, Wyss Yim, University of Tianyang volcanic basin of Leizhou Peninsula, Guangdong. Hong Kong; Edward Derbyshire, International Union for Wang Jian, H. Lu, and C. Shen were able to describe Quaternary Research; Liu Tung-sheng, Chinese Academy of palaeoclimatic changes in China from 12,000 B.P., using the Sciences, P.R.C.; David Workman, University of Hong factor interpretation method. Zhu Zhaoyu showed the Kong; and Cheng Chaoze from the Centre of Asian Studies important role played by the Tibetan Plateau in (conference secretary). The Conference was sponsored by environmental change, using a system of correlation of The Croucher Foundation and Mr. Li Ka-shing. endogenic and exogenic forces based on palaeoclimate and The span of time addressed by papers presented at the neotectonics. Finally, Matsue Michiyo suggested, on the 1995 conference stretched far beyond the late Tertiary and basis of the evidence furnished by the palaeovegetation, that early Quaternary. The proceedings of this conference will the palaeoclimate was probably very cold in Lake Nojiri in be published by the Centre, as have been all three previous central Japan during the late Pleistocene. sets of proceedings. There follows be a very brief summary of the Dating and Marine/Terrestrial Correlation conference papers, with an appended list of titles and Malcolm Head, W. Zhou, Z. An, and C. Tuniz authors.* discussed the results of their use of chemical separation and purification techniques to isolate original and introduced Geology and Palaeoclimatology organic fractions of palaeosol samples collected from The first session included thirteen papers, the majority various loess plateau sites in China that had previously focussing on the geological formation of the East Asian proved to be difficult to chronologize by radiocarbon dating. environment, and the remainder on palaeoclimatic changes Wang Pinxian gave an overview of the drastic in East Asia. Lu Yaoru, from the perspectives of reorganization of environmental patterns in China and East hydrogeology and engineering, presented a general paper on Asia generally in the Cainozoic era. Wyss Yim, having the geological environments of China, with emphasis on the pointed out the dearth of studies of continental shelf anthropogenic factors that influenced their evolution. Ren sediments for Quaternary marine/terrestrial correlation (as Binghui discussed the extent of the last glaciation in the compared with progress made by using continental loess Tianshan Mountains, presenting evidence that the extent of sequences or oxygen-isotope records of deep sea cores) these ancient glaciers exceeded that of modern glaciers in filled the gap with a study of the role of continental shelf the area. A paper on Pleistocene Hengchun limestone in sediments off the coast of China in Hong Kong. A final southern Taiwan was presented by Gong Shou-yeh and T.F. paper by Li Sheng Hua demonstrated that optical dating can Yui showing that the area underwent two major sea-level provide additional sedimentary information on Quaternary change cycles due to the Quaternary glacio-eustasy, and was deposits, besides their age. uplifted by the ongoing Penglai Orogeny. Two papers concentrated on Japan. The first, by Ota Environmental Change Yoko and S. Odagiri, was an attempt to establish the late Kumai Hisao reconstructed the palaeoenvironment of Quaternary chronology of marine terraces and the pattern the Yatsugatake volcanoes in central Japan through and rate of tectonic deformation of a section of the coastal palaeogeographic maps, and Kashima Kaoru demonstrated area in southwestern Tosa Bay. The second, by Miki that diatom stratigraphy of coastal lagoons in Japan gave a Takashi, speculated on the genesis of the coloration of high resolution record of Holocene environmental change. sedimentary rocks by examining stratigraphic occurrences in Vladimír Šibrava discussed the results of the International Kyūshū. Finally, there were three papers on Hong Kong in Geological Correlation Programme project no. 296 by the geological part of the session. Bryan Ruxton and G. reviewing environmental change in Southeast Asia and the Taylor highlighted the unique tectonic formation of southern Pacific during the Quaternary from a comparative China, where the change from an active convergent margin perspective. Jan Carey argued the usefulness of East Asian to a passive margin shows active and passive components to potsherds as evidence for historical and prehistorical have varied laterally, vertically, and through time. Lai environmental change. Kuen Wai described the onshore Quaternary sediments and Papers on China included a contribution by Mao their chronology, and a team of researchers (J.A. Fyfe, R.J. Shaozhi revealing new data on the South China Sea from Neller, R.B. Owen, I.C. Selby, and R. Shaw) showed the recovered dinoflagellate cysts from the late Pleistocene. role of seismostratigraphy in mapping the offshore Zhao Songling and J. Liu demonstrated that exposed loess Quaternary sediments. along the northern seacoast of China and buried loess below Charting palaeoclimatic changes using Middle the sea bed were formed at the lowest sea level during the Miocene flora of Inner Mongolia, Tao Junrong showed the last glaciation. You Lianyuan revealed three main factors decreasing temperature range from north to south in China that controlled environmental change in the Yellow River,

Page 7 using a seventy-year record of run-off and sediment data from marine boreholes in the Hong Kong region. The discharge, and attempted to predict the river’s future second, by Richard T. Corlett, underscored the high environmental change. Huang Guangqing and Wyss Yim diversity of the original flora of coastal South China through examined storm sediments in the Pearl Estuary, and M.J. examination of the consequences of human impact on the Tooley, Y. Zong and J.B. Innes identified past storm surge flora of Hong Kong. signatures from sediment columns in the Middle and Late Holocene. Two papers, the first on Taiwan by Wang Quaternary Coastal Evolution Chung-ho et al., and a second on Hong Kong by Mervyn Research on south China’s coastal evolution was Peart and A.W. Jayawardena, examined drought using rather represented by four contributions. A paper by Huang recent (19th-20th centuries) precipitation records. Yukun, H. Zou and K. Zhang provided a chronology for seven periods of multiple sea-level changes in the Loess Quaternary, as well as an examination of the role of Eight papers represented research on what is neotectonics in shaping coastal morphology. Huang considered the most singular Quaternary soil deposit of Zhengguo, Q. Cai and Q. Xu reviewed five indicators for China (or the world), the loessial plateau of the middle determining lowest sea level during the last glacial period in reaches of the Yellow River. Chronostratigraphic the South China Sea, while Feng Wenke and Y. Shi boundaries of geological events were described by Liu demonstrated that on the shelf edge in the northern South Tung-sheng, M. Ding and R. Feng, while Shen Chengde, W. China Sea lie remains of coastal aeolian deposits formed Yi and T. Liu showed how high resolution 10Be records when the sea level was at its lowest in the last glacial period. found in loess provide a new method of dating. J. TenPas Zhang Weiqiang, Z. Huang, and Q.Y. Tan concluded from et al. argued that deconvoluted climate records of an area their review of available evidence that, contrary to some north of Xi’an prove that the palaeoclimate changed more hypotheses, there was only one submerged Zhujiang (Pearl rapidly than was previously thought. Zhao Songling and J. River) Delta. Liu presented an account of the late Pleistocene A contribution on India by R.K. Sukhtankar described palaeoenvironment of the Bohai and Yellow Seas based on the formation of the Maharashtra coast, and the importance an analysis of marine seismic records. Han Jiamao of both Tertiary and Quaternary plate tectonics on this contributed findings from his comparative magnetic study process. Saskia Jelgersma’s study of the impact of on samples representing three loess sites in China, while Liu sea-level rise on the coastal lowlands of East and Southeast Jiaqi and his team showed how they had established a time Asia warned that human activities in the river valleys, deltas, scale for Quaternary depositional sequences using magnetic shoreline, and offshore area (such as dam and reservoir events at Weinan. Wen Qizhong, G. Diao and R. Jia construction, diversion of longshore sediment transport by presented information on palaeoclimatic change of engineering works, and over-exploitation of groundwater) Luochuan Loess obtained through geochemical research. pose an even more serious threat than sea-level rise due to A study, by Michael Singer et al., of climatic change on the the expected greenhouse effect. The last paper in the loess plateau relating to differences in pedogenesis session, by Y. Zong and M.J. Tooley, pointed to the concluded that interpretations based on climate and time as potential of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the main soil-forming factors may be problematical. improving risk assessment in the East Asian coastal lowlands. Palaeoflora and Palynology The flexibility of plant genetics and the vastness of Evolution of Man geological time were highlighted in an overview of This controversial topic was well debated, with papers palaeoendemic plants of East Asia by David Ferguson, Y. covering China, Java, and Nepal. Nina Jablonski Liu and R. Zetter. Quantitative techniques were applied to contributed to the debate on the origins of modern human Miocene diatomaceous deposits in Shandong by Wang beings by indicating that pertinent data — such as those on Xianzeng and P. Deng, while Sun Xiangjun and his team palaeoenvironments and the movement of hominoids concluded from the pollen record that steppe vegetation has between continents in the Pleistocene — have been ignored. been dominant for the last 100,000 years at the southern Wu Xinzhi argued the indigenous ancestry of modern East margin of the loess plateau. V.N. Koshal presented data on Asians, and concluded from a review of faunal and the palaeoenvironment of the Kutch basin of western India archaeological data that multiregional evolution rather than derived from his analysis of palynomorphs obtained during replacement was evidenced in China. Xu Qinqi presented oil and natural gas exploration. Zhang Lansheng examined a reinterpretation of the appearance of Peking man, Huang the farming-pastoral zone in southeastern Mongolia and its Peihua spoke on the environments of Peking Man and environmental evolution during the past 10,000 years. Hexian Man, and Pan Yuerong described the new analyses The two last papers in the session focussed on Hong of evolutionary changes in Laccopithecus, the Asian Kong. The first, by P. Catt, Wyss Yim and K.F. Yu, small-sized ape. Charles Oxnard discussed the attempted to bridge the gap in knowledge of biogeographic implications of evolutionary modelling of mitrochondial

Page 8 DNA studies on the debate over the origins of modern Deformation of Marine Terraces on the Ashizuri Peninsula, human beings, and cautioned that alternative hypotheses, Southern Shikoku, Japan” and the complexities of evolutionary phenomena, must be fully explored. Miki Takashi (Kyūshū University), “Variegated Sequences Donald Tyler presented findings on significant fossil in Kyūshū, Japan, and their Palaeoenvironmental and finds from Java, and what may be an additional hominid Archaeological Significance” genus in Southeast Asia. The last contribution, by G. Corvinus, examined archaeological evidence of the Bryan P. Ruxton (University of Canberra) and G. Taylor, prehistoric populations of the Himalayan foothills in Nepal, “Active to Passive Margin in and near Hong Kong, and showing the migration of prehistoric people from India to Landscapes in the Gap” the Himalayan foothills as early as the late middle Pleistocene. Lai Kuen Wai (Hong Kong Government), “Some Aspects of Onshore Superficial Deposits of Hong Kong” * J. Alan Fyfe (Hong Kong Government) et al., “The Role of For further information and enquiries concerning Seismostratigraphy in Understanding the Offshore publication of the proceedings of this conference as well as Quaternary Sediments of Hong Kong” the others in the series, please contact: Tao Junrong (Chinese Academy of Sciences), The Centre of Asian Studies “Palaeofloristic and Palaeoclimatic Changes during the The University of Hong Kong Middle Miocene in Inner Mongolia, China” Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong Fax: 25595884 Zheng Zhuo (Zhongshan University) and Z. Lei, “350,000 E-mail: [email protected]. Year Record of Vegetation and Climatic Changes from a Volcanic Basin in the Leizhou Peninsula, China” NOTE Wang Jian (Nanjing Normal University) et al., “Application * The titles and emphases of the papers as presented were not of Factor Interpretation Method to the Palaeoclimatic always identical with those stated in the official abstracts. Analysis of Pollen Data in China” As I was unable to verify all changes, the following list is based on the abstracts. I apologize for any errors of Zhu Zhaoyu (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou), omission or commission. “A Coupled Climato-tectonic System: Tibetan Plateau and the East Asian Continent” List of Papers Presented at the Conference The institutional affiliations given below are taken from the Matsue Michiyo (Takatsuki Kammuri Junior High School, list of conference participants. Unfortunately, this list Ōsaka), “Climatic Change and Palaeovegetation History typically includes only those authors whose names are stated during the Last Glacial in Lake Nojiri, Central Japan” first. No information was therefore available on most of the collaborating authors. Dating and Marine/Terrestrial Correlation

