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Burning images Performing effigies as political protest Göttke, F.U.

Publication date 2019 Document Version Other version License Other Link to publication

Citation for published version (APA): Göttke, F. U. (2019). Burning images: Performing effigies as political protest.

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Download date:09 Oct 2021 APPENDICES

Appendix 1: Structure of the Research Collection

The table shows the number of effigy protests in the collection in each country divided into four time periods. For the most recent time period (2001–2018) index A was calculated to compare the frequency of effigy protests between countries. Index A was simplified (index B) and converted into a color-code for a map (Appendix 2) that shows the global spread and frequency of effigy protests for the years 2001–2018.

Continental

Region Country before 1920 1920 -- 1970 1971 -- 2000 2001 -- 2018 Total population in million ** (frequency A Index of effigy protests 2001 -- 2018) *** Index B (simplified from Index A)**** North Africa Algeria 1 4 5 40 0 0 North Africa Egypt 1 9 2 69 81 94 7.08 4 North Africa Libya 5 25 30 6 10.2 4 North Africa Tunisia 1 1 2 11 0.3 1 North Africa Morocco * 0 0 0 Africa Chad 1 1 13.7 0.28 1 Africa Ethiopia 2 1 0 3 102 0 0 Africa Kenya 5 5 49 0.71 1 Africa Nigeria 3 3 186 0.22 1 Africa South Africa 3 5 1 1 10 55 0.13 1 Africa Sudan 1 1 3 5 39.6 0.48 1 Africa Uganda 2 2 41.5 0.31 1 Africa Zambia 1 1 16.6 0.25 1 Africa Zimbabwe 1 1 16.2 0.25 1 Africa other African 0 0 countries * North Canada 15 10 15 10 50 35 1.69 2 America

307 Continental

Region Country before 1920 1920 -- 1970 1971 -- 2000 2001 -- 2018 Total population in million ** (frequency A Index of effigy protests 2001 -- 2018) *** Index B (simplified from Index A)**** North United States 215 208 128 161 712 325 8.94 4 America North Mexico 8 2 26 36 123 2.34 2 America Central Belize 1 1 0.39 0.62 1 America and the Caribbeans Central El Salvador 1 2 1 4 6.3 0.39 1 America and the Caribbeans Central Guatemala 1 1 0 2 17 0 America and the Caribbeans Central Honduras 1 1 2 4 9.1 0.66 1 America and the Caribbeans Central Nicaragua 1 2 0 3 0 America and the Caribbeans Central Panama 2 4 5 11 4 2.5 2 America and the Caribbeans Central Cuba 1 6 4 0 11 0 America and the Caribbeans Central Haiti 4 4 10.8 1.22 2 America and the Caribbeans Central Costa Rica, Puerto 0 0 America Rico * and the Caribbeans South Argentina 5 1 4 10 43 0.61 1 America South Bolivia 1 5 6 11 1.51 2 America South Brazil 3 1 10 14 209 0.69 1 America South Chile 2 4 6 17.5 0.95 1 America South Colombia 1 1 3 5 49 0.71 1 America

308 Continental

Region Country before 1920 1920 -- 1970 1971 -- 2000 2001 -- 2018 Total population in million ** (frequency A Index of effigy protests 2001 -- 2018) *** Index B (simplified from Index A)**** South Ecuador 1 7 8 16 1.75 2 America South Guayana 2 2 0.28 3.77 3 America South Peru 1 3 4 32 0.53 1 America South Venezuela 1 9 10 31 1.61 2 America South Paraguay, 0 0 America Suriname, Uruguay * East Asia North Korea 1 3 4 25 0.6 1 East Asia South Korea 2 14 23 39 51 3.22 3 East Asia China 10 3 0 13 1403 0 East Asia Hong Kong 1 3 4 7.4 1.1 2 East Asia Taiwan 1 2 3 23.5 0.41 1 East Asia Japan 7 2 3 12 127 0.27 1 East Asia Mongolia, Macau * 0 0

South East Indonesia 7 3 17 27 261 1.05 2 Asia South East Cambodia 2 4 6 16 1 1 Asia South East Vietnam 7 2 0 9 94 0 0 Asia South East Thailand 3 11 14 69 1.32 2 Asia South East Philippines 10 30 50 90 100 5 3 Asia South East Malaysia 4 3 4 11 32 0.71 1 Asia South East Singapore 1 1 5.6 0.42 1 Asia South East Myanmar, Laos * 1 2 0 0 3 0 Asia South Asia Afghanistan 10 76 86 34 13 5 South Asia Bangladesh 12 37 49 149 3.03 3 South Asia India 24 49 312 385 1210 8.96 4 South Asia Pakistan 9 29 303 341 212 20.8 5 South Asia Sri Lanka 1 17 18 22 3.62 3 South Asia Nepal 2 22 24 28 4.16 3 South Asia Tibet, Bhutan, 0 0 Maldives,* Central Asia Kazakhstan 2 2 18 0.47 1 Central Asia Kyrgyzstan 1 1 6 0.41 1 Mongolia 1 1 3 0.57 1

