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Aquatic 2001, 27.2, 183–195

A guide to the pronunciation and meaning of cetacean taxonomic names

D. M. Ranneft1, H. Eaker2 and R. W. Davis3

1Episcopal High School, 4650 Bissonnet, Bellaire, TX 77401 USA 24730 Waring Street, Houston TX 77027 USA 3Department of , Texas A&M University, Galveston, Texas 77551 USA

Abstract panies attempts to pronounce these Latin names. Even after years as a biologist, one often hesitates Taxonomic names, frequently made-up of Greek before pronouncing taxonomic names in front of and/or Latin elements, are mysterious and difficult colleagues or a class of students. to pronounce for those who never studied ancient Today, we rarely hear Latin and languages. This simple guide is designed to help spoken. Even scholars may never know exactly how English speakers understand and pronounce the it sounded in ancient times; however, teachers rec- scientific names used to classify cetaceans. Teachers ognize certain rules of pronunciation. These rules of Latin and Greek recognize certain rules of pro- may not be appropriate in compounds that nunciation. These rules may not be appropriate in have English, as well as Latin and/or Greek hybrid compounds that have English, as well as elements, but they are definitely acceptable for the Greek and/or Latin elements, but they are accept- pronunciations of taxonomic names that are purely able for the pronunciation of taxonomic names that Latin or Greek. There are also traditional rules for are purely Greek or Latin. There are also traditional anglicizing Latin and latinizing Greek. Burriss and rules for anglicizing Latin and latinizing Greek. For Casson (1949) set forth the main rules of anglicizing English speakers who have no interest in Greek or Latin in Latin and Greek in Current Use. They Latin pronunciations, knowledge of the anglicized maintained that in general, Latin long- and short- pronunciations, and pronunciations found in vowels are pronounced like the corresponding Webster’s Third International Dictionary, as well as English long- and short-vowels. Latin consonants knowledge of the meaning of Greek and/or Latin generally are pronounced like their English coun- elements, should be helpful. The Appendix shows terparts; however, ‘c’ and ‘g’ are soft before ‘e’, ‘i’, how orders, suborders, superfamilies, families, and ‘ae’, ‘oe’, and ‘y’. The diphthongs ‘ae’ and ‘oe’ are subfamilies may be distinguished by their endings. pronounced like the ‘ee’ of beet, ‘au’ as in caught, and ‘eu’ as in Teuton. Key words: pronunciation, Latin name, scientific For English speakers, who have no interest in name, cetacean, . Latin or Greek pronunciations, knowledge of the pronunciation found in Webster’s Third New Inter- Introduction national Dictionary or an anglicized pronunciation derived from traditional rules, as well as knowledge For students and scholars who did not study Latin of Latin and Greek elements, should be helpful. or Greek in high school or college, taxonomic Such knowledge gives the conscientious speaker names often are both mysterious and challenging: added assurance in public. In cases where the mysterious in their etymology and challenging in derivations are neither Latin or Greek, and are not their pronunciation. Zoologists learn early the use found in Webster’s Dictionary, the anglicized pro- of the Linnaean hierarchy (Linnaeus, 1758), also nunciation is an educated guess. We offer a simple known as the binomial classification system, to guide that is ‘‘user-friendly’’. We adopted the pro- rank and name of organisms, although they nunciation key to be found in the NBC Handbook are often left to discover on their own that Latin of Pronunciation and not Webster’s key, which is suffixes and inflected endings of Latin declensions based on a considerably more complex phonetic are used to distinguish orders, suborders, families, system and syllabication. subfamilies etc. And then, there is the inevitable The main purpose of this guide is to help those awkwardness and uncertainty that often accom- who did not study Latin and Greek gain a modicum

 2001 EAAM 184 D. M. Ranneft et al. of self-confidence in the pronunciation of the taxo- Medieval Latin compiled by R. Latham (London: nomic names of and . In preparing Oxford University Press, 1975). this guide, we received a variety of reactions from biologists as to its merits. Some thought it interest- Pronunciation Key ing, but of little importance, while others were pleased to know that someone cared about rectify- a as in apt, sap ing this common problem. And then there were ah as in calm, father those who said that there were no accepted rules for ahr as in ark, dark, harm pronouncing Latin- and Greek-based taxonomic air as in care, pair names, and that everyone was free to pronounce aw as in all, saw them any way they liked. Of course this statement is ay as in ail, say, tame not acceptable among certain scholars; still, we b as in bob, box, nab suspect few biologists today have the chance to seek ch as in chest, church, preach guidance on pronunciation. But that is precisely d as in dud, dug, sad how this guide came into being. Only one of the e as in bet, egg authors (R. Davis) is a biologist who never studied ee as in easy, me Latin in school. However, he met his daughter’s eer as in beer, ear, tier Latin instructor (D. Ranneft) during a parent– f as in far, fluff, thief teacher meeting at her high school. This chance g as in gave, grog, hag meeting led to a conversation about the recognized h as in half, he pronunciation of Latin, and in particular taxo- i as in is, quick nomic names. D. Ranneft, who had taught ‘Classi- i as in my, tie cal Elements in the English Language’ at The j as in jump, judge, magic University of Richmond, appreciated the difficulties k as in cuff, kluck associated with Latin- and Greek-based taxonomic l as in left, lull names. Over time, and with the later inclusion of H. m as in come, merry, mom Eaker, a former member of the Depart- n as in now, nun, span ment at Rice University and specialist in Late French final n as in garcon, vin Latin, this small guide was born. It was initially ng as in hang, sing, singer designed for students studying marine mammalogy o as in hot, on, sock at Texas A&M University. However, we believe oh as in clone, coat, oat that interest in this topic is more widespread be- oi as in boy, toil cause of the current increased interest in marine oo as in soon, too mammals among students of all ages and the gen- oor as in cure, poor, tour eral public. Even more experienced biologists will or as in for, tore, warn find this guide useful. ow as in cow, ouch Currently, recognized species of whales and dol- p as in put, pop, wrap phins along with other taxonomic classifications r as in hear, rap, rare (e.g., superfamily, family, subfamily) came from s as in sap, spice, twice Marine Mammals of the World by Jefferson, sh as in hush, sheep, shush Leatherwood and Webster (Rome: F.A.O. of the t as in pat, tip, toot U.N. 1993), Marine Mammals and Noise by th as in bath, fourth, thin Richardson, Greene, Malme, and Thomson (San th as in bathe, father, this Diego: Academic Pr. 1992), and Marine Mammals u as in supper, up of the World by Rice (Lawrence: Allen Pr. 1998). ur as in first, her, spur The Pronunciation Key used in this guide was uu as in book, foot, full adapted from the NBC Handbook of Pronunciation ü as in grün (German) by Ehrlich and Hand (N.Y. Harper Row Publish- v as in live, valve, very ers, 1984). We omitted the unhelpful, indeterminate w as in quiet, west schwa and added for Greek and Latin pronuncia- y as in yard, you tion the ü. The anglicized pronunciation is based, z as in hazy, please, zip where possible, on what is found in Webster’s Third zh as in leisure, pleasure New International Dictionary (Springfield: Merriam Webster Inc., 1986). Other dictionaries consulted Abbreviations used in the Guide: included: A Latin Dictionary compiled by Lewis and Short (Oxford University Press, 1955); A Gr=Greek L=Latin Greek-English Lexicon compiled by Liddell and L.p.=Latin pronunciation Scott (Oxford University Press, 1978); Dictionary of Gr.p.=Greek pronunciation Pronunciation of cetacean names 185