Geology and Palaeoclimatology Malcolm J. Head (Australian National University) et al., “Recent Advances in the Radiocarbon Dating of Organic Lu Yaoru (Institute of Hydrogeology and Engineering Components of Palaeosols Using Accelerator Mass Geology, Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, Spectrometry” China), “Research on Geological Environments in China” Wang Pinxian (Tongji University, Shanghai), “Late Ren Binghui (Lanzhou Institute of Glaciology and Cainozoic Evolution of Environments in China: Sea/Land Geocryology), “A Study on the Extent of the Last Glaciation Correlations” in the Tianshan Mountains, China” Wyss W.-S. Yim (University of Hong Kong), “Continental Gong Shou-yeh (National Museum of Natural Science, Shelf Sediments off the Coast of China and Taiwan) and T.-F. Yui, “Glacio-eustatic and Neotectonic Marine/Terrestrial Correlation” Controls of Deposition and Diagenesis of Pleistocene Limestones, Hengchun, Southern Taiwan” Li Sheng Hua (University of Hong Kong), “Optical Dating of Quaternary Sediments” Ota Yoko (Senshu University) and S. Odagiri, “Age and

Page 9 Environmental Change Zhao Songling (Academia Sinica, Qingdao) and J. Liu, Kumai Hisao (Ōsaka City University), “Quaternary “Palaeoenvironment of the Bohai and Yellow Seas during Volcanic Activity and Environmental Changes Associated the Late Pleistocene” with the Yatsugatake Volcanoes in Central Japan” Han Jiamao (Chinese Academy of Sciences) “Rock Kashima Kaoru (Kyūshū University), “Diatoms in Coastal Magnetic Properties of Loess and Environmental Change” Lagoons of Japan: A High Resolution Record of Holocene Environmental Change” Liu Jiaqi (Chinese Academy of Sciences) et al., “A High Resolution Time Scale for the Last 150,000 Years at the Vladimír Šibrava (Czech Republic), “The Quaternary and Weinan Loess Section, China” Environmental Change in Southeast Asia and the Pacific” Wen Qizhong (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou) Jan Carey (University of Adelaide), “Reading Changes in et al., “Geochemical Evidence for Palaeoclimatic Change in Wetland Environments from East Asian Potsherds” the Chinese Loess”

Mao Shaozhi (China University of Geosciences), Michael J. Singer (University of California, Davis) et al., “Quaternary Organic-Walled Dinoflagellate Cysts from the “Pedogenesis as a Record of Climatic Change in the Chinese South China Sea and their Palaeoenvironmental Loess/Palaeosol Sequence” Significance” Palaeoflora and Palynology Zhao Songling (Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica, Qingdao) and J. Liu, “Origin of the Buried and Exposed David K. Ferguson (University of Vienna) et al., “The Loess in Shelf Seas of Northern China” Palaeoendemic Plants of East Asia: Evidence from the Fossil Record for Changing Distribution Patterns” You Lianyuan (Chinese Academy of Sciences), “Impact of Environmental Change on Run-off and Sediment Yield in Wang Xianzeng (Peking University) and P. Deng, the Yellow River, China” “Quantitative Palynological Study of the Shanwang Formation, Shandong Province, China” Huang Guangqing and Wyss W.-S. Yim (University of Hong Kong), “Storm Sedimentation in the Pearl River Sun Xiangjun (Chinese Academy of Sciences) et al., “A Estuary, China” 100,000-year Pollen Record of the Southern Loess Plateau, China” M. J. Tooley (University of Durham) et al., “Diatom and Pollen Evidence and Holocene Storm Surge Signatures” V.N. Koshal (Oil and Natural Gas Corporation Ltd., Baroda), “Palynofossils, Palaeoenvironments and Correlations of Wang Chung-ho (Academia Sinica, Taipei) et al., “Taiwan’s Subsurface Sediments of the Kutch Basin, Western India” Drought Periods Based on the Precipitation Records of the Past Century” Zhang Lansheng (Beijing Normal University), “Changes in the Farming-Pastoral Zone of Eastern Asia during the Last Mervyn R. Peart (University of Hong Kong) and A.W. 10,000 Years” Jayawardena, “Drought in Hong Kong” P. Catt (James Cook University of North Queensland) et al., Loess “Quaternary Palaeobiogeography of Hong Kong: Evidence from a Marine Borehole” Liu Tung-sheng (Chinese Academy of Sciences) et al., “Characteristics and Chronostratigraphic Boundaries of Richard T. Corlett, “Human Impact on the Flora of Hong Quaternary Geologic Events in the Chinese Loess” Kong Island”

Shen Chengde (Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou) Quaternary coastal evolution et al., “High Resolution 10Be Records in Chinese Loess and Dating Applications” Huang Yukun (Zhongshan University) et al., “Quaternary Coastal Evolution in the Northern Part of the South China J. TenPas et al., “Deconvolution of the Palaeoclimatic Sea” Record of a New Loess/Palaeosoil Section on the Chinese Loess Plateau” Huang Zhengguo (Guangzhou Academy of Science) et al.,

Page 10 “On the Lowest Sea Level during the Last Glacial Period in Database on the Environment and its the South China Sea” Socioeconomic Impact in Historical Feng Wenke (Mineral Resources, Guangzhou) and Y. Shi, China: an Introduction “Last Glacial Coastal Remains on the Shelf Edge of the Northern South China Sea” Fang Jinqi

Zhang Weiqiang (Guangzhou Academy of Science) et al., University of Wisconsin “The Submerged Zhujiang Delta”

Partly because of the frequent and bitter impact of dramatic R.K. Sukhtankar (Shivaji University, Maharashtra), environmental change and disasters, and partly because of “Quaternary Evolutionary History of the Maharashtra Coast, their attitude towards nature, the Chinese have been India” recording environmental anomalies since the beginning of

their history. Plentiful records both of such anomalies and Saskia Jelgersma (Geological Survey of the Netherlands), of the main patterns of human activity in China are available “The Impact of Future Sea-level Rise on the Coastal for the last 2,200 years. These records are undoubtedly of Lowlands of East and South East Asia” great assistance for improving our understanding of past

environmental change and human-environmental Y. Zong and M.J. Tooley (University of Durham), interactions. “Potentials of Geographic Information System for Sea Because the historical information is scattered in a Flooding Risk Assessment in the East Asian Coastal wide range of sources, a number of Chinese scholars from Lowlands” historical to modern times have worked to assemble relevant

records out of the vast storehouse of texts and documents. Evolution of Man Some of them, like Prof. Xu Jinzhi, of the Institute of

Geography at Nanjing, spent their whole lives on this work. Nina G. Jablonski (California Academy of Sciences), They carried out comprehensive searches for particular types “Geographical and Life History Perspectives on Modern of record, and compiled the records in chronological order, Human Origins” organizing them by region as appropriate. The topics for

which good searches have so far been conducted include Wu Xinzhi (Chinese Academy of Sciences), “On the Source floods, droughts, locust “plagues”, frostbitings of crops, of Modern East Asians” hailstorms, unusually cold or warm weather, tidal

abnormalities, earthquakes, mass population migrations, and Xu Qinqi (Chinese Academy of Sciences), “Homo erectus (for certain periods only) peasant rebellions. lantianensis in Chenjiawo, China: First Appearance of The many booklets which contain the search results Peking Man” were usually published informally, and are only available in

some major universities, institutes, and libraries of China Huang Peihua (University of Science and Technology of (see e.g. Guojia qixiang ju, et al., 1975; Jiangsu dili suo, China, Hefei), “Living Environments of Peking Man and 1975). The difficulty of collating and using these scattered Hexian Man in China” data collections creates the need for the present database.

Given the present context of intense public, scholarly, Pan Yuerong (Chinese Academy of Sciences), and scientific concern about environmental issues, it is “Evolutionary Changes in Laccopithecus from Lufeng, especially pertinent to address the problem of Yuanmou and Yuannan, China” communication and cooperation between academic

communities which normally work in isolation from each Charles Oxnard (University of Western Australia), “African other. In the case of the study of China’s historical Eve? Asian Adam! The Implications of Evolutionary environment, there is an unfortunate fragmentation between Modelling for Interpretations of Mitochondrial DNA natural and social scientists. The natural scientists (such as Studies” climatologists and physical geographers) have made a great

contribution to the study of physical environmental change, Donald E. Tyler (University of Idaho), “New Significant including natural disasters (see e.g. Zhu, 1973; ZZDBW, Fossil Finds from Sangiran, Java, Indonesia” 1982; Zheng and Feng, 1986; Gong and Hameed, 1991;

Wang et al., 1991). However, they have generally not paid G. Corvinus, “Prehistoric Populations in the Hui Valley in much attention to the impact of the changes on human the Himalayan Foothills in Nepal” society, or the impact of human activity on the environment.

Meanwhile, the social scientists (such as historians and

historical geographers) have paid attention to the study of

Page 11 the human impact on the environment, and the economic, scientists. Paradox has been selected as the database political, and cultural implications of environmental factors managing software, on account of its convenience for data (see e.g. Perry, 1980; Perdue, 1987; Schoppa, 1989). But import from or export to files in other formats. The they tend to represent environment as a “passive” factor, database is compiled in English, although it will not be stressing the ways in which it was changed because of difficult to translate it into Chinese in the future. changes in human society, such as government policy, The data first entered into the database were all ones population pressure, and so on. They have not been greatly already compiled by other scholars, as described above. As interested in non-anthropogenic change. explained in Fang (1992), these data were stored in the It will not be necessary to argue the importance in database region by region, in chronological order, with Chinese history of physical environmental change, whether numerical codes. The country was divided into sixty-eight anthropogenic or otherwise, for readers of the Chinese regions for data entry purposes. This stage of the project Environmental History Newsletter. However, some less resulted in the creation of 43,753 entries. While there has familiar examples of such change may be given. My own not yet been time to study the implications of this first set of research has shown that of ten large and famous lakes data, a preliminary analysis of the reports of floods from the recorded about 2,500 years ago, only one survives today, middle and lower Yangtze Valley shows that the further while three of the four largest modern freshwater lakes did upstream from the river mouth a region is, the later frequent not exist until 2,000 years ago (Fang, 1993). Not only (as floods began to be reported. The study provides evidence is well known) has the lower Yellow River channel migrated for the hypothesis that the dramatic rise of water level in the frequently and wildly in the eastern China lowlands, but it middle Yangtze during historical times was a lagged can now be confirmed that fluctuations in the frequency of response to the postglacial sea level rise (Fang, 1991). Yellow River floods have been dominated by climatic After entering the above largely climatic and moisture change (ZZDBW, 1982). The water level in the hydrological data into the database, I began to assemble middle reaches of the Yangtze River has risen more than additional data and records of other types. Besides using 10–15 metres in the past 1,500 years (Fang, 1991). When existing data collection booklets, I examined sources such as the early Chinese recorded their history on bamboo slips, the the dynastic histories, shilu [Veritable Records] and other large bamboo species used to make the slips (maozhu) grew government compilations, and a limited number of local extensively in the middle Yellow River region, but today, gazetteers. The data collected so far include records of because of colder climate, it can be found only in the mass migrations (for both nomads and peasants), changes in Yangtze River area or further south (Fang, 1994). The lake water-area, reclamation of lake land, construction of Great Wall of the Ming empire parallels isohyets, and artificial lakes, rebellions, famines, state worship of natural generally conforms with the boundary between farmland deities, government environmental policies, mass population and grassland. But the farmland-grassland boundary death, water control projects, deforestation, unusual grain shifted southwards or northwards within a range of 200-300 prices, and sunspots. kilometres in historical times as climate changed (Fang and Preliminary studies have been made of some of the Guo, 1992). search results. For example, a statistically close Few scholars are attempting to link the work of the relationship has been detected between nomadic southward natural and social scientists. In other words, there has been migrations and colder, drier climate, while wars between inadequate examination of the impact of “real” (physical) nomads and agriculturalists along the northern Chinese environmental changes on past human society in China. It border occurred much more frequently in colder periods is hard to blame either the natural scientists or the social (Fang and Guo, 1992). Other analysis shows that although scientists for this deficiency: the challenges involved in people indeed tended to reclaim more and more farmland interdisciplinary research in this area are formidable indeed. from lakes as population grew, the fluctuations in lake However, a database combining key data from the research water-areas still conformed with climatic fluctuations. results of scholars from both communities may help to Moreover, people tended to reclaim farmland from lakes in facilitate future interdisciplinary communication and periods with drier climate and few flood reports, but research. abandoned land to repair artificial lakes in wet periods (Fang, 1989, 1993). The study based on the deforestation data The Creation of the Database, and Preliminary Studies confirms that the Loess Plateau was well covered by I have been working on the database, without funding, vegetation in early historical times when it was the political since 1985. The basic objectives of the database project and economic centre of the Chinese world (Fang, 1994). are: 1) to facilitate, especially for those who do not know Information on the dates at which some towns and villages Chinese, the use of environmental history data already were abandoned in arid north-western China shows that collected by Chinese scholars, supplemented by additional most of them were abandoned in periods with dry climate data collected by myself; 2) to make possible mathematical (Fang and Shi, 1990). Finally, examination of the data on (especially statistical and spatial) analysis and comparative state religious activities suggests that traditional Chinese studies; and 3) to link the work of natural and social ideas on cosmology were deeply influenced by natural

