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Tesis Dan Gerson Rodriguez Cazares INSTITUTO POLITÉCNICO NACIONAL CENTRO INTERDISCIPLINARIO DE INVESTIGACIÓN PARA EL DESARROLLO INTEGRAL REGIONAL UNIDAD OAXACA MAESTRÍA EN CIENCIAS EN CONSERVACIÓN Y APROVECHAMIENTO DE RECURSOS NATURALES (BIODIVERSIDAD DEL NEOTRÓPICO) HÁBITOS ALIMENTARIOS DE Poeciliopsis fasciata (Meek, 1904) Y Poeciliopsis gracilis (Heckel, 1948) EN LA PORCIÓN OAXAQUEÑA DE LA RESERVA DE LA BIOSFERA TEHUACÁN-CUICATLÁN TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL GRADO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS PRESENTA: DAN GERSON RODRÍGUEZ CÁZARES DIRECTOR DE LA TESIS: DR. EMILIO MARTÍNEZ RAMÍREZ Santa Cruz Xoxocotlán, Oaxaca. Octubre de 2008 2 Hábitos alimentarios de Poeciliopsis fasciata (Meek, 1904) y Poeciliopsis gracilis (Heckel, 1948) en la porción oaxaqueña de la Reserva de la Biosfera Tehuacán-Cuicatlán RESUMEN Se analizaron los tractos digestivos de 284 individuos de Poeciliopsis fasciata y 200 organismos de P. gracilis que fueron colectados en las temporadas de secas y lluvias en la porción oaxaqueña de la Reserva de la Biosfera de Tehuacán-Cuicatlán, obtenidos de la Colección de Peces Continentales del CIIDIR IPN Oaxaca, con el objetivo de conocer los hábitos alimenticios de las dos especies de poecílidos en la zona. El contenido intestinal fue analizado de acuerdo con los métodos numérico (NO) y de frecuencia de ocurrencia (FO). Se aplicó el índice de Albertaine para determinar la preferencia de los alimentos. Se utilizó el índice de traslape de nicho de MacArthur y Levin. Poeciliopsis fasciata presentó la ingestión de 49 componentes alimenticios; los insectos fueron siempre los más consumidos; se encontró mayor diversidad de alimentos en hembras que en machos, siendo los insectos el alimento preferente para los dos sexos, así como para los dos grupos de tallas en ambas temporadas del año; en la subcuenca del Salado los insectos fueron el grupo alimenticio preferente, seguido por el detrito. Para Poeciliopsis gracilis se encontró que ingirió 30 tipos de alimento; el detrito registró los porcentajes más altos independientemente del sexo, tamaño, temporada del año y subcuenca. Ambas especies comparten 21 componentes alimenticios, pero en bajas proporciones (índice de traslape= 0.73). ii Feed habits of Poeciliopsis fasciata (Meek, 1904) and P. gracilis (Heckel, 1948) of the Oaxacan portion of the Biosphere Reserve of Tehuacan-Cuicatlan ABSTRACT The results of the analysis of the digestive tract contents of 284 specimens of Poeciliopsis fasciata and 200 of P. gracilis collected during the dry and rainy seasons in the Biosphere Reserve of Tehuacan-Cuicatlan of Oaxaca state, were obtained from the Collection of Continental Fish of CIIDIR IPN Oaxaca, with the aim of know the feeding habits of these species at the zone. The intestinal contents was analyzed in agreement with numerical and frequency of occurrence methods. The Albertaine index was used for determining food preference and the MacArthur and Levin’s index for niche overlap. The diet of Poeciliopsis fasciata was composed of 49 food components; the insects were the most consumed in both seasons; there was a higher food diversity in females than in males; insects were the most common food find independently of sex and size; in the Salado sub-basin insects were the preferred food group, followed by the detritus. Poeciliopsis gracilis ingested 30 types of food; detritus recorded the most common food regardless of sex, size, age and sub-basin. Both species share 21 food components, but with low overlap index (0.73). iii A Mis Padres Por Apoyarme En Todo Momento A Todos Mis Hermanos A Yazmín Por Permitirme Ser Parte De Su Vida A Mi Preciosa Abigail Por Venir En El Momento Menos Esperado A Recordarme Lo Bello Que Es Vivir iv AGRADECIMIENTOS Son muchísimas las personas que de alguna u otra forma colaboraron en la elaboración de esta tesis, por lo que antes que nada agradezco de una manera más bien informal a cada una de ellas. Particularmente agradezco al Dr. Emilio Martínez Ramírez por permitirme ser parte de sus proyectos de investigación y realizar esta tesis en el laboratorio que tiene a su cargo, así como a todas sus orientaciones realizadas a lo largo de dos años. No olvidare esta etapa de mi desarrollo profesional. A los Doctores Rafael del Castillo y Antonio Santos por apoyarme de manera desinteresada desde el inicio hasta la conclusión de esta investigación. Gracias por todos sus comentarios y observaciones hechas al documento. Al Dr. Marcelo García y al M. en C. Carlos Escalera que fueron parte del comité revisor y ayudaron para la terminación del trabajo. A la M. en C. Graciela González por todo su apoyo. A la Dra. Martha Signoret por haberme permitido trabajar en el Laboratorio de Plancton y Bioenergética de la UAM Xochimilco