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Antisemittisme I USA Og Henry Ford

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Antisemittisme I USA Og Henry Ford CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives Antisemittisme i USA og Henry Ford - Den nordamerikanske antisemittismen før andre verdenskrig, eksemplifisert med Henry Ford og artikkelserien The International Jew. Sven Erik Sperstad Masteroppgave i historie IAKH - Universitetet i Oslo Våren - 2007 1 Med stor takk til min rådgiver ved Universitetet i Oslo, Professor Jan Eivind Myhre, for en uvurdelig hjelp og inspirasjon. Takk og til Brian for gjennomlesning, og en unnskyldning til min familie for manglende fysisk og åndelig tilstedeværelse ved anledninger der dette var ønsket. “You yourselves should make the effort; the Awakened Ones are only teachers. Those who enter this Path and who are meditative, are delivered from the bonds of Mara.” – Buddha, Dhammapada 2 INNHOLDSFORTEGNELSE Kapittel 1 - Presentasjon s. 4 Bakgrunn s. 5 Formålet med oppgaven s.7 Litteratur s. 9 Disposisjon s. 11 Begrepsavklaring s. 12 Forkortelser s. 17 Min tese s. 17 Kapittel 2 - Jødisk innvandring og amerikansk immigrasjonslovgivning s. 18 Fra koloni til nasjon s. 24 Den store jødiske innvandringen s. 26 Restriksjoner på 1900-tallet s. 28 Konklusjon s. 33 Kapittel 3 - Antisemittisme; de amerikanske trekkene s. 36 Nativisme og amerikanisme s. 36 Amerikanisme s. 43 Antisemittismens utvikling i Amerika s. 44 1800-tallet s. 45 Den angelsaksiske ide s. 48 1900-tallet s. 51 Sosial diskriminering s. 53 Årsaker til sosial diskriminering s. 57 Komparasjon med andre etniske grupper s. 58 Organisasjoner, personligheter s. 60 Den samtidige antisemittiske litteraturen s. 61 Zions Vises Protokoller s. 64 Konklusjon s. 73 Kapittel 4 - Artikkelserien ”The International Jew” s. 78 Begynnelsen s. 81 The Dearborn Independent s. 83 Bakgrunnen for artikkelserien s. 85 Artiklene s. 90 Protokollene og The International Jew s. 94 Konsekvenser og respons s. 97 The International Jew i nasjonal og internasjonal kontekst s. 102 Konklusjon s. 106 Kapittel 5 - Oppsummering s. 111 Litteratur s. 117 Kilder s. 120 3 Kapittel 1 Presentasjon “May the Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land, continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every one shall sit under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be none to make him afraid.” George Washingtons brev til jødene i Newport, Rhode Island, 1790. Fra 22. Mai 1920 og 18 måneder fremover trykket Michigan-avisen The Dearborn Independent en artikkelserie kalt The International Jew: The world`s problem. Senere ble artiklene utgitt som et firebinds verk med titlene: The International Jew: The world`s foremost problem (november 1920); Jewish activities in the United States (april 1921); Jewish influences in American Life (november 1921) og Aspects of Jewish Power in the United States (mai 1922), et verk som avisens eget forlag, The Dearborn Publishing Company, trykket i en halv million eksemplarer mellom 1922 og 1929. Avisen ble i 1919 kjøpt av bilfabrikanten Henry Ford Sr., han ansatte Charles Pipp som redaktør og William J. Cameron som journalist. Charles Pipp sa imidlertid opp etter et år og Cameron overtok som redaktør. Sammen med Fords personlige sekretær Ernest Liebold, samlet Cameron inn og utga det de mente var bevis for jødisk dominans innen finansverden, radikale politiske bevegelser, i tillegg til jødisk manipulasjon av diplomatiet for å forårsake kriger, der kristne døde for å berike jødene. Artikkelserien i bokform ble og trykket, og distribuert over store deler av verden på 1930 og 1940-tallet. Det gjennomgående spørsmålet her er hvordan kunne Henry Ford Sr., dette nasjonale ikonet, selve legemliggjøringen av de amerikanske idealene, bli kjent som en av landets fremste eksponent av rasisme og fordommer? For å få avklart dette spørsmålet vil jeg gå inn i flere problemstillinger. Først og fremst imidlertid er dette en oppgave som vil se på de samfunnsmessige drivkreftene som la grunnlaget for at slike artikkelserier som The International Jew kunne trykkes. Artikkelserien og Ford blir dermed brukt som eksempel og referansepunkt for mine problemstillinger, hovedfokuset vil være på mekanismene bak som la fundamentet for antisemittismen og rasismen i Amerika. Det vil derfor være naturlig å sette Fords kampanje inn i en større kontekst og se på hva årsakene til den generelle antisemittismen i Amerika kunne være, og om den fulgte internasjonale strømninger hva 4 gjaldt intensitet, retorikk, form og innhold? De historiske linjene blir også viktige å få frem, først og fremst tiden før artikkelseriens publisering, men og dets arv og videre skjebne. Jeg vil kort komme inn på personligheter og organisasjoner på 1930-tallet med en klar antisemittisk profil, med en struktur, medlemsmasse og