Page 12 disasters and anomalies, while the worship of Heaven was 12,100 yr B.P.” Quaternary Science Review 10:527–36. religious in nature. The historical records often suggest explanations for Fang Jin-qi. 1992. “Establishment of a Data Bank from the phenomena described. For example, records of 1,461 Records of Climatic Disasters and Anomalies in Ancient rebellions have been entered in the database; 551 Chinese Documents.” International Journal of explanations are offered in the primary sources on the causes Climatology 12:499–519. of 339 of these. Out of these explanations, 337 relate to natural disasters and/or environmental changes, which were Fang Jin-qi. 1993. “Lake Evolution during the Past involved in 211 rebellions. As for mass migrations of 3,000 Years in China, and its Implications for peasants, explanations of the causes of 897 migration events Environmental Change.” Quaternary Research are found in the database. 463 of the migrations were 39:175–85. directly attributed to natural disasters, while another 133 were attributed to nomadic invasions, which, as suggested Fang Jin-qi. 1994. “Deforestation in Pre-Industrial China: above, were also partly related to colder and drier climate. Taking the Loess Plateau Region as an Example.” In short, although analysis of the database records is still in Chemosphere 29:983–999. its early stages, it is reasonable to expect that the database will greatly improve understanding of human-environmental Fang Jin-qi and Guo Liu. 1992. “Relationship between interrelations in Chinese history. Climatic Change and the Nomadic Southward Migrations in Eastern Asia in Historical Times.” Climatic Change The Future Development of the Database 22:151–69. After more than a decade’s work (some of it assisted by the voluntary labour of good friends in China), the Fang Jin-qi and Shi Shao-hua. 1990. “Impact of Climatic database now contains about eight MB of information, Change on the Abandonment of some Historical Agro-cities involving records of twenty-nine types of natural in Arid North-western China.” Journal of Nanjing phenomenon or human activity. Because of the richness of University (Geography Edition), 63–72. Chinese historical sources, the database is still far from complete. Much data collection remains to be done. Gong, G. F. and Hameed, S. 1991. “The Variation of There is also a need to work on compatibility with other Moisture Conditions in China during the Last 2,000 Years.” databases in this field, such as that of Professor Zhang International Journal of Climatology 11:271–283. Peiyuan’s group at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. (Professor Zhang’s database includes neither data on human Guojia qixiang ju (State Meteorological Administration of activities nor many non-climatic data, but it contains far China), Huabei, Dongbei shisheng qixiang ju more climatic and hydrological data than my database). (Meteorological Bureaux of North and North-east China), Finally, further preparatory work (including the compilation and Peking University. 1975. Huabei, Dongbei jin wubai of a user’s manual) is needed before the database can be nianlai shui, han ji qita qihou zaihai shiliao [Historical made publicly available. Materials on Floods, Droughts, and other Climatic Disasters Unfortunately, the time has come when further in North and North-east China during the Last Five Hundred progress on this project is jeopardized by lack of funding. I Years]. therefore wish to ask colleagues who are interested in work of this kind for support, cooperation, and suggestions as to Jiangsu dili suo (Jiangsu Institute of Geography). 1975. how the project might be funded. I am open to the Shanxi sheng lishi qihou zaihai ziliao chubu zhengli possibility of submitting joint grant proposals with [Preliminary Collection of Historical Records on Climatic prospective collaborators. My address is: Center for Disasters in Shanxi Province]. Climatic Research, University of Wisconsin, 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison WI 53706. E-mail: Perdue, Peter C. 1987. Exhausting the Earth: State and [email protected]. Peasant in Hunan, 1500–1850. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. REFERENCES Perry, Elizabeth J. 1980. Rebels and Revolutionaries in Fang Jin-qi. 1989. “Woguo lishi shiqi hupo weiken yu North China, 1845–1945. Stanford: Stanford University tuitian huanhu de guanxi” [Relationship between Lake Press. Evolution and Land Reclamation from Lakes during Historical Times in China]. Dili huanjing yanjiu 1:71–78. Schoppa, R. Keith. 1989. Xiang Lake — Nine Centuries of Chinese Life. New Haven: Yale University Press. Fang Jin-qi. 1991. “Influence of Sea Level Rise on the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River since Wang, R. et al. 1991. “An Approach to Reconstruction

Page 13 of Temperature on a Seasonal Basis using Historical Table 2.i–xxv: Climatic calamities and anomalies Documents from China.” International Journal of (CLIMAHAZ) Climatology 11:381–92. No. of records: 43,753 Contents: 25 tables, each storing the data for one province. ZZDBW (Zhongguo ziran dili bianji weiyuanhui). 1982. Categories of information stored: floods; droughts; locust Zhongguo ziran dili: lishi dili [Physical Geography of China: plagues; unusually cold weather; hailstorms; famines; Historical Geography]. Beijing: Science Press. harvests; and unusually warm weather. Data on season of occurrence and severity of damage are included. Zheng Sizhong and Feng Liwen. 1986. “Historical Evidence for Climatic Instability above Normal in Cool Table 3: Unusually cold winters (WINCOLD) Periods in China.” Scientia Sinica (Series B) 29:441–48. No. of records: 451 Contents: Year; Month; DisaType (type of disaster caused, Zhu Kezhen (Chu Ko-chen). 1973. “A Preliminary whether death of trees, death of animals, or human deaths); Study on the Climate Fluctuations during the Last 5,000 Accompan (accompanying unusual phenomena); Place; Years in China.” Scientia Sinica (Series B) 16:226–56. Province; Reference.

APPENDIX Table 4: Dust falls (DUSTFALL) Outline of Database Contents No. of records: 252 Technical note. Contents: Year; Month; Pattern (type of dust fall or disaster Paradox 3.5 from Borland International has been caused); Accompan; Place; Province; Reference. chosen as the database management system. This is a relational Database Management System (DBMS) for Table 5: Epidemic diseases (EPDISEASE) MS-DOS based microcomputers. A relational DBMS is No. of records: 362 one that follows the relational model of data management, Contents: Year; Month; Bearer (type of sufferer, whether by which data are presented as a set of tables. The tables human beings, oxen, or other animals); DeathNo. (number consist of columns (or fields) for each type of information, of deaths caused); Accompan; Place; Province; Reference. and rows containing individual data entries. All tables may be connected by using primary keys. Except for climatic hazards and anomalies, records for N.B. From here on, the fields Year, Month, Place, each type of phenomenon have been stored in one data table. Province, and Reference are omitted in this list. Because all the categories of information are relatively independent of each other, no primary keys have been used Table 6: Famines (FAMINE) to connect the tables. For the information on climatic No. of records: 555 phenomena, twenty-five tables are used, one for each Contents: Degree (the degree of suffering, as indicated by province. Each province is divided into three to five one or more of the following: out-migration; selling of sub-regions, and eight types of climatic phenomenon are family members; deaths due to hunger; cannibalism; state included. efforts to raise relief supplies or funds from the rich); In order to save space, in the summary that follows HExplain (explanation(s) of the cause(s) in historical field names that occur repeatedly (e.g. Accompan, HExplain) documents). are, whenever possible, explained only on their first appearance. Similarly, the fields Year, Month, Place, Table 7: Frostbite (FROSTBIT) Province, and Reference appear in most of the tables, and No. of records: 253 are therefore omitted in this list after the first five tables. Contents: Pattern (one of the following: snow fall in unexpected season; frost biting; freezing in unexpected Summary of contents season; unusual cold); DisaType. Table 1: Origins of main crops Table name: AGRORIGN Table 8: Grain prices (GRAINPRIC) No. of records: 34 No. of records: 869 (561 for pre-Qing period) Contents (Table fields): CropNameL (names of crops in Contents: Price; GrainTypeC (name of grain type in pinyin); Latin); CropNameC (names of crops in pinyin); GrainTypeE (name of grain type in English); HExplain. Archaeology (archaeological data on origins of crops); Date; Place (place(s) where archaeological samples collected); Table 9: Migrations of Chinese farmers (HANMIG) Document (documentary data on crop origins); Title No. of records: 924 (document titles); OrignPlace (original distribution places); Contents: Nation (nationality of the migrants, whether Han Reference (source(s) of the information). or southern minority); SourcPlace (the migrants’ place of origin); DesPlace (the place where they resettled); Direction

Page 14 (direction of the migration); HExplain; Amount(k): number of migrants; Notes. Table 18: Silk production hazards (SILKHAZ) No. of records: 102 Table 10: Huai River floods (HFLOOD) Contents: Pattern. No. of records: 321 Table 19: Unusually cold weather in summer (SUMCOLD) Table 11: Lake evolution (HLAKE) No. of records: 597 No. of records: 622 Contents: Snow; Frost; Notes. Contents: Name (lake name); Time range [Time1, Time2] (time range covered by the record); Type (type of record, Table 20: Tidal abnormalities (TIDEHAZ) whether unclear; inexact indication of water area or lake No. of records: 891 change; exact indication of water area, length, or Content: DisaType; Accompan. circumference, etc.); Trend (trend of lake change reflected by the record, whether formation; desiccation; shrinking; Table 21: Main water projects of historical times expansion; or unclear); WaterArea; Content (content of (WATERPROJECT) original record). No. of records: (incomplete) Contents: Objective; Leaders; Notes. Table 12: Mass population death (MASSDEATH) No. of records: (incomplete) Table 22: Wind storms (WIND) Contents: HExplain; DeathNo. (number of deaths); No. of records: 440 Accompan. Contents: DisaType; Direction (wind direction); Accompan.

Table 13: Nomadic migrations (NODMIG) Table 23: Bans on wine-making (WINEBAN) No. of records: 276 No. of records: 23 Contents: Nationality; SourcPlace; DesPlace; Direction; Contents: Cause. Style (the style of the southward moving, whether with permission of the government in northern China, by force, Table 24: Winter thunderstorms (WTHUNDER) etc.); HExplain; PC (peaceful migration following No. of records: Data not yet entered permission); Amount(k); Notes. Contents: Accompan.

