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8. the Rumenesea Wall, Romney and Walland Marshes: a Commentary

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8. the Rumenesea Wall, Romney and Walland Marshes: a Commentary liomnev A4al.sl/ C'ou~talant1 I,andscnpe Changr t/i~.oz~ghthe Ages (ed A Long, S Hzpkrn and H C'larke), OCrLC1Xfonogrrryh 56, 2002, 121-126 8. The Rumenesea Wall, Romney and Walland Marshes: A Commentary J.R.L. Allen Recent sjjn/hetic accounts qf tl7e Walland and Romney Marshes accept to different degrees the definitive role advocated for the Rumencsea Wall in the critical early phases oj'the settlement oj the area, bzrt call jbr a .further exumination of several issues oj'juct and opinion, chiefly in the light of' recent archaeological inves/igations. On the balance of evidence at present c~vailable,the Rurnenesea Wall would .seem to be a bridging seahank (Wealden scarp to New Romney barrier) qf Saxon date which, with a contemporaneou.s coastal barrier andprobablji other engineered banks, allowed roughljl one-half of the area /o be trtrnsformed into a settled and,farmed landscape. The context and role of the Wall call,fbr.fi~rtherwork, however, and a number qf'new and e.speciallj~environmental research needy are szrggestcd. Introduction The Rumenesea Wall Pon-erful natural forces and lengthy human interferencc The nuIncrous earthworks of especially Walland Marsh have created. in the Walland Marsh and Romney Marsh have long been rccognised as important landscape fcatures, proper on the English Channel. perhaps the most complex but it is only recently that the significance of the struchire Holocene geological sequence and associated historic variouslj- called the Rumenesea Wall or Yoke Sewer Wall landscape to be found on the British coast. Despite research (see below) has been recognised. Hence it is appropriate extending over many decades and recent monographic briefly to summarise the evidence for, and character of, treatments (Eddison and Green 1988; Eddison 1995; this stnicture. Eddison rt al. 1998), much relnains either unki~ow~lor The naille Ruinenesea Wall (Allen 1996) applies to a uncertain about the evolution of this considerable area (c. field monument which, although no longer a standing bank, 250 km2) of shifting gravel-sand barriers behind which can be traced continuously over the ground from New sheltered sandy-muddy tidal i~~lets,including river outlets, Romney to Snargate (Allen 1999) and which, betu-eel1 and muddy-peaty marshes. Two attempts at a general Snargate and the Wealdell scarp at Appledore, arguably synthesis (Eddison 2000; Rippor~2000) invite cominent lies either beneath or very close to the impressive: later in the light of recent archaeological field work bearing on earthwork known as the Rhee Wall (Fig. 8.1). The early reclamation or land-claim in the area and the role of Rumenesea Wall does not appear on Elliot's (in Lewin the earthwork \vhich has coine to be known as the 1862) early maps of enclosing banks. In Green3s (1968) Rumenesea Wall. The analysis brings to light a number of important soil map. the Wall is shown as a definite bank future research needs. only for a distance of about two kilometres northwest of 122 Jolzn Allen ............................................................ averaged about 0.5 m, and in one place a rise of 1.61 m was noted: at only one of the selected sites did the ground prove to fall southwestward (by 0.15 m). This method failed only over an elevated, roughly one kilometre tract north-east of Old Romney. but where a bank had survived to be recorded in RAF (1916) air photographs. At Owen's Bridge, northwest of Old Romney, a modest rise of 0.18 m in level in the same direction was recorded over the line of a wall standing at right-angles to the Rulnenesea Wall and apparently cut by the 13th-century Rhee Wall (Green 1968: Allen 1996). The course of the Wall betu-een Snargate and the Wealden scarp at Appledore is uncertain. It appears to emerge from beneath the Rhee Wall, a younger structure (Fig. 8.1), but may be represented in part by a lengthy bank Green (1968, soil map) recognised very close to the Rhee Wall on its northern side. As Green's map makes especially clear, the Rhee Wall between Appledore and Snargate pursues an irregular, almost meandering course, KEY as if tracing a natural watercourse (? Rmnenesea. see Holocene fine alluvium below), in contrast to the long, straight segments seen to Holocene 5 km the southeast of Snargate. sands/gravels The Rumenesea Wall between Snargate and Old mpre-Holocene Romney (Fig. 8.1) pursues a sinuous course just to the northeast of, and in harmony with. an also sinuous watercourse, identified with the Rumenesea (Brooks Z;rg. 8.1. The Walland and Romney Marshes showlng the 1988). Now called the Yoke or New Sewer, it has for Xzrnzenesea andRhee Walls andplaces meritroned ln the text. some centuries been one of the larger, managed