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Creating Shade in Arid Climates: a Welcoming Landscape Based on Zoroastrian Beliefs for the Towers of Silence

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Creating Shade in Arid Climates: a Welcoming Landscape Based on Zoroastrian Beliefs for the Towers of Silence Creating Shade in Arid Climates: A Welcoming Landscape Based on Zoroastrian Beliefs for the Towers of Silence AZADEH N. ASHTIANI Thesis submitted to the faculty of the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Landscape Architecture In Landscape Architecture Nathan Heavers, Chair Paul Kelsch Paul Emmons 9/27/2019 Alexandria, VA Keywords: Tower of Silence, Arid Climate, Microclimate, Zoroastrian, Yazd, Iran Creating Shade in Arid Climates: A Welcoming Landscape Based on Zoroastrian Beliefs for the Towers of Silence AZADEH N. ASHTIANI ABSTRACT This study develops a landscape design, which demonstrates how to change the microclimate in a historical public space (Towers of silence, in city of Yazd, designated as World Heritage Site, in the heart of Iran). The arid historic city of Yazd is getting hotter. The increasing temperatures make it more and more difficult to use the public space. Towers of silence inherited from Zoroastrianism are stone cylindrical structures located on top of the hills within infertile land located south east of the city of Yazd. This historic site brings visitors from around the world every year but the microclimate of the site it is not welcoming. The current layout does not provide information about the rich culture it entailed, and visitors are not able to understand the meaning that is behind these structures. This design aims to improve the current conditions of these magnificent towers and utilize techniques like historical plan analysis, comparative analysis and experimental design study. Using landscape architecture to address the climate issue the proposed design translates Zoroastrian’s beliefs to visitors as well as creating a more hospitable environment. II Creating Shade in Arid Climates: A Welcoming Landscape Based on Zoroastrian Beliefs for the Towers of Silence AZADEH N. ASHTIANI GENERAL AUDIENCE ABSTRACT All around the world people must deal with climate change and the effects of extreme weather. City of Yazd in the heart of Iran is not immune to such changes and has traditionally faced a harsh desert like climate. This study focuses on improving the climate surrounding a unique and magnificent historic site in city of Yazd called the Silent Towers (a designated UNESCO World Heritage Site). The design uses material and natural elements that are local to the site (stone, plants and trees) and infuse Zoroastrian and ancient Persian beliefs to bring about a more pleasant conditions (reducing the heat) for the visitors to this site. The outcome of merging tradition and natural elements to mitigate extreme temperatures brings about a layout that is inviting to visitors and hospitable to the local population without changing any of the values or the integrity of the main attraction: The Towers of Silence. III ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Nathan Heavers, for his continuous support during my thesis, for his motivation, great direction, and the immense knowledge he provided. Besides my advisor, I would like to thank my thesis committee, Paul Kelsch and Paul Emmons for their encouragement, insightful comments, and guidance. My sincere thanks also go to my family and friends who supported me during my study of landscape architecture. I could not have come as far as I have without their support. IV Table of Contents 1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 2. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................ 2 2.1. Climate Parameters ................................................................................................................. 2 2.2. Microclimate Parameters ........................................................................................................ 3 2.3. Sun Orientation ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.4. Wind Orientation ..................................................................................................................... 4 2.5. Water ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2.6. The Role of Sun and Wind in Urban Arid Climates .................................................................. 5 3. Case Studies and Applied Design ................................................................................................ 5 3.1. Urban Structure Characteristics in Persian City ....................................................................... 5 3.1.1. Case Study for City of Yazd ................................................................................................... 6 3.2. Urban Block .............................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1. Case Study of Yazd ................................................................................................................ 8 3.2.2. Case Study of Morocco ......................................................................................................... 9 3.3. Alleyways/Corridors ............................................................................................................... 10 3.3.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 10 3.3.2. Case Study of Casablanca.................................................................................................... 10 3.4. Covered Street ....................................................................................................................... 11 3.4.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 11 3.4.2. Case Study Damascus.......................................................................................................... 11 3.5. Courtyard Houses................................................................................................................... 12 3.5.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 12 3.5.2. Case Study Cordoba ............................................................................................................ 13 3.5.3. Case Study of Tucson .......................................................................................................... 13 3.6. Porch (Ivan) ............................................................................................................................ 14 3.6.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 14 3.6.2. Case Study of Cordoba ........................................................................................................ 15 V 3.7. Roofing ................................................................................................................................... 15 3.7.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 15 3.7.2. Case Study of Bolivia ........................................................................................................... 16 3.8. Wind Catchers ........................................................................................................................ 16 3.8.1. Case Study of Yazd .............................................................................................................. 16 3.8.2. Case Study of Cairo ............................................................................................................. 17 3.9. Basement (Sardab) ................................................................................................................. 17 3.10. Vegetation ............................................................................................................................ 18 3.10.1. Case Study of Yazd ............................................................................................................ 18 3.10.2. Case Study of Guadalajara and Jalisco .............................................................................. 19 3.11. Pool ...................................................................................................................................... 19 3.12. Material ................................................................................................................................ 20 3.12.1. Case Study of Yazd ............................................................................................................ 20 3.12.2. Case Study of Isfahan ........................................................................................................ 20 4. Design Objectives: ..................................................................................................................... 20 5. Site Criteria ................................................................................................................................ 21 6. Landscape to Mark a History .................................................................................................... 21 7. Historical
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