Table 14: Government relief provision (RELIEF) Table 25: Yellow River floods (YLFLOOD) No. of records: (incomplete) No. of records: 597 Contents: Pattern; Amount; Causes. Contents: Pattern (apparent cause of flood, whether river bursting its embankments, channel migration, or military or Table 15: Government policy on environment and famine other human interference); Distance (distance from the prevention (POLICY) flooded area to Zhengzhou; negative represents upstream): No. of records: (incomplete) Notes. Contents: Objective (policy objective(s)); Content; Note (notes on the reason(s) for adopting the policy). Table 26: Sunspots (SUNSPOT) No. of records: 251 Table 16: Prayer for the breaking of natural calamities Contents: Record (record contents). (PRAYER) No. of records: 265 Contents: Pattern; Causes; Level (level(s) of the government at which prayer activity undertaken, whether county, sub-prefectural, prefectural, central, or non-governmental).

Table 17: Peasant rebellions (PREBEL) No. of records: 1,440 Contents: Leaders (the main leaders); Location (place where rebellion broke out); Nation (nationalities of main participants); ND12 (natural disasters occurring within twelve months prior to the rebellion outbreak); HExplain; RGExplain (explanations concerning refugees who launched rebellions); Notes (notes on number of participants, their religions, slogans etc.).

Page 15 “ASIAN”, “SIIASA”, and yet widely appreciated outside of geography and related disciplines, the GIS approach has the potential to “SIIRCEASA”: revolutionise academic research methodology in most of the Introduction to The Australian Centre of the social sciences. Asian Spatial Information and Analysis The China Geographical Information System Project, Network, The Spatial Information established in the Faculty of Asian and International Studies Infrastructure for Asian Studies in Australia, at Griffith University in 1989, was the pilot project for the SIIASA Project. Its 1:1,000,000 computerised map of the and The Spatial Information Infrastructure People’s Republic of China based on the 1990 Land-use for Russian and Central Euro-Asian Studies Map of China is nearing completion.3 In addition to in Australia hydrology, transport routes, and cities and towns, it includes an elaborate set of land use polygons. County-level Lawrence W. Crissman administrative boundaries for the entire country, which will be used initially for the spatial analysis of 1982 and 1990 Griffith University census materials, are being extended back to October, 1949. Historical data of interest exist at the county level for

China going back well over 1,000 years, while historical A consortium of Australian universities organised and led by changes in other Asian countries and the former Soviet Griffith University was funded from 1992 to 1994 under the Union can be documented with statistically useful Australian Research Council (ARC) Mechanism C information for at least fifty years, and in many cases for (Cooperative Research Infrastructure) Program to establish a several centuries. Therefore, a time dimension to the Spatial Information Infrastructure for Asian Studies in SIIASA and SIIRCEASA databases is essential, and a Australia (The SIIASA Project). Additional funding was database design that includes temporal as well as spatial obtained under the new ARC Research Infrastructure referencing has been developed, and is being implemented. (Equipment and Facilities) Program in 1995 by the Apart from China, the base map for the SIIASA and consortium, which now includes twenty-one universities.1 SIIRCEASA spatial databases will be the 1:1m Digital Chart 1994 funding was also obtained for an associated but of the World, to which local administrative boundaries will separate Mechanism C application submitted by Griffith be added in order to analyse census and other attribute data. University in conjunction with the Centre for Russian and Larger scale spatial data will be incorporated where Euro-Asian Studies at The University of Melbourne and available and needed to service regional research interests. seven other Australian institutions to establish a Spatial Individual research projects may contribute highly detailed Information Infrastructure for Russian and Central local map information that would not be of great interest to Euro-Asian Studies in Australia (The SIIRCEASA Project).2 other users, but which would benefit from being put into It also obtained additional 1995 funding under the new SIIASA’s wider spatial contexts. infrastructure program. After they become fully operational during 1995, the In order to provide an institutional framework for SIIASA and SIIRCEASA databases will become accessible generating and coordinating the SIIASA databases, the via AARNet (and the Internet) from suitably equipped Australian Centre of the Asian Spatial Information and computers throughout Australia and, eventually, the world. Analysis Network (ASIAN) has been established at Griffith SIIASA and SIIRCEASA spatial information and analysis University. Units of the other universities in the SIIASA will eventually be marketed by the Australian Centre of consortium have also been designated as elements of ASIAN in order to support continued academic operations. ASIAN. The aim of the SIIASA Project is to establish In due time, the combined expertise of dozens if not Geographical Information System (GIS) databases covering hundreds of academics at all of Australia’s major all of Asia, defined broadly to encompass parts of the Near universities where significant research in Asian Studies and East and the islands of the Pacific Basin, in addition to the former Soviet Union takes place will be accessible South, South-east, and East Asian Countries. The through the Australian Centre of ASIAN. SIIRCEASA Project will set up similar spatial databases As the inclusion of spatial contexts and relations is covering the now independent republics of the former Soviet essential for many development projects, and promises to Union. revolutionise socio-political and econometric research, it The purpose of the SIIASA and SIIRCEASA Projects would be surprising if clients outside of Australian is the support of academic research utilising GIS spatial universities did not, in the course of the next few years, databases for the analysis of geographically distributed become increasingly dependent on analyses derived from attribute data, whether they are demographic, sociometric, the SIIASA and SIIRCEASA databases operated by the econometric, or of any other kind. GIS technology allows Asian Spatial Information and Analysis Network. map features to be associated with disaggregated attribute Additional Information on the China GIS Project, the data which can then be analysed in terms of their SIIASA and SIIRCEASA Projects, the Australian Centre of geographical contexts and spatial relations. Although not

Page 16 ASIAN at Griffith University, and the eventual consultancy Thesis abstract and contract research activities of ASIAN may be obtained from: The Royal Hunt of the Shang Dynasty:

Dr. Lawrence W. Crissman, Director Archaeological and Anthropological Australian Centre of ASIAN Perspectives Faculty of Asian and International Studies Griffith University M.A. thesis, University of Chicago, 1994 Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia Magnus Fiskesjo Tel: 61-7-875-5137 Fax: 61-7-875-5111 University of Chicago E-mail: [email protected] Contemporary oracle bone divination inscriptions indicate NOTES that the kings of the late Shang dynasty (a late second millennium B.C. bronze age polity in northern China) 1. In addition to Griffith University, the institutions in the attached great importance to hunting expeditions, which expanded SIIASA consortium are: The Australian National constituted one of the most frequent topics of Shang University, Science Faculty; Curtin University of divination. The kings divined to ascertain the Technology; Flinders University; James Cook University; auspiciousness, or suitability, of their choices regarding La Trobe University; Macquarie University; Monash hunting companions, and the destinations and timing of such University; Murdoch University; Northern Territory expeditions. The problem of the role of hunts in the Shang University; Queensland University of Technology; The world is identified as an important but so far inadequately University of Melbourne; University of Adelaide; University explored issue in Chinese archaeology. of New England; University of New South Wales; The first part of this study is a detailed examination of University of Newcastle; University of Queensland; the two most important sources available for the study of the University of Sydney; University of Technology, Sydney; Shang royal hunts and their context: first, the archaeological University of Western Australia; and Victoria University of remains excavated at the late Shang centre at Anyang, and, Technology. There is a possibility that New Zealand second, the Shang oracle bone inscriptions. In particular, universities may become involved with SIIASA in future. the zooarchaeological remains from Anyang are discussed in detail, and situated within the larger archaeological context. 2. The institutions in the SIIRCEASA consortium are: Similarly, the oracle bone inscriptions are used to describe Griffith University (project leader); The University of the various participants in the hunts, the methods used, and Melbourne (major partner); Australian Defence Force the reported quantities of captured prey. The methods Academy; The Australian National University, Faculty of revealed in these sources include driving the prey with the Arts; La Trobe University; Macquarie University; Monash aid of foot soldiers, and by the use of fire. The latter University; University of New South Wales; and University method suggests a relation between the hunts and the of Sydney. clearing of new fields, also reflected in the increasingly prevalent use in the inscriptions of the word tian [field, to 3. The Land-use Map of China is a bound atlas consisting “take to the field”] as the main verb used for “hunting.” of sixty-four 1:1,000,000 map sheets. Prepared by an The potential of the archaeological record for the editorial committee sponsored by the Institute of Geography, purposes of this study is constrained by methodological Chinese Academy of Sciences, it was published in 1990 by problems, particularly as regards the record of animal the Science Press, Beijing. remains; possible improvements in zooarchaeological methodology for future research are therefore considered. The epigraphic texts, being the fragmented records of royal divination, are also limited, and these problems are also discussed. Despite the limitations, both types of source can reveal significant patterns, especially when used in conjunction. For example, both the archaeological and the epigraphic records suggest a strong Shang dichotomy of wild vs. domesticated animals: the captured prey were not used either as burial offerings or in ancestral sacrifices, for which the exclusive choice was domesticated animals (dog, cattle, and sheep). It also appears that non-Shang enemies

Page 17 were dealt with as an intermediate category, described as romanization is preferred. Mini-articles should not “captured” (in warfare) with a term similar to that used for normally exceed 2,000 words (or 2,700 Chinese characters); hunted wild animals, but evidently used in sacrifices at the absolute maximum length is 3,000 words (4,000 Chinese Anyang in the same way as domesticated animals. characters). Translations of scientific technical terms should Next, various earlier attempts at explaining the role of be provided if possible. If possible, please send an the hunts in Shang society are discussed. These include the electronic version of any English-language contribution traditional Chinese view that the hunts were conducted exceeding 750 words, or containing many numbers. The mainly as a decadent luxury sport, and more recent views preferred formats are ASCII or WordPerfect 5.0 or 5.1 on a that emphasize the usefulness of the hunts as military 3.5” diskette, or an ASCII text file via e-mail. Hard copy exercise, as a supplementary subsistence activity, or as a should be provided as well. source of sacrificial victims. Each of these interpretations has some merit, but all are also unsatisfactory, for a number 2. Subscription information. E-mail subscriptions are of reasons. Most importantly, they overlook and cannot free (at least for the time being). To subscribe, please send account for the possibility that the hunting expeditions also name, address, e-mail address, fax and telephone numbers had an important role in the establishment and maintenance (optional), and a brief but precise statement of your research of the sphere of influence of the Shang kings. The interests to [email protected]. “itinerant” character of the Shang kings, indicated by the The hard copy version is available in both English and frequent hunting trips, suggests the importance of the Chinese (full or simplified characters). It costs US$10.00 re-affirmation of a personal presence, as well as of the per year (US$12.00 for international air mail); however, building and cementing of alliances and ties by the use of subscriptions in the People’s Republic of China will be free invitations extended to important Shang officials or to for the time being. Subscribers living in the U.S. or most non-Shang allies. Furthermore, given that the Shang other countries should send their subscription, in U.S. diviner-kings presided over an agricultural society where currency, together with the subscription information harvest failure and enemy attack probably constituted the requested above to Helen Dunstan at Dept. of History, most dangerous uncertainties, it is pointed out that the hunt Indiana State University, Terre Haute IN 47809, U.S.A. provided an arena for a less dangerous, but symbolically Cheques, drafts and money orders should be made payable highly valuable form of risk-taking, whereby the kings could to Chinese Environmental History Newsletter. reaffirm their prestige before their subjects, and also Subscribers resident in Australia, Britain, France, reconfirm a status as arbiters of Shang society’s relation Japan or Taiwan may send their subscription in local with the surrounding wilderness. This may help explain currency (along with the subscription information) to their both why the royal hunt in itself should have been so national distribution coordinator. The coordinators and important, and why it was one of the few topics of annual subscription rates are as follows: divination that was not abandoned, or purged of the element of uncertainty, in the course of the marked trends towards AUSTRALIA: regularization and standardization that have been noted in Dr Carney Fisher late Shang divination. Centre for Asian Studies Finally, the study briefly discusses how investigation University of Adelaide of the royal Shang hunt, properly situated within the larger P.O. Box 498 context of Shang use of natural resources, can provide a Adelaide useful perspective from which to address some of the later South Australia 5061 transformations that occurred in the transitions from the Tel. (08) 303-5930 Shang theocracy and the feudalistic kingdoms of the Zhou period to the early Chinese empires (Qin and Han), i.e. the Subscription: A$10.00 p.a. decline in divination using animal skeletal material as media, the important changes in the roles of animals in artistic BRITAIN: representation, and the emergence of imperial hunting parks Mr Kegang Wu which replaced the “itinerant” hunting of the Shang kings. Department of Geography University of Liverpool Roxby Building Submission and Subscription Information P.O. Box 147 1. Submission information. Contributions should be Liverpool L69 3BX sent to Helen Dunstan at Dept. of History, Indiana State Tel. 01151-794-2835 University, Terre Haute IN 47809, U.S.A. (e-mail [email protected]). “Noticeboard” items and Subscription: £5.00 p.a. mini-articles are equally welcomed, and may be submitted in Make cheque payable to K. Wu English, Chinese, French, or Japanese. Pinyin