retorikk som ikke fantes tidligere. Dette er gjort for å belyse teorier om blant annet at den amerikanske antisemittismen blomstret i perioder befolkningen følte som utrygge og ustabile. Det kan og tenkes at disse organisasjonene og personligheter utgjorde en mer eller mindre direkte arv av Henry Ford og hans antisemittisme. Bakgrunn Victoria Saker Woeste mener artiklene var en videreføring av det Deborah Lipstadt kaller ” ...en eldgammel tilbøyelighet til å finne en jødisk konspiratør bak et lands problem,”1 en tilbøyelighet som ble spredd til 600.000 lesere på det meste i midten av 1920-tallet. ”Problemet” henspeiler da på det aktuelle lands problemer i samtiden, gjennomgår et land problematiske tider har det vist seg at jødene fort ofte blir den som får rettet fokuset mot seg på en negativ måte. I artikkelserien gjelder fokuset det meste forfatteren hevder er negativt med det amerikanske samfunnet og flere andre nasjoner, og temaer som berøres er alt fra jazzmusikk lokalt i New Orleans til konspiratoriske teorier som har internasjonal karakter. Som forfatteren selv skriver: ”Not only does the Jewish Question touch those matters that are of common knowledge, such as financial and commercial control, usurpation of political power, monopoly of necessities, and autocratic direction of the very news that the American people read; but it reaches into cultural regions and so touches the very heart of American life.”2 Artiklene benyttet seg og av et vidt sirkulert skrift på den tiden, Zions Vise Protokoller, selv etter at flere medier hadde undersøkt dets ekthet og konkludert med at det hele var en forfalskning. Protokollene ga uttrykk for å være et dokument forfattet av et jødisk råd, og ga detaljerte beskrivelser av hvordan jødene skulle undergrave samfunnsområder og etter hvert ta over verden. The Dearborn Independent var ikke den første medieinstitusjonen i landets historie med slike tirader, men det var den videst distribuerte, hevder Woeste.3 Før den første verdenskrig hadde flere ledende aviser og magasiner uttrykt holdninger langs linjene til Dearborn Independent, 1 Woeste 2004: 883 2 Ford Vol. 1. November 1920: 3 3 Woeste 2004: 877 5 dette var en tradisjon som ble kalt Nativisme, et spesifikt amerikansk betegnelse på en bevegelse i de amerikanske storbyene på 1830 og 1840-tallet.4 Nativismen var en protestantisk, nasjonalistisk bevegelse som i utgangspunktet var antikatolsk, men som etter hvert innbefattet fiendtlighet mot alle immigrantgrupper den anså som u-amerikanske, også jøder. Når det gjelder artikkelseriens påvirkning på samtiden kan dette være vanskelig å måle, men det synes klart at Fords innflytelse og kulturelle posisjon ga en legitimitet til artiklene som ellers ville være vanskelig å etablere. Dette vises og gjennom samfunnsdiskusjonen og de utallige skrifter, pamfletter og bøker som ble skrevet og som omhandlet Ford, Dearborn Independent og artikkelserien. Etter hvert ble artiklene i Dearborn Independent også et tema i rettsapparatet. Woeste videre: ”Det var Fords avis som forsterket diskusjonen om nativisme og rasisme etter 1920, og det var Ford som legemliggjorde motstanden av at nykommere, i hovedsak jøder, ble forsøkt ”amerikanisert,” i stedet ble et fokus på å stenge dem ute forfektet. Ettersom nativistiske tanker gjorde sin inntreden i den ledende politiske debatten, skjønte jødene at Fords kampanje satte deres krav om sosial likhet i fare.”5 Det er riktig at Ford etter hvert avviste effekten av programmene for amerikanisering som noe positivt, det vil si en opplæring i språk, kultur og verdier som ville lettere assimilere immigrantene, men i utgangspunktet støttet og praktiserte Ford en slik strategi. Mange immigrantgrupper hadde sitt virke ved Ford sine ulike fabrikker, blant annet 12000 jøder i Detroit. Disse immigrantgruppene ble ansatt med krav om å delta på amerikaniseringskurs med formål å påvirke dem med en felles amerikansk kultur. Uttalelser av Ford fra samtiden støtter og opp om påstander om Ford som en assimileringsforkjemper, mener jeg: ”[…] to impress upon these men that they are, or should be, Americans, and that their former racial, national, and linguistic differences are to be forgotten.”6 I 1919 ser det imidlertid ut til at Ford har mistet troen på at de ulike etniske gruppene kan integreres og bli assimilert, da han i sin nyervervede avis Dearborn Independent skrev: “The problem [with the melting pot] is not […] with the pot so much as it is with the base metal. Some metals cannot be assimilated, refuse to mix with the molten mass of citizenship, 4 Higham 1973: 3 5 Woeste 2004: 884. 6 Baldwin 2001: 41 6 but remain ugly, indissoluble lumps. How did this base metal get in? […] What about those aliens who have given us so much trouble, these Bolsheviki messing up our industries and disturbing our civil
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