drains of Tlir Rumenesea 11es between the Jlizlls l~rrtIS om~ttedfor the area. c/ai.rh: A critical property of this watercourse is that its meanders rapidly and systematically roughly treble in wavelength southeastward to values near Old Romney in Old Romney; elsewhere it appears merely as a 'probable excess of 400 m (Allen 1999, fig. 3). In terms of empirical sea wall'. Exactly how Green identified walls is nowhere geomorphological evidence, as was explained, this means explicit. However, as his survey occurred largely before in the case of the natural channel that its width and the highly mechanised arable farming became widespread in discharge of water through it increased rapidly toward the the area, many banks may have been visible at the time as southeast. In form, the waterway very closely resembles upstanding features. Where these structures had already the trunk channels of mature salt-marsh creek networks been removed or had become naturally degraded, he may that expand into the heads of a small tidal inlets or have based his mapping on the survival of ramps (Allen estuaries, and hence is thought to be of tidal origin (Allen 1997,6, illus. 5), that is. consistent and fairly sharp changes 1999). Indeed, the waterway has an almost axially central in ground height across the line of the former bank. Green place within one of the larger occurrences of Green's (1968, 17, fig. 18) had recognised that 'abrupt contrasts (1968, fig. 10) 'land type with creek ridges'. The sinu- in levels andlor sedimenta~patterns' could arise after osities of the Rumenesea Wall, however, although clearly the building of a sea wall. As is fully explained elsewhere in phase with those of the watercourse, are of a smaller (Allen 1997), this is because the erection of a bank, firstly, amplitude and are locally impinged on by that channel in alters the l~ydraulicsof a tidal marsh and, secondly, halts its prescnt-day form. Consequently, it may be argued that siltation on the enclosed area while allowing the continuing the Rumenesea was (1) an active tidal system prior to the build-up of sediment on the portion that remains active. construction of the Wall, (2) already well-developed by The course of the Rumenesea Wall was recently the time the Wall was built, and (3). although constrained confirmed instrumentally on the basis of a consistent to the northeast by the Wall, coatimially or intermittently southwestward increase in ground level across a con- active up until the imposition of the man-made regime tinuous, narrow zone several metres wide that could be that finally changed it into a wllolly freshwater drain. On traced, with but one short break. from the coastal barrier the other hand, Eddison (2000, 84) suggests that 'the at New Ronlney as far as Snargate (Allen 1999, fig. 1). channel ...was originally dug to provide soil for the bank' Levelling was done at 44 rando~nlychosen sites roughly and that later 'the sea broke in, enlarged the eastern end 200 m apart. The measured southwestm-ardrise in elevation of the channel and greatly magnified its curves'. As a dug The Runzenesea Wall, Romney and Wallnnd Alarshes: A Cornrnerztary 123 channel among the unconsolidated sediments of Romney the centre of the Marsh, to emph into the sea at Hythe i11 Marsh. honever, the watema? may be expected to ha\ e the far northeast (Fig. 8.1). This is groundless speculation, been straight. Further evidence on the character and role supported by neither the soil patterns and geomorpho- of the Rumenesea comes from a recently completed, logical features of the area (Green 1968, soil map) nor the detailed analysis bq Dr A.F. Pearson and Professor J.F. long, high-resolution, stratigraphic profile colnpleted by Potter of the distribution and geological provenance of Long et al. (1998) on a north-south line across the middle building materials in the churches of the Marshes (Potter. of the Marsh (see also Spencer et al. 1998). personal communication, 2001). Mapping the occurrence No late Roman occupation/activity sites are known from of beach cobbles and boulders of Ashdown Sandstone Romney Marsh proper. One among many possible explan- and of flint. they found that these materials occurred in ations (Rippon 2000) is 'tidal flooding', so long as this is northw est-southeast belts roughly centred about the course understood to mean the replacement of salt marsh, already of the Rumenesea. Their suggestion that boats brought subject to immersion by 100-200 tides annually, by stone at various tiines inland along this channel is not environments (e.g. low marshlmud flatslsand flats) lower incoinpatible with the geomorphological e~idencefor the still in the tidal frame, on account of a steeply increased scale of the waterway (Allen 1999, 8). which in its natural rate of sea-level rise andlor a steep decline in the state could at Old Romney have been about 30 111 across.
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