A.p.=Anglicized pronunciation Eschricht was a Danish zoologist according to w=Pronunciation based on Webster’s Third Inter- Leatherwood and Reeves (1983). national Dictionary In cases where cetacean names are unaltered Latin words, the latinized pronunciation can be Species used, rather than the anglicized pronunciation. All syllabication follows Classical rules. A capitalized Right glacialis (Müller, 1776) syllable indicates an accent on the vowel or stress. Balaena (A.p.) ba/LEE/na balaena (L) whale An asterix * invites the reader to go to the Appen- (L.p.) bah/LI/na dix for an explanation of the Latin suffix and/or glacialis (A.p.) gla/si/AY/lis glacialis (L) icy (L.p.) inflected ending of a Latin declension used for a gla/ki/AH/lis particular level of taxonomic classification. Balaena mysticetus (Linnaeus, 1758) Balaena (A.p.) ba/LEE/na w : (Whales, Dolphins and ) balaena (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na Cetacea (A.p.) see/TAY/shee/a w cetus or cetos mysticetus (A.p.) mis/ti/SEE/tus mysticetus (L) (L) whale (L.p.) KAY/tuus or KAY/tos from ketos from (Gr.) singular of mysticeti (See Suborder: (Gr) huge fish (Gr.p.) KAY/tos*. Mysticeti or Mysticete above) Suborder: Mysticeti or Mysticete ( whales) Pygmy Caperea marginata (Gray, 1846) Mysticeti (A.p.) mis/ti/SEE/tı w or Mysticete Caperea (A.p) ka/PE/ree/a Gotch (1979) explains (A.p.) mis/ti/SEE/tee w Plural of mysticetus (L) or a possible derivation from capero (L)Iam mysticetos (L) from Greek. According to Gotch wrinkled (L.p.) KA/pe/roh (1979), the derivation is possibly from mystax, marginata (A.p.) mar/ji/NAY/ta (marginatus)/ mystakos (Gr) moustache, (Gr.p.) MU} S/taks and marginata (L) bordered (L.p.) mar/gi/NAH/ta cetus (L) whale (L.p.) KAY/tuus from ketos (Gr) musculus (Linnaeus, 1758) huge fish (Gr.p.) KAY/tos. In the Oxford English w Dictionary, we find that mysticetus goes back to Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra balaena of the 4th Century BC in Historia (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings Animalium III xii, where modern editions read (Gr.p.) pte/RAH ‘ho mys to ketos’‘the mouse the whale’. How- musculus (A.p.) MOOS/ku/lus musculus (L) ever, at least one scholar (A. Peck, 1965) restored muscle, mouse (L.p.) MOOS/kuu/luus The Latin ‘mystakoketos’, ‘moustache-whale’ for the manu- word ‘musculus’ is formed from ‘mus’ (L) mean- scripts’‘the mouse the whale’ which according to ing mouse (L.p.) MOOS and the Latin diminu- Aristotle, does not have teeth in its mouth but tive suffix ‘-culus’. The word ‘musculus’ may refer hairs or bristles like . to: (1) mouse or little mouse, (2) sea (e.g., mussel in Plautus Rudens 298 or pilot fish for whales in Pliny’s Natural History IX,186, (3) muscle, (4) mantelet, or (5) small boat (Latin Families of the Suborder Mysticeti Dictionary by Lewis and Short, 1955). Similarly, the Greek word ‘mys’ (Gr.p.) MU} S may refer to a mouse, mussel or muscle. Early students of (Right and bowhead whales) anatomy studying the muscle may have been Balaenidae (A.p.) ba/LEE/ni/dee w balaena (L) reminded of a mouse. (Thesaurus Linguae Lati- whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+id (Gr) related to+ae nae, 1966; Thesaurus Graecae Linguae 1954.) (L)*. Balaenoptera physalus (Linnaeus, 1758) () Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra w balaena Neobalaenidae (A.p.) nee/oh/ba/LEE/ni/dee neos (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings (Gr.) new (Gr.p.) NE/os+balaena (L) whale (Gr.p.) pte/RAH (L.p.) bah/LI/na+id (Gr) related to+ae (L)*. physalus (A.p.) FI/sa/lus physalus (L) from physa- Balaenopteridae () los (Gr) puffed up toad (Leatherwood & Reeves, Balaenopteridae (A.p.) ba/lee/nop/TE/ri/dee w 1983) (Gr.p.) FU} /sah/los balaena (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) Balaenoptera borealis (Lesson, 1828) wings (Gr.p.) pte/RAH +id (Gr) related to+ae Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra w balaena (L)*. (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings () (Gr.p.) pte/RAH Eschrichtiidae (A.p) esh/rik/TI/i/dee Eschricht+- borealis (A.p.) boh/ree/A/lis w or bo/re/AY/lis i(us) common Latin/Roman name ending Boreas (L) North Wind+-alis (L) pertaining to (e.g. Julius)+id (Gr) related to+ae (L)*. (Burriss & Casson, 1949) (L.p) bo/re/AH/lis 186 D. M. Ranneft et al.