Page 18 FRANCE: disaster relief, and the ecological consequences of the 1855 Frédéric Obringer shift for Shandong. Route de Laval 77120 Mauperthuis Françoise Aubin Tel. (1) 64-03-07-20 Le Parc de Séronne 49160 Jumelles Subscription: 50.00 FF p.a. France

JAPAN: Tani E. Barlow Prof. Seo Tatsuhiko Dept. of Women’s Studies Institute of History and Anthropology University of Washington University of Tsukuba U.S.A. Tsukuba E-mail: [email protected] Ibaraki Tel: 206-616-1566 (Postcode: 305) Fax: 206-685-4080 Tel. 0298-53-4050 Gender history in China; editor of Positions: East Asia Cultures Critique. Subscription: ¥1,000 p.a. Adrian A. Bennett TAIWAN: Department of History Prof. Wang Hurng-Jyuhn 603 Ross Hall Institute of Natural Resources Iowa State University National Dong Hwa University Ames IA 50011 Hualien U.S.A. Taiwan R.O.C. E-mail: [email protected] Tel. 038-662500, ext. 175 Tel: 515-294-1373 Fax: 515-294-6390 Subscription: NT$ 260 p.a. The environmental impact of the rural reforms in post-1978 China.

Lester J. Bilsky Directory of Subscribers Department of History May 1995 ──────────────────────────────────────── University of Arkansas at Little Rock Corrections, up-dates, and additions may be sent to the editor Little Rock AR 72204 for inclusion in subsequent issues of the newsletter. The U.S.A. attention of subscribers is drawn to the short section at the E-mail: [email protected] end in which subscribers’ names are roughly arranged Tel.: 501-225-5876 according to main research areas. Fax: Same as telephone, if advance warning given. Environmental history of early China, from Zhou to Former Joseph Adler Han (especially latter part of Eastern Zhou, from sixth Department of Religion century B.C. onwards). Impact of environmental pressures Kenyon College on political developments; attitudes towards the environment; Gambier OH 43022 re-examination of Warring States history from environmental U.S.A. perspective. E-mail: [email protected] Song Neo-Confucian studies Irene Bloom Barnard College Iwo Amelung U.S.A. Zechliner Str. 6 E-mail: [email protected] 13359 Berlin Chinese philosophy; changes in Chinese views of nature; Germany contemporary environmental issues; ways of incorporating E-mail: [email protected] environmental issues and concerns into the undergraduate Control of the Yellow River after the 1855 change of course. curriculum in Asian Studies. Interaction between the Yellow River’s 1855-1911 hydraulic cycle and the response of the Chinese bureaucracy. Baruch Boxer Water-conservancy techniques, bureaucratic build-up, Dept. of Human Ecology

Page 19 Cook College/Rutgers University E-mail: [email protected] New Brunswick NJ 08903-0231 Tel: 503-346-4557 U.S.A. Fax: 503-346-2067 E-mail: [email protected] Historical and contemporary issues of Chinese environment Cultural and technological aspects of water knowledge and regional development in geographical perspective. (shuili) in twentieth-century China. Minoti Chakravarty-Kaul Shaun Breslin Dept. of Environmental Science, Policy and Management Department of Politics University of California at Berkeley University of Newcastle upon Tyne E-mail: [email protected] Newcastle NE1 7RU Institutional factors and resource use in history; colonial England legal system and property rights as they affected the E-mail: [email protected] environment in the Himachal Pradesh in the Himalayas. Tel: 0191-222-8021 Fax: 0191-222-8017 Chao Yuan-ling The political economy of reform in post-Mao China, with Till summer 1995 only: particular reference to policy making processes; History Dept. decentralization in the 1980s; policy making relating to the University of California, Los Angeles conflict between environmental concerns and economic E-mail: [email protected] priorities. From summer 1995: History Department Giles D. Brown P.O. Box 23 University of Liverpool Middle Tennessee State University England Murfreesboro E-mail: [email protected] Tennessee 37132 Attitudes towards the environment in towns in China; U.S.A. environmental management and policies in China, nationally History of medicine in late imperial China; diseases; the and in the rural areas. social, cultural, and economic impacts of epidemics. Physicians in late imperial Suzhou. Daniel P. Buck University of California, Berkeley Timothy Cheek U.S.A. Dept. of History E-mail: [email protected] The Colorado College 14 E. Cache La Poudre Patrick Caffrey Colorado Springs CO 80903 (East Asian History, U.S.A. Georgetown University) E-mail: [email protected] 2622 41st Street, NW, Apt. 4 Tel: 719-389-6525 Washington DC 20007-1270 Fax: 719-389-6524 U.S.A. The role of Chinese intellectuals in the public arena in the E-mail: [email protected] 19th and 20th centuries, esp. 1940s-1960s; the propaganda Tel: 202-342-8172 system in Confucian and Maoist China; issues of “civil Modern China’s environmental history, with special interest society”; the social history of political vocabulary (as part of in Taiwan and Fujian. the “Keywords of the Chinese Revolution” project).

Cameron Campbell Chen Qian University of Pennsylvania 33 Newber St. U.S.A. Sunnybank E-mail: [email protected] Queensland 4109 Demography; public health and mortality in China. Australia E-mail: [email protected] Carolyn L. Cartier Tel: 61-3-875-5345 Department of Geography Chinese environmental degradation; comparative study of University of Oregon environment in Asian-Pacific region; comparative study of Eugene OR 97403 advances in environment technology in Asian and Pacific U.S.A. countries; international trade in environmental industries.

Page 20 E-mail: [email protected] Cheng Chongde Tel: 852-859-1942 Center for Research in Qing History Fax: 852-858-3477 People’s University of China Terrestrial ecology and biogeography of tropical and 39 Haidian Rd. sub-tropical Asia; ecology of human impact on species-rich Beijing 100872 tropical biotas; the ecology and environmental history of China Hong Kong and South China; deforestation, fire, exploitation Tel: 86-1-256-3399 ext. 2864 of wildlife, and extinction in South China. Fax: 86-1-256-6380 The history of development and environmental change in Morton Cotlar Mongolia. Professor of Management University of Hawaii Sue-Fawn Chung E-mail: [email protected] Dept. of History Tel.: 808-956-8732 (voice-mail) University of Nevada, Las Vegas or 808-523-2882 Las Vegas NV 89154-5020 Business and organizational management between China U.S.A. and other nations. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 702-895-3351 Lawrence W. Crissman or 702-895-3349 Australian Centre of the Asian Spatial Information and Fax: 702-895-0850 Analysis Network Faculty of Asian and International Studies Ric Cicone Griffith University Consortium for International Earth Science Information Nathan Network (CIESIN) Queensland 4111 2250 Pierce Rd. Australia University Center E-mail: [email protected] Michigan 48710 Tel: 61-7-875-5137 U.S.A. Fax: 61-7-875-5111 E-mail: [email protected] Geographical Information System (GIS) applications for Tel: 517-797-2695 (-2700 switchboard) social science research on China; changes in China’s Fax: 517-797-2622 administrative units (xian and above), 1820-1995; ecological Integration of socio-economic and environmental data about adaptations of minority peoples in China. China in a GIS addressable form; the impact of population growth and development on agricultural land use, and the Frederick H. Damon impact of that change on sustainable development and Department of Anthropology human carrying capacity. Recorded changes in land use Cabell Hall due to anthropogenic forces. University of Virginia Charlottesville VA 22903 Libby Connors E-mail: [email protected] Humanities and Social Sciences Tel: 804-924-6826 (w); 804-295-6774 (h) University of Southern Queensland Fax: 804-924-1350 Darling Heights QLD 4350 Melanesian anthropology; planning to shift to studies in Australia Yunnan. Will be concerned with intergroup relations, E-mail: [email protected] transforming exchange theory developed in Melanesia for Tel: 076-312249 Chinese studies, and locating ethnobotanical studies in the Fax: 076-311601 context of encompassing cosmological and sociological History of the Australian conservation movement; the constructs. development of environmental movements around the world, esp. in the Asia-Pacific region. Christian Daniels Institute for the Study of the Languages and Cultures of Asia Richard Corlett and Africa Department of Botany Tokyo University of Foreign Studies University of Hong Kong 4-51-21 Nishigahara Pokfulam Road Kita-ku Hong Kong Tokyo

Page 21 Japan 114 Tel: 03-3917-6111 ext. 387 T.J. Ellermeier Fax: 03-3910-0613 8 Upton Street Agricultural technology and ecological change in Yunnan, Cambridge MA 02139-3809 16th-20th centuries. U.S.A. E-mail: ellerm@husc harvard.edu Catherine Despeux Understandings of epidemics in the Song period. 15 avenue Gambetta 92410 Ville d’Avray Mark Elvin France Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Tony Dickensheets Australian National University 3510 Louisa Street, Apt. 3 Canberra A.C.T. 0200 Pittsburgh PA 15213 Australia U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 61-6-249-5525 Tel: 412-683-8650 Palaeohydrology of Hangzhou Bay (with Su Ninghu and Population and development in China other Chinese colleagues); history of tuberculosis in modern China (with Zhang Yixia); aspects of the history of science in David Dudgeon Ming/Qing China; aspects of the history of the emotions in Department of Ecology and Biodiversity China since about 1800. The University of Hong Kong Pokfulam Road Fan I-chun Hong Kong Academia Sinica E-mail: [email protected] Taiwan The ecology of southern China, including Hong Kong. The E-mail: [email protected] ecology, management and conservation of inland waters, Tel: 02-789-8260 especially streams and rivers. Wildlife conservation, Fax: 02-786-1675 especially of wetlands. Ecological methodology; Ming-Qing social and economic history; local history; urban conservation planning and assessment. history of the Lower Yangzi Delta.

Helen Dunstan Fang Jinqi Department of History Center for Climatic Research Indiana State University University of Wisconsin Terre Haute IN 47809 Madison WI 53706 U.S.A. U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 812-237-2724 Tel: 608-265-5279 Pre-modern Chinese economic thought and policy; the salt Fax: 608-262-5964 industry of south-west Shanxi, 1400-1900; state and Natural and human-induced environmental change; environment in North China, 1400-1900. human-environment interactions in historical China.