para la identificación de los organismos. A todos los profesores con los que tuve la oportunidad de tomar clase durante la maestría. A la M. en C. Patricia Trujillo-Jiménez por su orientación en la parte metodológica y la revisión del documento de esta investigación. A todos mis compañeros de laboratorio que hicieron mi estancia más placentera: Ufe, Gabriel, Iovanni, Carlos, Ana, Paty. A mis amigos de la UAM que nunca dejan de apoyarme: Martha Rodríguez, Karina, Denise, Ara, y en especial a Itzel (La China) por su ayuda en el trabajo de laboratorio. A mis amigos más cercanos del CIIDIR: Gaby, Yunuhé, Aremi, Santos. A todo el personal del Centro que me ayudo en muchos aspectos a salir adelante, entre ellos: Maestra Elia Mendez, Ing. Vicente Ríos, las secretarias Guille y Mari y demás personas que no olvidare. A mis padres y mis suegros, con los que estoy en infinita deuda. Finalmente mi más profundo agradecimiento a la persona que me motiva a ser mejor cada día, a mirar siempre hacia el frente y no agachar la mirada, y que me ha entregado el mejor regalo que una persona pueda recibir jamás, una nueva vida, Abigail. Gracias por todo Yaz, mi vida. v CONTENIDO ÍNDICE DE TABLAS.........................................................................................................VIII ÍNDICE DE FIGURAS........................................................................................................... X 1. INTRODUCCIÓN............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. LA CONSERVACIÓN DE PECES DE AGUA DULCE ............................................................... 1 1.2. LA ALIMENTACIÓN .......................................................................................................... 2 1.3. LAS ESPECIES ................................................................................................................... 4 1.3.1. Poeciliopsis fasciata. ................................................................................................. 5 1.3.2. Poeciliopsis gracilis .................................................................................................. 5 2. ANTECEDENTES ............................................................................................................... 7 3. JUSTIFICACIÓN .............................................................................................................. 10 4. OBJETIVOS....................................................................................................................... 11 4.1. GENERAL ....................................................................................................................... 11 4.2. PARTICULARES .............................................................................................................. 11 5. ZONA DE ESTUDIO......................................................................................................... 12 6. METODOLOGÍA .............................................................................................................. 14 6.1. SELECCIÓN DE INDIVIDUOS ........................................................................................... 14 6.2. ESTUDIOS DEL CONTENIDO ESTOMACAL DE CADA ESPECIE ......................................... 14 6.3. ANÁLISIS CUALITATIVO DEL CONTENIDO INTESTINAL ................................................. 15 6.4. ANÁLISIS CUANTITATIVOS DEL CONTENIDO INTESTINAL ............................................. 15 6.5. ÍNDICES CUANTITATIVOS ............................................................................................... 15 7. RESULTADOS................................................................................................................... 18 7.1. CLASIFICACIÓN DE LOS COMPONENTES ALIMENTICIOS ............................................... 18 7.2. POECILIOPSIS FASCIATA ................................................................................................. 20 7.2.1. Dieta general ........................................................................................................... 20 7.2.2. Variación de la dieta por temporadas .................................................................... 22 7.2.3. Variación de la dieta por sexos .............................................................................. 24 7.2.4. Variación de la dieta por clases de talla ................................................................ 26 7.2.5. Variación de la dieta por subcuencas .................................................................... 28 7.2.6. Variación de la dieta por tallas y temporadas ........................................................ 30 7.2.6.1. Secas .................................................................................................................. 30
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