Eden’s whale Balaenoptera edeni (Anderson, 1879) (Gr.p.) o/DOOS+ceti (L) whales (L.p.) KAY/tee Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra w balaena plural of cetus (L) whale (L.p.) KAY/tuus from (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings ketos (Gr) whale. Odontocete (A.p.) oh/don/to/ (Gr.p.) pte/RAH SEE/tee w cete (L.p.) KAY/tay plural of cetos (L) edeni (A.p.) EE/de/nee or EE/de/nı Edeni (of whale from ketos (Gr.) huge fish, whale. Edenus) of Eden. The final ‘i’ is the Latin possessive case ending for a second declension Superfamilies of the Suborder Odontoceti noun, pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. According to Leatherwood and Reeves (1983), this species was (Dolphins) named after Ashley Eden, Chief Commissioner of Delphinoidea (A.p.) del/fi/NOI/dee/a delphinus British Burma. or delphin (L) (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from Bryde’s whale Balaenoptera brydei (Olsen, 1913) delphis (Gr) dolphin (Gr.p.) del/FIS +oide (Gr.) Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra w balaena like+a (L)* (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings Platanistoidea (Indian river-dolphins) (Gr.p.) pte/RAH Platanistoidea (A.p.) pla/ta/nis/TOI/dee/a pla- brydei (A.p.) BRI/de/ee or BRI/de/i Brydei (of tanista (L) fish or dolphin (L.p.) pla/ta/ Brydeus) of Bryde The final ‘i’ is the Latin NIS/ta from platanistes (Gr) fish of the Ganges possessive case ending for a second declension (Gr.p.) plah/tah/nis/TAYS+oide (Gr.) like+a noun, pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. (L)* Balaenoptera acutorostrata (Lacépède, (Sperm whales) 1804) w Physeteroidea (A.p.) fi/se/de/ROI/dee/a worfi/se/ Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra balaena te/ROI/dee/a (L) whale (L.p.)fü/SAY/ (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings tayr from physeter (Gr) blowpipe or whale (G.p.) (Gr.p.) pte/RAH fü/say/TAYR +oide (Gr.) like+a (L)* acutorostrata (A.p.) a/koo/to/rohs/TRAY/ta (acutus )/acuta (L) sharp (L.p.) a/KOO/ Ziphioidea (Beaked whales) ta+(rostratus)/rostrata (L) beaked (L.p.) rohs/ Ziphioidea (A.p.) zi/fi/OI/dee/a ziphius seems to TRAH/ta be an erroneous form of xiphia¯s (L) swordfish (Oxford English Dictionary) (L.p.) KSI/fi/ahs Balaenoptera bonaerensis from xiphias (Gr) swordfish (Gr.p.) KSI/fi/ahs (Burmeister, 1867) from xiphos (Gr) (Gr.p.) KSI/fos +oide Balaenoptera (A.p.) ba/lee/NOP/te/ra w balaena (Gr.) like+a (L)* (L) whale (L.p.) bah/LI/na+ptera (Gr) wings (Gr.p.) pte/RAH bonaerensis (A.p.) bo/naer/EN/sis bonus aer (L) Families of the Suborder Odontoceti good air (L.p.) BO/nuus AH/ayr+-ensis (L) be- Physeteridae () longing to aer (L) from aer (Gr) air (Gr.p.) w ah/AYR Physeteridae (A.p.) fi/se/TER/i/dee physeter (L) whale (L.p.)fü/SAY/tayr from physeter (Gr) Megaptera novaeangliae blowpipe or whale (G.p.) fü/say/TAYR +id (Gr) (Borowski, 1781) related to+ae (L)* Megaptera (A.p.) me/GAP/te/ra w (megas)/mega (Gr) great (Gr.p.) ME/gah+ ptera (Gr) wings (Pygmy and Dwarf sperm whales) (Gr.p.) pte/RAH Kogiidae (A.p.) koh/JI/i/dee +id (Gr) re- novaeangliae (A.p.) noh/vee/ANG/li/ee novae an- lated to+ae (L)*. Kogia was possibly named gliae (L) of New England (L.p) NO/wı ANG/li/ı after Cogia Effendi, a Turkish naturalist who ultimately from (novus)/nova (L) new+anglia (L) observed whales in the in the a region in south eastern medieval England early nineteenth century (Gotch, 1979). Gray whale robustus (Lilljeborg, 1861) ( and White Whale or Eschrichtius (A.p.) esh/RIK/ti/us Eschricht+-ius Beluga) common Latin/Roman name ending (e.g. Julius). Monodontidae (A.p) mo/no/DON/ti/dee monos Eschricht was a Danish zoologist according to (Gr) single (Gr.p) MO/nos+odous (Gr) Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). (Gr.p.) o/DOOS +id (Gr) related to+ae (L)* robustus (A.p) roh/BUS/tus robustus (L) strong Ziphiidae (Beaked whales) (L.p) roh/BUUS/tuus Ziphiidae (A.p) zi/FI/i/dee w or zi/FI/i/dee Ziphius Suborder: Odontoceti (Toothed whales) seems to be an erroneous form of xiphias (L) Odontoceti (A.p.) oh/don/to/SEE/tı w Plural of swordfish (Oxford English Dictionary) (L.p.) odontocetus* odous (Stem: odont-) (Gr) tooth KSI/fi/ahs from xiphias (Gr) swordfish (Gr.p.) Pronunciation of cetacean names 187

KSI/fi/ahs from xiphos (Gr) sword (Gr.p.) KSI/ ROS+cephalus Latinized form from kephale fos +id (Gr) related to+ae (L)* (Gr) head (Gr.p.) ke/fah/LAY catodon (A.p.) KA/to/don Latinized form from Delphinidae (Dolphins) kata (Gr) down (Gr.p) kah/TAH +odous (odont- Delphinidae (A.p.) del/FIN/i/dee w or del/FIN/i/ word stem) (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS dee delphinus (L) dolphin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from delphis (Gr) dolphin (Gr.p.) del/FIS +id (Gr) related to+ae (L)* Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838) Phocoenidae (Porpoises) Kogia (A.p.) KOH/jee/a w Kogia was possibly Phocoenidae (A.p.) foh/SEE/ni/dee named after Cogia Effendi, a Turkish naturalist variant form of phocaena Latinized form of who observed whales in the Mediterranean Sea in phokaina (Gr) (Gr.p.) FOH/ki/nah +id the early nineteenth century (Gotch, 1979). (Gr) related to+ae (L)*. Aristotle noted that the breviceps (A.p.) BRE/vi/seps brevis/breve (L) phokaina is like a small delphis and exists in the short (L.p.) BRE/wis+-ceps (L) from caput (L) Black Sea. ‘The porpoise differs from the dolphin head (L.p.) KA/puut for its size is less and it is broader from the back. It has a dark blue steel color. Many say the Kogia simus or Kogia sima porpoise is a kind of dolphin.’ Historia Animal- (Owen, 1866) ium 566 b. Kogia (A.p.) KOH/jee/a w Kogia was possibly named after Cogia Effendi, a Turkish naturalist (Indian river-dolphin) w who observed whales in the Mediterranean Sea in Platanistidae (A.p.) pla/ta/NIS/ti/dee platanista (L) Ganges fish or dolphin (L.p.) pla/ta/NIS/ta the early nineteenth century (Gotch, 1979). or (A.p.) SI/mus or SI/ma simus or from platanistes (Gr) fish of the Ganges (Gr.p.) simus sima sima (L) snub-nosed (L.p.) SEE/muus from simos plah/tah/nis/TAYS +id (Gr) related to+ae (L)*. (Gr) snub-nosed (Gr.p.) si/MOS Pliny, the Roman naturalist of the 1st Century A.D., says that in the Ganges of India, platanis- tae have the and tail of the dolphin. Natural Narwhal Monodon monoceros (Linnaeus, 1758) History IX 46. Monodon (A.p.) MO/no/don monos (Gr) single (Gr.p.) MO/nos +odous (Gr) tooth (Gr.p) (-dolphin or ) o/DOOS Iniidae (A.p.) i/NI/i/dee +id (Gr) related monoceros (A.p.) mo/NO/se/ros monos (Gr) to+ae (L)*. Inia is the native name used for the single (Gr.p.) MO/nos +partially Latinized form dolphin by Guarayo Indians of the San Miguel from keras (Gr) (Gr.p.) KE/rahs River in Bolivia (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983). Pontoporiidae ( or Franciscana) White whale or Beluga Delphinapterus leucas (Pallas, 1776) Pontoporiidae (A.p.) pon/to/po/RI/i/dee pontos w (Gr) sea (Gr.p.) PON/tos +poros (Gr) passage Delphinapterus (A.p.) del/fi/NAP/ter/us - (Gr.p.) PO/ros +id (Gr) related to+ae (L)*. nus (L) dolphin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus or delphin The dolphin was named from the belief that it (L) from delphis (Gr) dolphin+apterus Latinized inhabits fresh and marine waters according to form of apteros (Gr.) without wings (Gr.p.) Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). AHP/te/ros leucas (A.p.) LOO/kas Latinized form from (Chinese river-dolphin or ) leukos (Gr) white (Gr.p.) leh-oo/KOS Lipotidae (A.p.) li/PO/ti/dee or li/POH/ti/dee lipos (Gr.) fat (Gr.p.) LI/pos or less likely, but Baird’s bairdii (Stejneger, according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983) and 1883) Gotch (1979), leipo (Gr.) I leave Berardius (A.p.) bay/RAR/di/us Bérard+-ius common Latin name ending. Bérard was the French captain of a ship carrying a whale named after him from to in 1846 Species (Leatherwood and Reeves, 1983). Sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus (formerly ca- bairdii (A.p.) BAIR/di/ee or BAIR/di/ı Bairdii (of todon) (Linnaeus, 1758) Bairdius), of Baird +-ius common Latin name Physeter (A.p.) fı/SEE/der w or fi/SEE/ter phy- ending. The final ‘i’ is the possessive case ending seter (L) whale (L.p.) fü/SAY/tayr from physeter for a second declension noun, pronounced ‘ee’ in (Gr) blow-pipe, or whale (G.p.) fü/say/TAYR Latin. Spencer Baird was an American zoologist macrocephalus (A.p.) mak/ro/SE/fa/lus or mak/ who did a survey of the Pacific from 1857 roh/SE/fa/lus makros (Gr) long (Gr.p.) mahk/ to 1859 (Gotch, 1979). 188 D. M. Ranneft et al.