Richard Louis Edmonds J. Michael Farmer Department of Geography Dept. of East Asian Languages and Literature School of Oriental and African Studies University of Wisconsin University of London Madison WI Thornhaugh St., Russell Sq. U.S.A. London WC1H 0XG E-mail: [email protected] England Tel: 608-278-0955 E-mail: [email protected] Interests include the symbolic importance of the Yellow River Tel: 0171-323-6156 (internat. 44-171-323-6156) in Chinese culture and history, and the changing Fax: 0171-436-3844 (internat. 44-171-436-3844) interpretations of the phenomenon of the Yellow River Broad East Asia area commitment. Environmental running clear. problems; cultural and historical geography; frontier settlement and comparative history; transportation. David Faure Institute for Chinese Studies

Page 22 University of Oxford archaeology. Esp. Shang faunal remains and the hunting Walton Street ritual of the Shang kings as recorded in oracle bone Oxford OX1 2HG inscriptions. England E-mail: [email protected] Keith Florig The development of the lineage in the Pearl River delta, Center for Risk Management 1500-1911; Chinese business history, Ming-Republican Resources for the Future period. Washington DC 20036 E-mail: florig@elmo rff.org Mary Felley Tel: 202-328-5019 Ecosystems Ltd. Contemporary air and water pollution problems in China. 2F Kingsun Computer Building An integrated plan for environmental management in 40 Shek Pai Wan Road Chongqing; a rough analysis of the overall health and Aberdeen economic impacts of air pollution in urban and rural China; Hong Kong a review and critique of the use of economic incentives in E-mail: [email protected] China’s modern environmental policy; an analysis of Tel: 852-553-0468 pollution emissions from state-owned enterprises in Fax: 852-870-0378 eighty-two Chinese cities, 1986-90. Wildlife and wildland resource conservation and management in China, Hong Kong, and elsewhere in East Philippe Foret Asia; conservation of endangered migratory species Department of Geography, including the Black-faced Spoonbill; evolution of nature University of California, Berkeley reserve system in the P.R.C. Berkeley CA 94720 U.S.A. Carney Fisher E-mail: [email protected] Centre for Asian Studies Tel: 510-642-0380 University of Adelaide Fax: 510-642-3370 P.O. Box 498 Urban landscape, cartography & the cultural environment of Adelaide SA 5061 China & Japan; the political ecology of the North China Australia frontier. The role of landscape in helping to define the E-mail: [email protected] cultural & spatial terms of the relationship between ethnic Tel: 61-8-303-5930 group & state policy; the cartographical representation of Fax: 61-8-303-4388 territory by state bureaucracy; the use of iconography in History of disease, esp. plague, in China. garden architecture to express claims of supra-nationalism; state policies in the creation & protection of ideological Antonia Finnane landscape; the perception of landscape by distinct ethnic Dept. of History groups who share the same territory; & the role of cultural Melbourne University landscape in formulating spatial claims about ethnic identity. Parkville Vic. 3052 Australia Keith Forster E-mail: [email protected] Centre for Asian Studies Tel: 03-344-5981 Faculty of Arts Fax: 03-344-7894 Southern Cross University Social and economic history of Northern Jiangsu, 16th-20th P.O. Box 157 centuries; modernization and women. Lismore NSW 2480 Australia Magnus Fiskesjo E-mail: [email protected] Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations Tel: 61-66-20-3905 Wieboldt Hall 301 Fax: 61-66-22-1683 University of Chicago Contemporary Chinese politics, economy and society; the 1050 East 59th Street Chinese tea industry. Chicago IL 60637 U.S.A. Jose I. dos R. Furtado E-mail: [email protected] Economic Development Institute Prehistoric and early historic archaeology of China and World Bank South-east Asia; mortuary site archaeology; zoo- 1818 H Street NW

Page 23 Washington DC 20433 E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. Tel: 609-258-5336 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 609-258-2461 Tel: 202-473-6461 Ming socio-economic history. Fax: 202-676-0977 Integrated farming systems in China; impacts and trade-offs Charles Hellawell of large dams; training on environmental issues in China. Bond University Australia Daniel Gunaratnam Anyone who knows this subscriber’s current e-mail address E-mail: [email protected] is asked to inform the editor.

Shelly K. Habel R.D. Hill 2440 Campus Road #431 Department of Geography and Geology Honolulu HI 96822 University of Hong Kong U.S.A. Pokfulam Road E-mail: [email protected] Hong Kong Tel: 808-943-1444 E-mail: [email protected] The environmental movement in China. The historical and contemporary impact of rural land-use systems on the environment, especially in Southern China. Steven Hamburg Environmental Defense Fund HONDA Osamu a1b bBp c5a 257 Park Avenue South 2-18-14 Osumigaoka New York NY 10010 Tanabe-chō U.S.A. Tsuzuki-gun E-mail: [email protected] Kyōto-fu Tel: 212-505-2100 Japan 610-03 Fax: 212-505-2375 Tel: 0774-63-5599 Forest history of Taiwan. Interested as an ecologist in the Irrigation proclamations in Central and South China during role of past disturbances on the structure and function of the Song and Yuan. forests. Jeffrey H. Hornibrook Han Guanghui 3137 Garfield Ave South Center of Historical Geography Minneapolis MN 55408 Dept. of Geography E-mail: [email protected] Peking University Tel: 612-825-3948 Beijing 100871 The political & social impact of the Anyuan (Pingxiang) coal China mine (Jiangxi-Hunan border). Issues include the alteration Tel: 86-1-2501180 of farming practices due to changes in food consumption; the Fax: 86-1-2501187 impact of railroad transportation linking the local community Environmental change; historical population geography. with Hunan & Hubei markets; & the treatment & organization of workers subjected to diseases, hunger, & James Harkness displacement from family members. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums (AAZPA) Hou Renzhi Executive Office and Conservation Center Center of Historical Geography 7970-D Old Georgetown Road Dept. of Geography Bethesda MD 20814-2493 Peking University Tel: 301-907-7777 Beijing 100871 Pandas; the Three Gorges Project. China Tel: 86-1-2501180 Martin J. Heijdra or 86-1-2501172 (Dept. of Geography) Chinese Bibliographer Fax: 86-1-2501187 Gest Oriental Library or 86-1-2564095 (Peking University) 317 Palmer Hall Man-land relationships since the Holocene in the zone of Princeton NJ 08544 mixed agriculture and pastoralism along the Great Wall in U.S.A. North China.

Page 24 P.O. Box 25143 Paul W. Howard Arlington VA 22202 Dept. of History U.S.A. 207 College Hall E-mail: [email protected] University of Pennsylvania China’s environmental policy-making and Chinese Philadelphia PA 19104-6379 environmental organizations (governmental, business, and E-mail: [email protected] R&D). Consultant providing feasibility studies and entry or [email protected] strategies for those planning to enter the Chinese 19th and 20th century social history, history of medicine, and environmental market. Runs the Internet China history of the environment. Dissertation topic: “Opium Environment News Digest Service. Smoking in Late Qing China: Chinese and Western Responses to a Social Problem, 1858-1915.” Concerns Jiang Hong include the effects of wide-scale poppy cultivation on the Graduate School of Geography Chinese environment during this period. Clark University Worcester MA 01610 J. Donald Hughes U.S.A. Dept. of History E-mail: [email protected] University of Denver Tel: 508-793-7525 Denver CO 80208 Fax: 508-793-8881 U.S.A. Land-related environmental change (e.g. land degradation, E-mail: [email protected] soil erosion, sandification); natural resource management; Tel: 303-871-2952 dynamics of human impact on the environment; societal Fax: 303-871-2957 responses to environmental change; environmental World environmental history sustainability and criticality.

Abigail Jahiel David G. Johnson Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Department of History College of Urban Affairs and Public Policy University of California University of Delaware Berkeley CA 94720-2550 Newark DE 19716-7301 U.S.A. U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] The ritual life of pre-revolutionary south-east Shanxi, Tel: 302-831-1683 especially the sai temple festivals. Fax: 302-831-3098 The implementation of China’s water pollution policy; Ellen Judd comparative environmental politics; environmental policy; Dept. of Anthropology sustainable development; policy implementation; and University of Manitoba Chinese politics. Winnipeg Canada R3T 2N2 Nayna J. Jhaveri E-mail: [email protected] Graduate School of Geography Tel: 204-474-6328 Clark University Fax: 204-478-8170 950 Main Street Gender and development in rural China (agriculture, rural Worcester MA 01610 industry, household-based enterprises); women’s organizing U.S.A. strategies in contemporary China; gender strategy for E-mail: [email protected] China-Canada Integrated Lean Swine Production Project The relationship between ethnicity, common property (Canadian International Development Agency). resource management systems, and environmental change in the Chinese Himalayan region. Analysis of how differing Jonathan Justi conceptions of equity among the Yi and Han affect the Department of Commerce configuration of common property resource management National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration / OAR/IA systems, and thus the pattern of resource distribution and environmental change in the Liangshan Mountains, Sichuan. 1315 East-West Highway, Room 11323 Silver Spring MD 20910 U.S.A. Sam Jian E-mail: [email protected]

Page 25 OR jjusti@rdc noaa.gov environmental change. Tel: 301-713-2469 Fax: 301-713-0666 David Kelly As program coordinator for the US-China Marine and Department of Politics Fisheries Protocol and US-China Atmospheric Protocol, University College interested in oceanographic and atmospheric issues. Also Australian Defence Force Academy interested in general environmental issues in other fields in Canberra A.C.T. 2600 China. Australia E-mail: [email protected] Forest E. Kay Tel: 61-6-268-8859 (KESTREL International (USA) Ltd.) Fax: 61-6-268-8852 201A Fuchinobe St. 4811 Kamitsuruma Dorothy Ko Sagamihara-shi Dept. of History Kanagawa-ken University of California, San Diego Japan 229 9500 Gilman Drive E-mail: bkay53@freenet fsu.edu La Jolla or [email protected] CA 92093-0104 Tel. & fax: 81-3117-67-6785 U.S.A. or 81-0462-51-1520 Tel: 619-534-1996 General interest Fax: 619-534-7283

Barry Keenan Lai Chi-kong Department of History Dept. of History Denison University University of Queensland Granville OH 43023 Brisbane Qld 4072 U.S.A. Australia E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: C. [email protected] Tel: 614-587-6253 Tel: 61-7-365-6339 Fax: 614-587-6417 Fax: 61-7-365-6266 Chinese environmental history; design of courses in Modern Chinese economic history; economic organizations environmental history more broadly. in Qing China.

