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ABOUT MIGRATION 7 Researches of 5 Ethiopian Universities on the Roots Causes

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ABOUT MIGRATION 7 Researches of 5 Ethiopian Universities on the Roots Causes ABOUT MIGRATION 7 Researches of 5 Ethiopian Universities on the roots causes Emergency Initiative in support of the vulnerable people, refugees, IDPs and migrants addressing the root causes of irregular migration The opinions expressed by the interviewed and the researchers do not reflect the view of the Italian Agency of Development Cooperation. Addis Ababa, April 2017 Table of Contents Introductions Giuseppe Mistretta, Ambassador of Italy, Ethiopia............................................ v Geneva Letizia, Head of Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, Ethiopia.................................................................. vii Maria Rosaria Notarangeli, Head of Emergency Programme, Ethiopia................................................................................................................... ix Overview on drivers, routes and impacts of migration in Ethiopia and the role of development cooperation in fighting roots causes,Andrea Stocchiero, Centro Studi Politica Internazionale - CeSPI...................................................................................... 1 Researches’ Summaries Irregular Migration in Eastern Zone of Tigray: Causes, Consequences and Alternative Strategies, Bisrat Weldesilassie......................................................................33 Causes and Consequences of Irregular Migration in Bale Zone, Oromia Regional State, South Eastern Ethiopia............................................................................................37 Causes and Consequences of Irregular Migration in Tigray, Ethiopia........................43 Determinants and Dimension of Irregular Migration: the Case of Habro, Darolebu and Mieso Weredas of Oromia National Regional State, Ethiopia; February, 2017, Dr. Muktar Mohammed (PhD); Tekalign Diyana (MSc) and Ahmed Mohammed (MSc).....................................................................................47 Magnitude, Determinants and Effects of Illegal Out-Migration from South Wollo Zone, with a particular Emphasis on selected Woredas...............................................51 From Ethiopia to Italy: Causes and Complexity of Migration.......................................57 Acknowledgment.............................................................................................................62 i ii Preface I am glad to present to you the results of the research on migration carried out in the framework of the first pilot programme “Emergency Initiative in support of vulnerable people, refugees, internally displaced people and migrants addressing the root causes of irregular migration” implemented by the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation. The results of the seven researches done by five Ethiopian Universities in the 12 months duration of the Programme, which are hereby reported, represent a useful and systematic data collection on migration in Ethiopia that can be definitely used for future interventions in this sector in the Country. I am confident that these inputs will also contribute positively to all activities and projects on migration in Ethiopia. Giuseppe Mistretta Ambassador of Italy to Ethiopia v vi We live in a “liquid modernity”, borrowing the definition of Bauman, and this liquidity is now global. The movement of people and people seeking an opportunity is part of history. But it is true that this movement is often too risky and imposed more by the need than by free choice. We have worked on this with the Pilot Programme that has just come to an end: in trying to give a reason for being able to stay, to be able to choose freely between the appropriate and the necessary. The premise of the action is knowledge, so we have involved the Universities in a constant co-operation entwined with the actions of NGOs on the field. Having a set of documents that collect and process testimonies, is furthermore an opportunity to leave a legacy of our time. The history, with a small ‘h’, the one lived by most people, is handed down here, ennobled by what is left in writing, but also by the impact the narrative may have on the lives of others. Even on the drafting and progress of an Emergency Programme ... That is why cooperating means bringing together experiences and abilities: intellectually, of life, of action and seeking the value of that liquid modernity that often destabilizes us in its apparent lack of solid support. The research for us has become the excuse for action itself, and the experience is our research tool. I leave you reading with this constructive spirit, and with the hope that the following pages will be useful for further actions, evaluations and exchanges. Geneva Letizia Head of Italian Agency for Development Cooperation, Ethiopia vii viii The general objective of the Italian Agency for Development Cooperation (AICS) pilot Program Emergency Initiative in support of Vulnerable People, Refugees, IDPs and Migrants has been to address the root causes of irregular migration through four sectors: creation of Income Generating Activities and access to job opportunities, especially directed to young people and women; strengthening the resilience of local communities and fostering the quantitative and the qualitative supply of basic services, aiming at improving the living conditions of the most vulnerable people; development and implementation of information and awareness campaigns and realization of Researches on migration. The Program has been implemented in 16 Woredas of 3 Regions of the Country: Amhara (Northern Shewa and South Wollo), Oromia (West Hararge and Bale), and in Tigray (Eastern Tigray) and within its framework five projects have been carried out through 8 Italian NGOs, putting in place a participatory methodology in close collaboration with local institutions, local NGOs and local communities. During its 12 months of length, the Program has mainly benefited women (50%), young people between the ages of 18 and 35 (70%), returnees (30%) and potential migrants for a total of 80.072 direct beneficiaries and 580.000 indirect beneficiaries. The 6 University researches were pivotal in order to guide the field work: theory and practice developed hand in hand. This is also an experience of international cooperation, due to the collaboration between 5 Ethiopian Universities and an Italian organization, which developed the topic, especially in reference to Diaspora. A legacy will be left, for the benefit of all: from them who are interested in the topic to them who work daily on this topic. A legacy, but also a restitution, a verbal picture, a document of contemporary history, realized by many people, that I want to deeply thank. From them who shared their experiences, precious because unique pieces of lives, to them who were as wise as to collect them. We accurately reported everything that was told. We respected this will of honest restitution. We believe that reality is the basic precondition of our fieldwork. It must be shared without that filters that altered the story and consequently the action. Also for this, we believe these researches can be a valid working tool for other colleagues in our sector. It is an arrival point, that can turn to be a starting point, as a good cooperation program should basically be, for a shared development. Finally, besides the Universities, my deeply thanks go to the Italian NGOs: ActionAid, Amref, CCM, CIAI, CIFA, CISP, COOPI e VIS. Maria Rosaria Notarangeli Head of Emergency Programme, Ethiopia ix x Overview xi xii Overview on drivers, routes and impacts of migration in Ethiopia and the role of development cooperation in fighting roots causes Andrea Stocchiero|Centro Studi Politica Internazionale - CeSPI Introduction: the political and institutional framework on root causes of migrations The European Union (EU) launched the La Valletta Action Plan1 on migration and development in November 2015. It set the conditions for the creation of the Trust Fund on irregular migration.2 This political decision has been spurred by the migration crisis in Europe more than by considerations on the refugee crisis existing in African and Middle East countries. The majority of national public opinions and governments of EU member states perceive migration as a hot and toxic political issue that requires more containment. The European narrative on migration is biased towards a security approach. On the other hand, more balanced political positions take into account the partnership with countries of origin and transit and the need to respond to the root causes of migration. Development cooperation may have a role in addressing such causes in coherence with migration policies. But this is not an easy task. Moreover, civil society organisations (CSOs) criticisms had indicated the peril of aid instrumentalisation to migration management and control political objectives. Development cooperation has the primary principle to fight poverty and not to manage migration flows. The La Valletta Action Plan has been set up in the middle of the European migration crisis. And it is interpreted as a plan to externalise the control of migrations for security reason. In this sense, official development assistance could be diverted and conditionality could be attached to its implementation. In this framework, the root causes approach could hide a different aim. The EU La Valletta Plan with the Trust Fund establish the need for an evidence-based cooperation. Knowledge shall be produced for orienting intervention and an effective use of public aid with more results in reducing the root causes
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