Arnoux’s beaked whale Berardius arnuxii Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ (Duvernoy, 1851) meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) Berardius (A.p.) bay/RAR/di/us Bérard+-ius weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon +odous (Gr) tooth common Latin name ending. Bérard was the (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that French captain of a ship carrying a whale named the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle after him from New Zealand to France in 1846 of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983). densirostris (A.p.) den/si/ROHS/tris from (den- arnuxii (A.p.) ar/NOOK/si/ee or ar/NOOK/si/ı sus) /densum (L) thick (L.p.) DAYN/suum+ Arnuxii (of Arnouxius), of Arnoux+-ius com- rostrum (L) beak (L.p.) ROHS/truum mon Latin name ending. The final ‘i’ is the possessive case ending for a second declension Gray’s beaked whale Mesoplodon grayi (von Haast, 1876) noun, pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. Arnoux was a w French surgeon on Bérard’s ship travelling from Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don (mesos)/ New Zealand to France according to Leather- meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) wood & Reeves, 1983. weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon +odous (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that Cuvier’s beaked whale Ziphius cavirostris (Cuvier, the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle 1823) w of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). Ziphius (A.p.) ZI/fee/us ziphius seems to be an grayi (A.p.) GRAY/ee or GRAY/i grayi (of erroneous form of xiphias (L) swordfish (Oxford Grayus) of Gray. The final ‘i’ is a Latin word English Dictionary) (L.p.) KSI/fi/ahs from ending indicating possessive case, pronounced xiphias (Gr) swordfish and ultimately from ‘ee’. J. Gray was a director of the British Museum xiphos (Gr) sword (Gr.p.) KSI/fos according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983) cavirostris (A.p.) ka/vi/ROHS/tris from (cavus)/ cavum (L) hollow (L.p.) KA/wuum+ rostrum (L) Ginkgo-toothed beaked whale Mesoplodon gink- beak (L.p.) ROHS/truum godens (Nishiwaki and Kamiya, 1958) w Nothern Hyperoodon ampullatus Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don (mesos)/ (Forster, 1770) meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) Hyperoodon (A.p.) hi/pe/ROH/o/don w hyperoios weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon +odous (Gr) tooth (Gr) upper (Gr.p.) hü/pe/ROH/i/os+odous (Gr) (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle ampullatus (A.p.) am/pu/LAY/tus ampulla (L) of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). flask or bottle (L.p.) AM/puu/la+-atus (L) having ginkgodens (A.p.) GING/koh/denz (or JING/koh/ the shape of (Ayers, 1972) denz) ginkgo from ginkyo (Japanese), a tree with fan shaped leaves. The mandibular teeth of this Southern bottlenose whale Hyperoodon planifrons whale are apparently shaped like the leaves of the (Flower, 1882) w ginkgo tree according to Leatherwood & Reeves Hyperoodon (A.p.) hi/pe/ROH/o/don hyperoios (1983)+dens (L) tooth (L.p.) DAYNS. (Gr) upper (Gr.p.) hü/pe/ROH/i/os+odous (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS Hector’s beaked whale Mesoplodon hectori (Gray, planifrons (A.p.) PLAY/ni/fronz (planus)/plana 1871) (L) flat (L.p) PLAH/na+frons (L) forehead (L.p.) Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ FROHNS meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth. Shepherd’s beaked whale Tasmacetus sheperdi (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that (Oliver, 1937) the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle Tasmacetus (A.p.) taz/ma/SEE/tus Tasma refers of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). to the Tasman Sea (Leatherwood & Reeves, hectori (A.p) HEK/to/ree or HEK/to/ri Hectori 1983)+cetus/cetos (L) whale (L.p.) KAY/tuus (of Hectorus) of Hector The final ‘i’ is a Latin from ketos (Gr) whale (Gr.p.) KAY/tos. word ending indicating possessive case, pro- shepherdi (A.p.) SHE/per/dee or SHE/per/di shep- nounced ‘ee’. However, note that the Romans erdi (of Sheperdus) of Sheperd. The final ‘i’ is a would not have used a second declension Latin word ending indicating the possessive case, word ending ‘i’ on a third declension proper pronounced ‘ee’. G. Shepherd, a curator of the noun, Hector, borrowed from Greek. For the Wanganui Museum in New Zealand, obtained Romans, ‘of Hector’ would be Hectoris. J. the whale specimen that was named after him Hector was curator of the Colonial Museum in (Leatherwood & Reeves, 1983). Wellington, New Zealand where the whale was Blainville’s beaked whale Mesoplodon densirostris named according to Leatherwood & Reeves (de Blainville, 1817) (1983) Pronunciation of cetacean names 189