David L. Keenan William Lavely Box K-4 Dept. of Washington Grinnell College University of Washington Grinnell IA 50112 Box 353340 U.S.A. Seattle WA 98195-3340 E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. Tel: 515-269-4248 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 515-269-4953 Tel: 206-543-6805 The biji collections of Ji Xiaolan (1724-1805). Has Fax: 206-543-2516 designed course and summer seminar for high school Chinese population teachers on the physical and cultural ecology of China. David Chi-Chun Lee David N. Keightley Anyone who knows this subscriber’s current postal or e-mail Department of History address is asked to inform the editor. University of California Environmental policy and social attitudes in Taiwan. Berkeley CA 94720-2550 U.S.A. James Lee E-mail: [email protected] Division of the Humanities and Social Sciences The North Chinese landscape and climate, c. 1200-1050 B.C., California Institute of Technology as reflected in oracle-bone inscriptions and archaeological Pasadena CA 91125 evidence. Early environment as the context in which early U.S.A. Chinese political culture and cosmology were formed, and as E-mail: [email protected] a benchmark against which to measure subsequent Tel: 818-356-4297

Page 26 Fax: 818-405-9841 Chinese demography, esp. historical demography; Newton X. Liu comparative demography, esp. southern Africa, East Asia, Bridge to Asia western Europe; Chinese history, esp. Qin-Han and 1214 Webster Street, Suite F Ming-Qing. Oakland CA 94612 U.S.A. Zhu Lee E-mail: [email protected] Workshop of Political Theory and Policy Analysis Tel: 510-834-1919 513 N. Park Street Fax: 510-834-0962 Indiana University Bridge to Asia is an information transfer service program, Bloomington IN 47405 and one of its electronic Information Transfer Stations will U.S.A. focus on environmental science. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 812-855-0441 Liu Shi-yung Fax: 812-855-3150 Dept. of History Environmental policy and sustainable development; University of Pittsburgh international comparative environmental policy analysis; Pittsburgh PA 15260 international law and the function of international NGOs in U.S.A. affecting environmental policy. Currently participating in a E-mail: [email protected] project on forest resources and institutions in Bolivia, India, Tel: 412-681-3324 Nepal, Uganda, and elsewhere (perhaps including China). The relationship between the Chinese medical profession and the colonial medical system in Taiwan after 1898, probably Angela Ki Che Leung focussing on the China Hookworm Commission in 1923–24, Sun Yat-sen Institute for Social Sciences and Philosophy and the survey of public health in Taiwan during the 1920s Academia Sinica and 1930s. Nankang Taipei 11529 Liu Ts’ui-jung Taiwan The Institute of Economics E-mail: [email protected] Academia Sinica OR [email protected] Nankang Tel: 886-2-789-8191 Taipei 11529 Fax: 886-2-785-4160 Taiwan Medical institutions in China, Song-Qing. E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 02-782-2791-316 Li Bozhong Fax: 02-785-3946 Dept. of Economic History Topics in the environmental history of Taiwan; the economic Institute of Economics and environmental history of the Ming and Qing periods. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences 2 Yuetanbei xiaojie Adam Loch Beijing 100836 Bond University China Australia Tel: 86-1-835-5191 Anyone who knows this subscriber’s current e-mail address Chinese agricultural history; social and economic history of is asked to inform the editor. Jiangnan. Raymond Lum Li Xiaocong Assistant Librarian Dept. of History Harvard-Yenching Library Peking University Cambridge MA 02138 Beijing 100871 U.S.A. China E-mail: raylum@harvarda harvard.edu Tel: 86-1-2501652 Tel: 617-495-0585 Fax: 86-1-2564095 Fax: 617-496-6008 Historical geography (esp. urban settlements, communica- tions, human ecology); the relationship between human Kerrie L. MacPherson activity and environmental change in past times; Chinese Department of History historical cartography. University of Hong Kong

Page 27 Pokfulam Road Kyoto Hong Kong Japan E-mail: [email protected] hk E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 852-859-2861 Tel: 81-75-934-8834 OR 852-859-2874 Fax: As above. Fax: 852-858-9755 Ethnobotany, agriculture, prehistory, plant domestication, Chinese urban history and planning history; Chinese urban plant genetics, subsistence, Asia and the Pacific. Specific public health and medical infrastructure; history of cholera interests in taro (Colocasia), paper and paper mulberry in China; history of sexually transmitted diseases and (Broussonetia), and Chinese wax gourd (Benincasa). HIV/AIDS in Hong Kong and China. Lewis Mayo Joseph P. McDermott Division of Pacific and Asian History St John’s College Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Cambridge CB2 1TP Australian National University England Canberra A.C.T. 0200 Tel. and fax (home): 01223-845761 Australia Chinese social and economic history, Song-Ming, including Plants, animals, and social power at Dunhuang: a study of land use, deforestation, concepts of landscape, and reciprocal interactions. irrigation. Nicholas K. Menzies Cathy Mabry The Ford Foundation Harvard Forest International Club Box 68 Jianguomenwai Dajie No. 21 Petersham MA 01366 Beijing U.S.A. China 100020 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] or [email protected] Tel: 532-6668 Tel: 508-724-3302 Telefax: 532-5495 Fax: 508-724-3595 Forest ecology; the long-term impact of human activity on Y.B. MIAO the structure and function of plant communities; the Dept. of Civil Engineering application of ecological principles to agriculture; ecological FCTUC restoration. 3049 Coimbra Portugal Robert B. Marks E-mail: [email protected] Dept. of History General interest Whittier College 13406 Philadelphia Street Steven Michaud P.O. Box 634 Acme Software Whittier CA 90608 P.O. Box 37-8416 U.S.A. Chicago IL 60637 E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. Tel: 310-907-4200 ext. 4346 E-mail: [email protected] The mutual relationship between environment and economy Chinese philosophy, and related topics. in South China (Guangdong and Guangxi) over the past 2,000 years. The first part of the project, which takes the Ruth Mostern story to 1850, has been completed, and should soon be Dept. of History published in book form. The second part of the project University of California at Berkeley (1850-2000) will use historical documents, contemporary Berkeley CA 94720 data, remote sensing (LANDSAT images), and field work to U.S.A. chart environmental change in South China. E-mail: [email protected] Writing on geography and cartography in Song China; Song Peter Matthews notions of spatiality, with special reference to how the 210 Katsura Garden Heights creation and articulation of boundaries and proprietary Kuzetakada 257-78 interest (ritual, administrative, and economic) in land Minami-ku interacted with the domestication of the south-west frontier.

Page 28 701 Vickers Avenue Rhoads Murphey Durham NC 27701 Dept. of History U.S.A. University of Michigan E-mail: [email protected] Ann Arbor MI 48109-1045 Tel: 919-682-9319 U.S.A. Fax: 313-747-4881 Frederic Obringer All aspects of Chinese and Asian environmental history. Route de Laval 77120 Mauperthuis Douglas P. Murray France Lingnan Foundation Tel.: 64 03 07 20 809 UN Plaza New York NY 10017 Peter C. Perdue U.S.A. History Faculty, E51-210 E-mail: [email protected] Massachusetts Institute of Technology Tel: 212-984-5591 77 Massachusetts Avenue Fax: 212-984-5452 Cambridge MA 02139 Has organized several environment-related projects as a U.S.A. Board Member of the (U.S.) National Committee on E-mail: [email protected] U.S.-China Relations. Tel: 617-253-3064 Fax: 617-253-9406 Susan Naquin Environmental change, ethnicity, and the relationship Department of History between long-term economic change and military conquest in Princeton University the Qing empire, especially the Qing conquest of Xinjiang in Princeton NJ 08544-1017 the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 609-258-5326 Judy Polumbaum Chinese history, 1600–1900. School of Journalism & Mass Communication University of Iowa Chris Nielsen Iowa City IA 52242 24 Oxford Street E-mail: [email protected] Harvard University or [email protected] Cambridge MA 02138 Tel: 319-335-5866 E-mail: nielsen@ksgbbs harvard.edu Development of, and trends in, China’s environmental Tel: 617-496-2378 journalism. Fax: 617-495-8839 International relations with China regarding environmental Don C. Price science and policy. Coordinator and contact person for Dept. of History Harvard’s interdisciplinary research project on energy and University of California at Davis environment in contemporary China. Davis CA 95616 U.S.A. Markus Niggenaber E-mail: [email protected] Institute of East Asian Studies Political, intellectual and cultural history of China c. 1900, The University of Cologne including nationalism, ideas of revolution and democracy, Duerener Strasse 56-60 individualism, the public sphere, etc. 50931 Koeln Germany Roger W. Purdy E-mail: a2188554@athena rrz.Uni-Koeln.de Dept. of History Tel: 49-221-43-12-01 John Carroll University Fax: 49-221-468-01-32 University Heights Environment protection and its relation to economics in OH 44118 contemporary Jiangsu. U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] Cheryl Oakes Tel: 216-397-4776 Librarian Fax: 216-397-4256 Forest History Society International relations in the Pacific Rim

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S. Ravi Rajan SEO Tatsuhiko Dept. of Geography Institute of History and Anthropology 501 McCone Hall University of Tsukuba University of California, Berkeley Tsukuba-shi Berkeley CA 94720 Ibaraki-ken U.S.A. Japan 305 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Tel: 510-642-0380 Tel. and fax: 0298-53-4050 Fax: 510-642-3370 The cities and environmental history of the loess region in Comparative environmental history, with a focus on South China. and South-east Asia, and Southern Africa. Hugh Shapiro Thomas G. Rawski 1555 Middle Avenue Dept. of Economics Menlo Park CA 94025 University of Pittsburgh U.S.A. Pittsburgh PA 15260 Psychopathologies of daily life in early twentieth century U.S.A. China. E-mail: [email protected] The development and modern history of China’s economy; John R. Shepherd innovation in Chinese manufacturing. Department of Anthropology University of Virginia James Reardon-Anderson Charlottesville VA 22903 Asian Studies E-mail: [email protected] School of Foreign Service Tel: 804-924-7044 Georgetown University or 804-293-8381 Washington DC 20057 Fax: 804-924-1350 U.S.A. Social history and settlement of Taiwan since the 17th Tel: 202-687-6636 century; the interaction of Han and aborigine groups on the Taiwan frontier; Chinese demographic history, especially Hal Rothman regional variation in mortality trends and the marriage Editor, Environmental History Review market in Taiwan. E-mail: [email protected] Shi Mingzheng Milton Russell Department of History Joint Institute for Energy and Environment University of Houston 325 South Stadium Hall Houston TX 77204-3785 Knoxville TN 37996-0710 E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. Tel: 713-743-3119 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 713-743-3216 Tel: 615-974-0721 The built environment; urban and social change in modern Fax: 615-974-1838 China.

Miranda A. Schreurs Shi Nianhai Dept. of Government and Politics Institute for Chinese Historical Geography University of Maryland Shaanxi Teachers’ College College Park MD 20742-8221 Xi’an U.S.A. Shaanxi 710062 E-mail: [email protected] China Tel: 301-405-7797 Tel: 86-29-526-1946 Fax: 301-314-9690 Chinese historical geography and historical ecology; Comparative national responses to global environmental China’s pre-modern capitals; Sui-Tang history. problems. Dissertation compares Japanese and German responses to stratospheric ozone depletion and global Pierre Sigwalt climate change. Japanese overseas development aid and 11 rue des Récollets the environment; Japanese involvement in China. 75010 Paris

Page 30 France Environmental and technological risk management in China; Tel: 1-42-09-16-79 Chinese science and technology policy. Has published widely on contemporary developmental and environmental issues in Taiwan, especially typhoons and E. Takei their impact. 210 Katsura Garden Heights Kuzetakada 257-78 Jonathan Spence Minami-ku Dept. of History Kyoto Yale University Japan P.O. Box 208324 E-mail: [email protected] New Haven CT 06520-8324 Tel: 81-75-934-8834 U.S.A. Fax: As above. Ethnobotany, agriculture, plant domestication, food and Kristin Stapleton cuisine, Asia. Specific interests in millet species (Setaria, Dept. of History Panicum, etc.), soy bean use, Ry_ky_ Islands, Indonesia. University of Kentucky Lexington KY 40506-0027 Mike Thomsen U.S.A. Dept. of Agricultural Economics E-mail: [email protected] University of Wisconsin-Madison Tel: 606-257-3675 Madison WI 53706 Fax: 606-323-3885 U.S.A. Early twentieth century local, esp. urban, administration; the E-mail: [email protected] implementation of police reform in Chengdu, 1902-1911. Tel: 608-231-1548 Institutional organization, agriculture, and technical change, Janice Stargardt especially in developing economies. Cambridge Project on Ancient Civilization in South East Asia Malcolm Tull The Martin Centre, University of Cambridge Department of Economics 6 Chaucer Road Murdoch University Cambridge CB2 2EH Western Australia 6150 England Australia Tel: 44-01223-332981 or 64953 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 44-01223-334748 or [email protected] murdoch.edu.au History of man-made environmental change in mainland Tel: 09-360-2481 South East Asia, esp. Thailand and Burma: changes in Fax: 09-310-7725 vegetational cover, water régimes and traditional crop Economic history. Australian and East Asian economic yields. development and maritime history; resource use and environmental management in modern Japan; environmental Julia Strauss policy in Taiwan. Dept. of Politics School of Oriental and African Studies Tung An-Chi University of London Institute of Economics Thornhaugh St., Russell Sq. Academia Sinica London WC1H 0XG Nankang England Taipei 11529 E-mail: [email protected] Taiwan The administrative and institutional aspects of the E-mail: [email protected] implementation of environmental and conservation policy. Economic development (especially East Asian N.I.C.s); international trade theory; economic history of Taiwan. Richard P. Suttmeier Dept. of Political Science Dan Viederman University of Oregon China Programme Coordinator Eugene OR 97403 The World Wide Fund for Nature U.S.A. 1 Tramway Path E-mail: [email protected] Central Tel. and fax: 503-741-8055 Hong Kong