309 Continental

Region Country before 1920 1920 -- 1970 1971 -- 2000 2001 -- 2018 Total population in million ** (frequency A Index of effigy protests 2001 -- 2018) *** Index B (simplified from Index A)**** Central Asia Tajikistan,* 0 0 Turkmenistan,* Uzbekistan* West Asia Bahrain 3 3 1.4 2.5 2 West Asia Iran 2 55 46 103 81 5.11 3 West Asia Iraq 1 7 37 45 37 6.08 3 West Asia Syria 1 10 11 17 2.43 2 West Asia Lebanon 1 24 15 40 6 6.12 3 West Asia Palestine 2 29 44 75 4.8 20.04 5 West Asia Israel 5 8 6 19 8.8 2.02 2 West Asia Jordan 1 1 2 4 9.5 0.64 1 West Asia Saudi Arabia 2 0 2 33 0 0 West Asia Yemen 1 9 10 27 1.73 2 West Asia Oman, UAE, Qatar, 0 0 0 Kuwait * Europe United Kingdom 62 29 19 40 150 65 4.96 3 Europe Ireland 7 1 8 6 22 6.5 2.35 2 Europe Scandinavia 1 1 0 0 2 0 0 Europe Baltic Countries 1 2 0 3 0 0 Europe Russia, Belarus* 8 4 10 22 144 0.83 1 Europe Georgia, 4 9 13 GE: 3,7, 2.44 2 Azerbaijan, AZ: 9,9 Armenia * Europe Ukraine 2 19 21 42 2.93 2 Europe Poland 1 3 6 10 38 0.97 1 Europe Bosnia 1 0 1 3.9 0 Europe Bulgaria 2 2 7.1 0.75 1 Europe Czech Republic 2 0 3 5 10.6 0.92 1 Europe Hungary 1 1 3 5 9.8 0.95 1 Europe Romania 2 1 3 19.6 0.23 1 Europe Serbia 2 0 2 0 Europe Kroatia, Kosovo, 0 0 Slovenia, Slovakia Moldavia* Europe Greece 2 1 4 7 11 1.2 2 Europe Turkey 2 2 17 21 81 1.89 2 Europe Italy 4 9 3 3 19 60 0.52 1 Europe Germany 5 26 11 4 44 83 0.44 1 Europe Austria 1 1 2 0 4 8.8 0 Europe Switzerland 1 3 0 4 8.4 0 Europe The Netherlands, 3 3 5 4 15 17 0.97 1 Belgium + 6 8 2 5 21 B: 11, 1.46 2 Luxembourg LU: 0,6 Europe France 24 18 13 10 65 67 1.09 2 Europe Spain 5 2 2 5 14 47 0.73 1

310 Continental

* Countries that have no record in the collection are crossed out.

** Source: Using the most recent year of census or population estimates according to the data on each country’s entry in Wikipedia.

*** To get an idea how common and wide-spread and effigy protests have in different countries in the years 2001 - 2018, an effigy index was calculated. Since it cannot be expected that the number of effigy protests in a country grows directly proportionately with the population size, it was deemed necessary to decouple to some degree the index from the population number. Using the direct ratio of effigy protests per million of population would give small countries with a relatively low number of effigy protests around just one prominent conflict a disproportionately high number compared with large countries, where a large number of effigy protests occurred addressing a large variety of political conflicts. Furthermore, it was assumed that a protest in a large country reaches a larger audience than in a small country, so that proportionately fewer protests would “satisfy” the need to protest a specific conflict in larger countries. Consequently, it was decided to calculate the effigy index by dividing the number of effigy protests with the square root of the population number.

****Index A translated to Index B and to colors for the map in appendix 2

colors for Index A Index B appendix 2 0 0 0-1 1 1-3 2 3-7 3 7-12 4 >12 5

311 Appendix 2: Global Map showing the spread and fequency of effigy protests between 2001--1018 as represented in the research collection. frequency of effigy protests high low 0

312 Appendix 3: Quantitative Analysis of Articles in the New York Times Digital Archive from January 1, 1852 – Dec 31, 2017