Hubb’s beaked whale Mesoplodon carlhubbsi mirus (A.p.) MI/rus mirus (L) wonderful (L.p.) (Moore, 1963) MEE/ruus Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) Strap- Mesoplodon layardii (Gray, weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth 1865) w (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don (mesos)/ the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth carlhubbsi (A.p.) KAHRL/hub/see or KAHRL/ (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that hub/sı carlhubbsi (of Carl Hubbsus) of Carl the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle Hubbs. The final ‘i’ is a Latin word ending of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). indicating possessive case, pronounced ‘ee’. Carl layardii (A.p.) lay/AR/di/ee or lay/AR/di/ı layardii Hubbs was an American marine zoologist ac- (of Layardius) of Layard+-ius common Latin cording to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). name ending. The final ‘i’ is the Latin possessive case ending pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. Layard E. Mesoplodon peruvianus Layard, curator of the South African Museum, (Reyes, et al., 1991) provided drawings of the whale named after Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ him according to Leatherwood & Reeves meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) (1983) weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that Andrew’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bowdoini the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle (Andrews, 1908) w of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don (mesos)/ peruvianus (A.p.) pe/roo/vee/AY/nus a meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) country in +(i)anus (L) belonging weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth to (Burriss & Casson, 1949). (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle Sowerby’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bidens of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). (Sowerby, 1804) bowdoini (A.p.) BOH/do/nee or BOH/do/ni bow- Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ doini (of Bowdoinus) of Bowdoin. The final ‘i’ is meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) the Latin possessive case ending pronounced ‘ee’ weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth in Latin. George Bowdoin was a trustee of the (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that American Museum of Natural History and ex- the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle panded the museum’s cetacean collection accord- of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). ing to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983) bidens (A.p.) BI/denz w or BI/denz bidens (L) with two teeth (L.p.) BI/dayns from bis (L) twice and Bahamonde’s beaked whale Mesoplodon bahamondi dens (L) tooth. (Reyes, et al.,1996) Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ Gervais’ beaked whale Mesoplodon europaeus meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) (Gervais, 1855) weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that bahamondi (A.p.) ba/ha/MON/dee or ba/ha/ the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle MON/di bahamondi (of Bahamondus) of of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). Bahamonde according to Rice (1998) The final ‘i’ europaeus (A.p.) yoo/roh/PEE/us Europaeus (L) is the Latin possessive case ending pronounced of Europe (L.p.) eoo/roh/PI/uus from Europa (L) ‘ee’ in Latin Europe (L.p.) eoo/ROH/pa from Europe (Gr) Europe (Gr.p.) eh-oo/ROH/pay Longman’s beaked whale Indopacetus pacificus (Longman, 1926) True’s beaked whale Mesoplodon mirus (True, 1913) Indopacetus (A.p) in/do/pa/SEE/tus indicus (L) Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ Indian (L.p.) IN/di/kuus pacificus (L) Pacific meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) (L.p.) pah/KI/fi/kuus weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth cetus (L) whale (L.p.) KAY/tuus from ketos (Gr) (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that huge fish pacificus (A.p.) pah/SI/fi/kus the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle pacificus (L) Pacific (L.p.) pah/KI/fi/kuus from of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). pax (L) peace and facio (L) I make. 190 D. M. Ranneft et al.

Stejneger’s beaked whale Mesoplodon stejnegeri crassidens (A.p.) KRA/si/denz crassus (L) (True 1885) thick+dens (L) tooth (L.p.) KRA/suus DAYNS. Mesoplodon (A.p.) me/ZOP/lo/don w (mesos)/ This whale has conspicuous teeth according to meson (Gr) middle (Gr.p.) ME/son+hoplon (Gr) Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). weapon (Gr.p) HOP/lon+odous (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS. This derivation denoted that Pygmy Feresa attenuata (Gray, 1874) the whale was armed with a tooth in the middle Feresa (A.p.) fe/REE/sa or fe/RAY/za Feresa is a of its lower jaw according to Mead (1989). vernacular French name for dolphin according to stejnegeri (A.p.) STI/ne/je/ree or STI/ne/je/rı stei- Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). jnegeri (of Stejnegerus) of Stejneger. The final ‘i’ attenuata (A.p.) a/te/nu/AY/ta (attenuatus)/ is a Latin word ending indicating possessive case, attenuata (L) weak, reduced (L.p.) a/te/nuu/ pronounced ‘ee’. Leonhard Stejneger, former AH/ta curator of the U.S. National Museum, obtained -headed whale Peponocephala electra (Gray, the whale named after him in 1883 according to 1846) Leatherwood & Reeves (1983) Peponocephala (A.p.) pe/poh/no/SE/fa/la or pee/ brevirostris (Gray, 1866) poh/no/SE/fa/la pepon (L) melon (L.p.) PE/pohn Orcaella (A.p.) AWR/kee/la or AWR/ka/e/la orca from pepon (Gr) melon (Gr.p.) PE/ (L) whale (L.p.) OR/ka+ella (L) little (Burris & pohn+cephala Latinized form of kephale (Gr.) Casson, 1949) head (Gr.p.) ke/fah/LAY brevirostris (A.p.) bre/vi/ROHS/tris from (brevis)/ electra (A.p.) e/LEK/tra or ee/LEK/tra Electra breve (L) short (L.p.) BRE/we+ rostrum (L) beak from Elektra (Gr) (Gr.p.) AY/lek/trah Leather- (L.p.) ROHS/truum wood & Reeves (1983) suggested this refers to a Killer whale orca (Linnaeus, 1758) nymph. There was a sea nymph Electra, daughter Orcinus (A.p.) awr/SI/nus w orca (L) whale (L.p.) of Oceanus according to Moreford & Lenardon OR/ka+inus (L) like/belonging to (Burriss & (1977). However, another obvious Electra would Casson,1949) be the daughter of Agamemnon who mourns the orca (A.p.) AWR/ka w orca (L) whale, killer of her father slain by her mother after his whale (L.p.) OR/ka. The orca is described as return from the Trojan War according to Greek particularly formidable and aggressive in Pliny’s tradition. Perhaps the whale’s distinctive black Natural History IX, 12-13. He stated that ‘Orcae coloration and ‘cape’ pattern brought the mourn- attack the young of other whales or even females ing Electra to mind. newly delivered or pregnant.’ fluviatilis (Gervais, 1853) Long-finned Globicephala melas (Traill, Sotalia (A.p.) soh/TA/li/a coined or of unknown 1809) origin according to Leatherwood & Reeves Globicephala (A.p.) gloh/bi/SE/fa/la w globus (L) (1983) and Gotch (1979). sphere (L.p.) GLO/buus+cephala Latinized form fluviatilis (A.p.) floo/vee/AY/ti/lis fluviatilis (L) of of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fah/LAY a river (L.p.) fluu/wi/AH/ti/lis melas (A.p.) ME/las melas (Gr.) black (Gr.p.) ME/lahs. This whale has a bulbous head and Pacific hump-backed dolphin Sousa chinensis is slate gray to black in color according to (Osbeck, 1765) Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). Sousa (A.p) SOO/sa Sousa is of unknown origin according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983), but Short-finned pilot whale Globicephala macrorhyn- perhaps refers to Sousa (Gr.p.) SOO/sah, the chus (Gray, 1846) royal city of the Persians, and the appearance of Globicephala (A.p.) gloh/bi/SE/fa/la w globus (L) the dolphin in the waters of both central and east sphere (L.p.) GLO/buus+cephala Latinized form Asia. of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fah/LAY chinensis (A.p.) CHI/nen/sis +ensis (L) macrorhynchus (A.p.) mak/roh/RING/kus makros belonging to (Gr.) long (Gr.p.) mahk/ROS +rhynchus Lati- nized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) Atlantic hump-backed dolphin Sousa teuszii RHU} N/kos (Kükenthal, 1892) Sousa (A.p) SOO/sa Sousa is of unknown origin, crassidens (Owen, according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983), but 1846) perhaps refers to Sousa (Gr.p.) SOO/sa, the royal Pseudorca (A.p.) SOO/dawr/ka or SYOO/ city of the Persians and the appearance of the dawr/ka pseudes (Gr.) false (Gr.p.) pseh-oo/ dolphin in the waters of both central and east DAYS +orca (L) whale ( L.p.) OR/ka Asia. Pronunciation of cetacean names 191