Page 31 E-mail: [email protected] Jim Williams Tel: 852-526-1011 (Energy and Resources Group, Fax: 852-586-1146 University of California at Berkeley) 613 Carmel Avenue Wang Hongchang Albany CA 94706 Institute of Quantitative and Technical Economics U.S.A. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences E-mail: [email protected] 5 Jianguomennei Street Tel: 510-524-4236 Beijing 100732 Energy use; technology; policy; water use; hydropower; China dams; ecosystem-climate interactions; social aspects of An economist with active research interests in environmental environmental issues; history of science and technology. history. Martin Williams Wang Hurng-Jyuhn Centre for Environmental Studies Institute of Natural Resources University of Adelaide National Dong Hwa University P.O. 498 Hualien Adelaide SA 5000 Taiwan R.O.C. Australia Tel: 038-662500 ext. 175 Fax: 038-662533 Tim Wright Natural resource policy analysis, environmental policy, School of Humanities natural resource economics. Research topics include the Murdoch University transition theory applied to environmental policy formulation, Murdoch WA 6150 property rights (natural resources and environment), and Australia non-market goods (natural resources and environment) E-mail: [email protected] evaluation. Tel: 61-9-360-2322 Fax: 61-9-310-6285 Robert P. Weller The impact of the world depression in the 1930s, ISEC contemporary Chinese economic reform and its social effects, Boston University the contemporary Chinese coal industry, and Chinese 10 Lenox Street business history. Brookline MA 02146 U.S.A. Wu Kegang E-mail: [email protected] Department of Geography Tel: 617-353-6398 University of Liverpool Fax: 617-353-6408 Roxby Building The environmental movement and the growth of a domestic P.O. Box 147 market in nature tourism in Taiwan. The relations of these Liverpool L69 3BX new phenomena to economic change, and to earlier Chinese England views of nature. Hopes to expand this work to include the E-mail: [email protected] PRC in future. Tel: 01151-794-2835 Chinese environmental issues; natural environment and Pierre-Étienne Will sustainable development; physical geography; soil erosion Collège de France and deforestation; environmental change modelling and 11 place Marcelin-Berthelot monitoring; environmental impact of larger projects (e.g. 75231 Paris Three Gorges dam). Areas of interest: China and Nepal; France East and South-east Asia generally. E-mail: [email protected] fr History of water control and irrigation in imperial China; the Xu Guoqi late imperial Chinese state and economic development. Harvard University U.S.A. Dennis Williams E-mail: Xu@husc harvard.edu E-mail: [email protected] International relations; history; comparative study of Editor of the newsletter of the American Society for American and Chinese attitudes towards the environment. Environmental History. Yang Dong

Page 32 Division of Pacific and Asian History Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies Asian Studies Newsletter Archives Australian National University 9225 Limestone Place Canberra A.C.T. 0200 College Park Australia MD 20740-3943 E-mail: [email protected] U.S.A. Fax: 61-6-249-5525 Water control in pre-modern South China, and related topics, CCP Research Newsletter with a focus on the interface between lowland water control (Newsletter of the Chinese Communism Research Group) activities and the exploitation of woods and other natural Editor: Timothy Cheek resources in the uplands in Zhejiang; changes in élite Dept. of History perceptions of the relationship between nature and The Colorado College humankind. 14 E. Cache La Poudre Colorado Springs CO 80903 Stephen S. Young U.S.A. Graduate School of Geography Clark University Dibner Institute for the History of Science and 950 Main Street Technology Worcester MA 01610-1477 (Burndy Library) U.S.A. Massachusetts Institute of Technology E-mail: [email protected] Room E56-100 Tel: 508-793-7336 38 Memorial Drive Fax: 508-793-8881 Cambridge MA 02139 Deforestation and forest ecology, especially in South-western U.S.A. China. E-mail: [email protected]

Charles Zhang EAANnouncements 292 Main St., E38-500 (Newsletter of the East Asian Archaeology Network) Massachusetts Institute of Technology Editor: Gina L. Barnes Cambridge MA 02139 St. John’s College E-mail: zhang@ilp mit.edu Cambridge CB2 1TP Tel: 617-253-0411 England Fax: 617-258-6148 E-mail: [email protected] Works in MIT’s Far East Corporate Relations office on Tel: 01223-333322 developing collaboration between MIT and China. Fax: 01223-333503

Zhang Guoxiong East Asian History of Science Library Center of Historical Geography Needham Research Institute Dept. of Geography Librarian: John P.C. Moffett Peking University 8 Sylvester Road Beijing 100871 Cambridge CB3 9AF Tel: 86-1-2501180 England Fax: 86-1-2501187 E-mail: [email protected] Environmental change; historical population geography. Indonesian Environmental History Newsletter Zhang Yixia Editors: Freek Colombijn and David Henley Division of Pacific and Asian History KITLV Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies P.O. Box 9515 Australian National University 2300 RA Leiden Canberra A.C.T. 0200 The Netherlands Australia Tel: 71-272295 E-mail: [email protected] Fax: 71-272638 Fax: 61-6-249-5525 History of medicine. Institut d’Extrême-Orient, Collège de France (Library) Library, other institutional, and exchange subscriptions 52 rue du Cardinal Lemoine

Page 33 75231 Paris World and comparative environmental history: Hughes, France Rajan

Long Bow Group 2. Chronological classification Representative: Nora Chang Early China: Bilsky, Fiskesjo, Keightley, J. Lee 55 Newton Street Sui-Yuan: Ellermeier, Honda, Leung, McDermott, Mayo, Brookline MA 02146 Mostern, Seo, N. Shi U.S.A. Ming-twentieth century: Daniels, Faure, Finnane, Marks E-mail: [email protected] Ming-Qing: Chao, Dunstan, Fan, Heijdra, D. Keenan, J. Lee, Tel: 617-277-6400 Leung, T. Liu, McDermott, Naquin, Perdue, Will Nineteenth century: Amelung, Howard, Lai National Committee on US-China Relations Twentieth century, historical: Boxer, Hornibrook, S. Liu, E-mail: [email protected] Price, Rawski, Stapleton, Tull, Wright Recent and contemporary, political and economic: Bennett, Seminar für Sinologie und Koreanistik Breslin, Brown, Cheek, Cotlar, Forster, Furtado, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen Gunaratnam, Habel, Jahiel, Jian, Judd, Kelly, Z. Lee, Herrenberger Strasse 51 Murray, Nielsen, Niggenaber, Polumbaum, Purdy, 72070 Tübingen Russell, Schreurs, Strauss, Suttmeier, Thomsen, Tung, Germany H.-J. Wang Recent and contemporary, scientific or technological Southeast Asia Collection (includes geography): Cartier, Chen, Florig, Harkness, Alden Library Jiang, Justi, J. Williams, Wu Ohio University Ref. Librarian: Jeffrey Ferrier 3. Classification by subject area Athens OH 45701-2978 Historical and cultural geography, geographical perspectives U.S.A. on history: Cartier, Edmonds, Han, Hou, X. Li, N. Shi, G. E-mail: [email protected] Zhang Cartography and pre-modern geographic thought: Foret, X. Li, Mostern Subscribers’ names classified by broad subject Geographical Information Systems: Cicone, Crissman, areas Lavely (N.B. No name is entered more than three times at the very Non-anthropogenic environmental change: Fang most). Climate: Fang, Sigwalt Ecology: Corlett, Dudgeon, Hamburg, Mabry 1. Regional classification Botany: Matthews, Takei Northern China and neighbouring territories (see also under Forests: Hamburg, Z. Lee, Mabry, Menzies, Oakes, Yang, “Early China”): Amelung, Cheng, Dunstan, Hou, Young Johnson, Mayo, Perdue, Reardon-Anderson, Seo Migratory species: Felley South-east coastal provinces (Jiangsu-Fujian): Caffrey, Fan, Pandas: Harkness Finnane, B. Li, Niggenaber, Yang Population (human): Campbell, Dickensheets, Han, Lavely, J. Southern China (including Hong Kong): Corlett, Dudgeon, Lee, Shepherd, G. Zhang Faure, Hill, Honda, MacPherson, Marks Agricultural and land-use history: Daniels, B. Li, McDermott Central China: Hornibrook Property rights (including common property systems) and Western China: Jhaveri, Stapleton rural land-use systems (changes in, environmental impact South-west China: Damon, Daniels, Menzies, Mostern, of): Chakravarty-Kaul, Cicone, Hill, Jhaveri, H.-J. Wang Young Ethnohistory/ethnicity and environment, ethnobotany: Taiwan: Caffrey, Hamburg, D. Lee, S. Liu, T. Liu, Shepherd, Crissman, Damon, Foret, Jhaveri, Matthews, Perdue, Sigwalt, Tung, Weller Shepherd, Takei Asia or the Asian-Pacific region: Chen, Connors, Matthews, Opium cultivation: Howard Murphey, Takei, Wu Mining: Hornibrook, Wright Japan: Schreurs, Tull The built environment, urban history: Fan, X. Li, East Asian “newly industrializing countries”: Tung MacPherson, Seo, M. Shi, N. Shi, Stapleton South Asia: Chakravarty-Kaul, Rajan Disease, medicine, public health: Campbell, Chao, Ellermeier, Elvin, Fisher, Howard, Leung, S. Liu, MacPherson, Y. South-east Asia: Rajan, Stargardt Zhang Australia: Connors Water and its management: Amelung, Boxer, Dunstan, Elvin,

Page 34 Farmer, Honda, Will, Yang Oceanography: Justi Attitudes towards environment, views of nature, cosmology, history of science: Bilsky, Bloom, Boxer, Brown, Damon, Elvin, Farmer, Foret, Weller, Xu Teaching of environmental history: Bloom, B. Keenan, D. Keenan

4. Contemporary topics Environmental and environment-related policy (including risk management) in contemporary China and Taiwan: Breslin, Brown, Florig, Jahiel, Jian, D. Lee, Z. Lee, Niggenaber, Strauss, Suttmeier, Tull, H.-J. Wang, J. Williams The environmental impact of economic policy changes and development projects: Bennett, Wu Dam projects: Furtado, Harkness Contemporary environmental degradation: Chen, Corlett, Edmonds Land degradation, soil erosion, etc: Jiang Pollution: Florig, Jahiel Energy and environment: Nielsen Conservation, nature reserves: Dudgeon, Felley Society’s responses to environmental change: Jiang Environmental and conservation movements: Connors, Habel, Weller Environmental journalism: Polumbaum Environmental training within China: Furtado

5. Non-environmental topics Economic and business history (see also under “Chronological classification”: many of the scholars listed there are economic as well as environmental historians): Faure, Lai, Rawski, Wright Economics: H. Wang China’s international relations, international business links, etc.: Cotlar, Nielsen Electronic news and information services: Jian, N. Liu Chinese philosophy/intellectual history: Adler, Bloom, Cheek Ritual and religion: Johnson Gender studies, gender history: Barlow, Finnane, Judd, Ko Other general interest: Kay, Y.B. Miao, Michaud, Shapir ______Editorial disclaimer. The Chinese Environmental History Newsletter is edited by Helen Dunstan, Department of History, Indiana State University. The views expressed in the newsletter do not necessarily reflect those of the editor.

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