teuszii (A.p.) TYOOS/zi/ee or TYOOS/zi/ı Teusz Latinized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) is a person’s name according to Rice (1998)+-ius RHÚ} N/kos common Latin name ending Teuszii (of Teuszius) acutus (A.p.) a/KOO/tus acutus (L) sharp (L.p.) of Teusz. The final ‘i’ is a Latin word ending a/KOO/tuus indicating possessive case, pronounced ‘ee’. Hour-glass dolphin cruciger (Quoy Indian or Plumbeous dolphin & Gaimard, 1824) Sousa plumbea ( Cuvier, 1829) Lagenorhynchus (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena Sousa (A.p) SOO/sa Sousa is of unknown origin, (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983), but Latinized form of rhynchos (Gr) snout (Gr.p.) perhaps refers to Sousa (Gr.p.) SOO/sa, the royal RHU} N/kos city of the Persians and the appearance of the cruciger (A.p.) KROO/si/jer (Medieval Latin) dolphin in the waters of both central and east cross-bearing from crux (L) cross (L.p.) KRU- Asia. UKS+ -igere from agere (L) to carry (L.p.) plumbea (A.p.) PLUM/be/a (plumbeus) / A/ge/re plumbea (L) leaden (L.p.) PLUUM/be/a Peale’s dolphin Lagenorhynchus australis (Peale, Rough-toothed dolphin Steno bredanensis (Lesson, 1848) 1828) Lagenorhynchus (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena Steno (A.p.) STE/noh Gotch (1979) thinks Steno (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus Lati- was named after Dr. Nikolaus Steno, a noted nized form of rhynchos (Gr) snout (Gr.p.) Danish anatomist and author. This seems likely RHU} N/kos although Leatherwood & Reeves believe Steno is australis (A.p.) aw/STRAY/lis w australis (L) derived from stenos (Gr.) narrow. southern (L.p.) ows/TRAH/lis bredanensis (A.p.) bre/da/NEN/sis Breda+ensis (L) belonging to. Van Breda of Ghent made the original sketch of the species (Gotch, 1979). Risso’s dolphin Grampus griseus (Cuvier, 1812) Grampus (A.p.) GRAM/pus w grampus is derived Pacific white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus obliqui- from crassus piscis (L) fat fish according to Burris dens (Gill, 1865) and Casson (1949) (L.p.) KRA/suus PIS/kis Lagenorhynchus (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena griseus (A.p.) GRI/zeus grıseus (Medieval Latin) (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus Lati- gray (L.p.) GREE/seuus nized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHÚ} N/kos Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, obliquidens (A.p.) o/BLI/kwi/dens obliquus (L) 1821) slanting (L.p.) ob/LEE/kwuus+dens (L) tooth Tursiops (A.p.) TUR/si/ops tursio or thursio (L) (L.p.) DAYNS fish like a dolphin in Pliny’s Natural History IX, Lagenorhynchus obscurus (Gray, 34 (L.p.) TUUR/si/o or THUUR/si/oh from thyr- 1828) sion (Gr.) dolphin-like fish (Gr.p.) THUR/si/ Lagenorhynchus (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena ohn+ops (Gr.) eye, face (Gr.p.) OHPS (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus Lati- truncatus (A.p.) trun/KAY/tus truncatus (L) cut nized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) off (L.p.) truun/KAH/tuus RHU} N/kos obscurus (A.p.) ob/SKOO/rus obscurus (L) dark bottlenose dolphin Tursiops aduncus (L.p.) op/SKOO/ruus (Ehrenberg, 1833) Tursiops (A.p.) TUR/si/ops tursio or thursio (L) White-beaked dolphin Lagenorhynchus albirostris fish like a dolphin in Pliny’s Natural History IX, (Gray, 1846) 34 (L.p.) TUUR/si/o or THUUR/si/oh from thyr- (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena Lagenorhynchus sion (Gr.) dolphin-like fish (Gr.p.) THUR/si/ (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus Lati- ohn+ops (Gr.) eye, face (Gr.p.) OHPS nized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) aduncus (A.p.) a/DUN/kus aduncus (L) hooked RHÛN/kos (L.p.) ad/UUN/kuus albirostris (A.p.) al/bi/ROHS/tris from (albus)/ album (L) white (L.p.) Al/buum +rostrum (L) Pantropical attenuata beak (L.p.) ROHS/truum (Gray, 1846) Atlantic white-sided dolphin Lagenorhynchus acutus Stenella (A.p.) ste/NE/la (stenos)/stene (Gr.) nar- (Gray, 1828) row (Gr.p.) ste/NAY +ella (L) little Lagenorhynchus (A.p.) la/jee/no/RING/kus lagena attenuata (A.p.) a/te/nu/AY/ta (attenuatus)/ (L) large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+rhynchus attenuata (L) reduced (L.p.) a/te/nuu/AH/ta 192 D. M. Ranneft et al.

Atlantic spotted dolphin Stenella frontalis (Cuvier, Fraser’s dolphin Lagenodelphis hosei (Fraser, 1956) 1829) Lagenodelphis (A.p.) la/jee/no/DEL/fis lagena (L) Stenella (A.p.) ste/NE/la (stenos)/stene (Gr.) nar- large flask (L.p.) la/GAY/na+ delphis (Gr.) dol- row (Gr.p.) ste/NAY +ella (L) little phin (Gr.p.) del/FIS frontalis (A.p.) fron/TAY/lis frons (L) forehead hosei (A.p.) HOH/ze/ee or HOH/zee or HOH/ze/ı (L.p.) FROHNS+ alis (L) pertaining to or HOH/zı hosei (of Hoseus) of Hose. The final i indicates the possessive case and is pronounced Stenella longirostris (Gray, 1828) ‘ee’ in Latin. C. Hose in Sarawak obtained the Stenella (A.p.) ste/NE/la (stenos)/stene (Gr.) nar- specimen in 1895 according to Leatherwood & row (Gr.p.) ste/NAY +ella (L) little Reeves (1983). longirostris (A.p.) lon/ji/ROHS/tris from (longus)/ longum (L) long (L.p.) LON/guum +rostrum (L) Northern Lissodelphis borealis beak (L.p.) ROHS/truum (Peale, 1848) Lissodelphis (A.p.) li/soh/DEL/fis lissos (Gr.) Stenella clymene (Gray, 1850) smooth (Gr.p.) li/SOS+delphis (Gr.) dolphin Stenella (A.p.) ste/NE/la (stenos)/stene (Gr.) nar- (Gr.p.) del/FIS row (Gr.p.) ste/NAY +ella (L) little borealis (A.p.) boh/ree/A/lis w or bo/re/AY/lis bo- clymene (A.p.) KLI/me/nee or KLI/me/nee realis Boreas (L) North Wind+alis (L) pertaining Clymene Latinized form of Klymene (Gr.) to (L.p.) bo/re/AH/lis daughter of Oceanus according to Moreford & Lenardon (1977) (Gr.p.) klü/ME/nay dolphin Lissodelphis peronii (Lacépède, 1804) (Meyen, 1833) Stenella coeruleoalba Lissodelphis (A.p.) li/soh/DEL/fis lissos (Gr.) Stenella (A.p.) ste/NE/la (stenos)/stene (Gr.) nar- smooth (Gr.p.) li/SOS+delphis (Gr.) dolphin row (Gr.p.) ste/NAY +ella (L) little (Gr.p.) del/FIS see/ru/le/oh/AL/ba (coeruleus= coeruleoalba peronii (A.p.) pe/ROH/ni/ee or pe/ROH/ni/ı pero- caeruleus)/caerulea (L) dark blue (L.p.) ki /RUU/ nii (of Peronius) of Peron+-ius common Latin le/a+(albus)/alba (L) white (L.p.) AL/ba name ending. The final ‘i’ indicates the possessive Delphinus delphis (Linnaeus, 1758) case and is pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. F. Peron, a Delphinus (A.p.) del/FI/nus w delphinus (L) dol- French naturalist, observed these dolphins ac- phin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from delphis (Gr) dol- cording to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). phin (Gr.p.) del/FIS. Pliny described the Commerson’s dolphin commersonii delphinus as the swiftist of , friendly to (Lacépède, 1804) man and appreciative of music in his Natural Cephalorhynchus (A.p.) se/fa/lo/RING/kus ce- History IX 20 & 24. phala Latinized form of kephale (Gr.) head ( A.p.) DEL/fis delphis (Gr) dolphin delphis (Gr.p.) ke/fa/LAY +rhynchus Latinized form of (Gr.p.) del/FIS rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHU} N/kos Cape dolphin Delphinus capensis (Gray, 1828) commersonii (A.p.) ko/mer/So/ni/ee or ko/mer/ Delphinus (A.p.) del/FI/nus w delphinus (L) dol- SO/ni/ı Commersonii (of Commersonius) of phin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from delphis (Gr) dol- Commerson+-ius common Latin name ending. phin (Gr.p.) del/FIS. Pliny described the The final ‘i’ indicates the possessive case and is delphinus as the swiftist of animals, friendly to pronounced as ‘ee’ in Latin. Commerson, a doc- man and appreciative of music in his Natural tor and botanist in the 18th Century, described History IX 20 & 24. the species according to Leatherwood & Reeves capensis (A.p.) kay/ PEN/sis or ka/PEN/sis (1983). Cape+-ensis (L) belonging to Heaviside’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus heavisidii Arabian common or Saddleback dolphin Delphinus (Gray, 1828) tropicalis (van Bree, 1971) Cephalorhynchus (A.p.) se/fa/lo/RING/kus ce- Delphinus (A.p.) del/FI/nus w delphinus (L) dol- phala Latinized form of kephale (Gr.) head phin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from delphis (Gr) dol- (Gr.p.) ke/fa/LAY +rhynchus Latinized form of phin (Gr.p.) del/FIS. Pliny described the rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHU} N/kos delphinus as the swiftist of animals, friendly to heavisidii (A.p.) he/vee/SI/di/ee or he/vee/SI/di/i man and appreciative of music in his Natural Heavisidii (of Heavisidius) of Heaviside+-ius History IX 20 & 24. common Latin name ending. The final ‘i’ indi- tropicalis (A.p.) or tro/pi/KA/lis tropics or from cates the possessive case and is pronounced as tropicus (L) Tropical (L.p.) TRO/pi/kuus +-alis ‘ee’ in Latin. Captain Haviside brought the (L) pertaining to tropicus (L) from tropikos (Gr) first specimen from the Cape of Good Hope to of the solstice (Gr.p.) tro/pi/KOS England in 1827 according to Leatherwood & Pronunciation of cetacean names 193

Reeves (1983), who noted that an ‘e’ was added Burmeister’s porpoise Phocoena spinipinnis in error to his name. (Burmeister, 1865) Phocoena (A.p.) foh/SEE/na w variant of Hector’s dolphin Cephalorhynchus hectori (van phocaena Latinized form of phokaina (Gr.) por- Bénéden, 1881) poise (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah Cephalorhynchus (A.p.) se/fa/lo/RING/kus Lati- spinipinnis (A.p.) spi/ni/PI/nis from spina (L) nized form of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fa/ thorn (L.p.) SPEE/na +pinna/penna (L) wing LAY +rhynchus Latinized form of rhynchos (L.p.) PI/na (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHÚ} N/kos Hector (A.p.) HEK/to/ree or HEK/to/ri hectori Phocoena sinus (Norris and McFarland, 1958) (of Hectorus) of Hector. However, note that the w Romans would not have used a second declen- Phocoena (A.p.) foh/SEE/na variant of phocaena Latinized form of phokaina (Gr.) por- sion word ending, indicating possession, ‘i’,ona w third declension proper noun, Hector, borrowed poise (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah sinus (A.p.) SI/nus or from Greek. For the Romans, ‘of Hector’ was SI/nus sinus (L) curve, fold, bay (L.p.) SI/nuus Hectoris. Hector, a New Zealander, collected the Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier, species in 1869, according to Leatherwood & 1829) Reeves (1983). Neophocaena (A.p.) nee/oh/foh/SEE/na neos (Gr.) new (Gr.p.) NE/os+phocaena Latinized form of Black dolphin Cephalorhynchus eutropia (Gray, phokaina (Gr.) porpoise (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah 1846) phocaenoides (A.p.) foh/see/NOI/des Latinized Cephalorhynchus (A.p.) se/fa/lo/RING/kus Lati- phokaina (Gr.) porpoise (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah nized form of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fa/ +oid (Gr.) like LAY+rhynchus Latinized form of rhynchos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHÚ} N/kos Indian river-dolphin Platanista gangetica (Roxburg, eutropia (A.p.) yoo/TRO/pi/a eutropia (Gr.) ver- 1801) satility (Gr.p.) eh-oo/tro/PI/ah from eutropos Platanista (A.p.) pla/ta/NIS/ta w platanista (L) (Gr.) versatile. This derivation seems more likely fish of the Ganges (L.p.) pla/ta/NIS/ta from pla- than the derivation offered by Leatherwood and tanistes (Gr.) fish of the Ganges (Gr.p.) plah/tah/ Reeves (1983). eu (Gr.) well+tropis (Gr) head ? nis/TAYS or tropidos (Gr.) keel. gangetica (A.p.) gan/JEE/ti/ka (gangeticus)/ gangetica (L) of the Ganges (L.p.) gan/GAY/ti/ka Dall’s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli (True, 1885) from gangetikos (G) from the Ganges (Gr.p.) Phocoenoides (A.p.) foh/see/NOI/des phocoena gahn/GAY/ti/kos variant of phocaena Latinized form of phokaina (Gr.) porpoise (Gr.p.) FOH/ki/nah +oid (Gr.) Amazon river-dolphin or Boto Inia geoffrensis (de like Blainville, 1817) dalli (A.p.) DAW/lee or DAW/lı Dalli (of Dallus) Inia (A.p.) I/ni/a Inia was a native name for the of Dall. The final ‘i’ indicates the possessive case dolphin in Bolivia according to Leathwood & and is pronounced ‘ee’ in Latin. W. Dall, an Reeves (1983). American zoologist, provided notes and drawings geoffrensis (A.p.) jef/REN/sis Geoffrey+ensis (L) of two specimens according to Leatherwood & belonging to. Geoffrey St. Hilaire helped obtain Reeves (1983). specimens according to Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). Phocoena dioptrica (Lahille, Chinese/Yangtse river-dolphin or Baiji Lipotes vexil- 1912) lifer (Miller, 1918) Phocoena (A.p.) foh/SEE/na variant of phocaena Lipotes (A.p.) LI/po/tes or LI/poh/tes lipos (Gr.) Latinized form of phokaina (Gr.) porpoise fat (Gr.p.) LI/pos or less likely, but according to (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah Leatherwood and Reeves (1983) and Gotch dioptrica (A.p.) dı/OP/tri/ka dioptrica Latinized (1979), leipo (Gr.) I leave form of dioptrikos (Gr.) of a dioptra (Gr.) optical vexillifer (A.p.) vek/SI/li/fer vexillum (L) flag instrument for measuring angles and altitudes (L.p.) way/KSI/luum (L) flag+fer ‘bearer’ from (Gr.p.) di/OP/trah ferre (L) to bear Phocoena phocoena (Linnaeus, La Plata dolphin or Franciscana Pontoporia blainvil- 1758) lei (Gervais & d’ Orbigny, 1844) Phocoena (A.p.) foh/SEE/na w variant of Pontoporia (A.p.) pon/to/PO/ri/a pontos (Gr.) phocaena Latinized form of phokaina (Gr.) sea (Gr.p.) PON/tos +poros (Gr.) passage porpoise (Gr.p.) FOH/kı/nah (Gr.p.) PO/ros 194 D. M. Ranneft et al.

blainvillei (A.p.) BLAYN/vil/e/ee or BLAYN/ Lissodelphinae vil/ee or BLAYN/vil/e/ı or BLAYN/vil/ı Blainvillei Lissodelphinae (A.p.) li/soh/del/FI/nee lissos (Gr) (of Blainvilleus) of Blainville. The final ‘i’ indi- smooth (Gr.p.) li/SOS+ delphis (Gr.) dolphin cates the possessive case and is pronounced ‘ee’ (Gr.p.) del/FIS+ ın (L) like+ae (L)* in Latin. H.M. Ducrotay de Blainville (1777– Cephalorhynchinae 1850) was a well-known naturalist according to Cephalorynchinae (A.p.) se/fa/loh/ring/KI/nee Leatherwood & Reeves (1983). Latinized form of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fa/LAY +rhynchus Latinized form of rhyn- chos (Gr.) snout (Gr.p.) RHÚ} N/kos +ın (L) like+ae (L)* Subfamilies

Orcaellinae Orcaellinae (A.p.) awr/kee/LI/nee or awr/ka/e/LI/ Other Terms nee orca (L) whale (L.p.) OR/ka+ella (L) little+ın (L) like+ae (L)* Mysticetes w mysticetes (A.p.) MIS/ti/seets mystax (Gr.) Globicephalinae (A.p.) gloh/bi/se/fa/LI/nee glo- moustache (Gr.p.) MÚ} S/taks+cete (L) whales bus (L) sphere (L.p.) GLO/buus+cephala Lati- (L.p.) KAY/tay plural of cetos (L) whale (L.p.) nized form of kephale (Gr.) head (Gr.p.) ke/fah/ KAY/tos from ketos (Gr) huge fish (Gr.p.) KAY/ LAY +ın (L) like+ae (L)* tos +s (for English plural which is obviously redundant) Steninae Steninae (A.p.) ste/NI/nee Gotch (1979) thinks Odontocetes w Steno bredanensis, a species of this subfamily was odontocetes (A.p.) oh/DON/to/seets odous named after Dr Nikolaus Steno, a noted Danish (odont-) (Gr) tooth (Gr.p.) o/DOOS+cete (L) anatomist and author. This seems likely although whales (L.p.) KAY/tay plural of cetos (L) whale Leatherwood & Reeves (1983) believed Steno is (L.p.) KAY/tos from ketos (Gr) huge fish (Gr.p.) derived from stenos (Gr.) narrow. Steno+ın (L) KAY/tos +s (for English plural which is obvi- like+ae (L)* ously redundant) Delphininae Delphinids Delphininae (A.p.) del/fi/NI/nee or del/fi/NI/nee delphinids (A.p) del/FI/nidz delphınus or delphın delphınus or delphın (L) dolphin (L.p.) del/FEE/ (L) dolphin (L.p.) del/FEE/nuus from delphis nuus from delphis (Gr) dolphin (Gr.p.) del/FIS (Gr) dolphin (Gr.p.) del/FIS+id (Gr) related +ın (L) like+ae (L)* to+s (for English plural)

Appendix: Latin and Greek elements and Latin declensions used in binomial classification of cetaceans.

Phylogenetic Designation Derivation Ending

Order Cetacea cetus/cetos (L) whale from ketos (Gr) huge a (L) (2nd declension neuter plural) fish Suborders Mysticeti mystax (Gr) moustache+cetus (L) whale i (L) (2nd declension masculine plural) Odontoceti odous (Gr) tooth+cetus (L) whale Superfamilies Delphinoidea delphinus/delphin (L) dolphin from delphis oid/oide (Gr) like (Burriss & Casson, (Gr) dolphin 1949)+a (L) (2nd declension neuter plural) Platanistoidea platanista (L) dolphin of the Ganges Physeteroidea physeter (L) whale from physeter (Gr) blow pipe, whale Ziphioidea xiphias (L) swordfish from xiphias (Gr) swordfish Pronunciation of cetacean names 195

Appendix: Continued

Phylogenetic Designation Derivation Ending

Families Balaenidae balaena (L) whale id (Gr) related to (Ayers, 1975) +ae (L) (1st declension plural) Neobalaenidae neos (Gr) new+balaena (L) whale Balaenopteridae balaena (L)+ptera (Gr) wing Eschrichtiidae Eschricht Physeteridae physeter (L) whale from physeter (Gr) blow pipe, whale Kogiidae Kogia Monodontidae monos (Gr) single+odous (Gr) tooth Ziphiidae xiphias (L) swordfish from xiphias (Gr) swordfish Delphinidae delphinus/delphin (L) dolphin from delphis id (Gr) related to (Ayers, 1975)+ae (L) (Gr) dolphin (1st declension plural) Phocoenidae phokaina (Gr) porpoise Platanistidae platanista (L) dolphin of the Ganges Iniidae inia (Bolivian) dolphin Pontoporiidae pontos (Gr) sea+poros (Gr) passage Lipotidae lipos (Gr) fat Subfamilies Orcaellinae orca (L) whale+ella (L) little in (L) like (Burriss & Casson, 1949)+ae (L) (1st declension plural) Globicephalinae globus (L) sphere+kephale (Gr) head Steninae Steno Delphininae delphinus/delphin (L) from delphis (Gr) dolphin Lissodelphinae lissos (Gr) smooth+delphis (Gr) dolphin Cephalorhynchinae kephale (Gr) head+rhynchos (Gr) snout Other terms Mysticetes mystax (Gr) moustache+cete (L) whales s English plural ( plural of cetos (L) whale) Odontocetes odous (Gr) tooth+cete (L) whales (plural of cetos (L) whale) Delphinids delphinus/delphin (L) from delphis (Gr) dolphin+id (Gr) related to

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