The New York Times provides an online archive called “Time Machine” of its digitized newspaper issues from January 1, 1852 through December 31, 2017. I conducted a quantitative analysis of this archive to answer a number of questions relevant to chapter 4: were effigy protests staged continuously throughout the history of the United States? Are there periods with increased numbers of effigy protests? Are these periods connected to specific social and political developments and conflicts? Furthermore, I wanted to see how my research collection, which consists of data collected from a great variety of sources on the internet, compares to an archive that contains events accumulated through a consistent institutional practice. A search of the archive resulted in 3237 pages with the term “effigy” that includes reports in which the term does not refer to protest effigies.1 The data of every fifth year was analyzed. In addition, a selection of years with an above average number of search hits were chosen. The reports were sorted into the following categories: 1. No effigy: the term is used not for protest effigies, or could not be found in the report 2. Double reports: the article reports the same event as another, or an event in the past 3. International tradition: the report describes a traditional practice in a foreign country 4. US domestic tradition: the reports describes a traditional practice in the US 5. International-US: the report describes a political effigy demonstration in a foreign country with a relation to US politics 6. US-international: the report describes a political effigy demonstration in the US with a relation to politics in a foreign country 7. US-national: the report describes a political effigy demonstration with national relevance 8. US-state: the report describes a political effigy demonstration with relevance in one US state 9. US-local: the report describes a political effigy demonstration with local relevance

The categories 6–9 are the most relevant for this analysis since they contain effigy demonstrations staged with a political aim in the US. The lowest number of political effigy protests was in 1877 at 0, 1 in 1955, and 1 in 1982. The highest numbers were 17 in 1854, 21 in 1861, 20 in 1898, 17 in 1935, 18 in 1957, 27 in 1967, and 20 in 1968. The results from these same categories that concern events in the US were ordered into new sub-categories: I. Demonstrations promoting civil rights and progressive change II. Demonstrations counteracting civil rights and aimed at preventing change III. Demonstrations in relation to the labor movement IV. Demonstrations with a relation to the administration of the law V. Other political conflicts

The results from these sub-categories were divided into: A. “Usual” domestic political conflicts, that were addressed with single effigy protests B. “Unusual” domestic political conflicts, that were addressed with multiple effigy protests, which point to imminent and specific societal crises.

1 The search was conducted on January 12, 2018.

313 Analysis The New York Times published articles about effigy protests consistently throughout the covered period from 1852 until 2017. Effigy protests were employed in political conflicts on all levels, in international, national, state-wide, and local conflicts. Articles about effigy protests in “usual” conflicts average 2.3 articles. In some years or during some periods the number of reports were significantly higher, and the total average is 8.5 articles a year. The analysis shows that these periods coincided with social conflict or crisis in the US. In times of war with another country, the number of effigy protests increased with effigies depicting foreign leaders, as in 1898 during the Spanish- American War and 1917–18 during WWI. Political conflicts with rising fascism in Europe became visible from 1935 onwards and continued throughout WWII with effigies of Hitler, Mussolini, and Japanese Emperor Hirohito. Collective action in the labor movement led to increased effigy protests in the 1880s, 1890s and 1900s, 1920s and 1930s, and lessened in the 1950s through the early 1980s. From 1955 until 1966, the resistance against desegregation of public schools sparked a large number of effigy protests. From 1966 until the end of 1970s an increased number of effigy protests were staged in demonstrations for civil rights and against the Vietnam War. Prior to 1900, the data in my research collection is too fragmented to compare with the New York Times archive. Yet the comparison largely confirms the representativeness of the research collection for the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Here, both show the same periods of increase and decrease in the number of effigy protests.

314 Appendix 4: Comparative and Quantitative Analysis of the Online Archives of the New York Times, and The Hindu (Chennai, India) from August 1 – December 31, 2012

A. New York Times Performed a search of the term “effig.” In the period from 1 August until 31 December, the Times published seven articles in which they reported on protests in which effigies were used: three in India with no relation to US politics; three in foreign countries using effigies of President Barack Obama; and one concerning a domestic political effigy protest.

B. The Hindu The website provides access to articles from 2009 onwards, enabling date parameters for the search.1 Looking at articles on effigy protests in this Indian English-speaking newspaper gave me an idea of how established they are in political protests in India, specifically concerning these questions: in what scale of political conflict are effigy protests most used? Are effigy protests in India often initiated by organized political parties or by individuals or grassroots organizations? Do photographs of effigies often appear in reports, which would indicate that this specific symbolic genre of protest could attract the attention of the news media more easily than other forms of protest? Once again I used search term "effig." Reports about traditional effigy performances as well as repeat reports were set aside. There were 221 articles about different effigy protests in a period of five months, of which 218 in India and 3 abroad. I categorized the Indian protests according to three parameters: 1. scale of problem addressed in terms of regional, national, and international politics2; 2. organized by an organization closely affiliated or unaffiliated with a political party,3 indicating partisan or non- partisan nature of conflict; and 3. reports with a picture of an effigy, different picture, or none.

Analysis The Hindu reported on effigy protests, roughly 11 times a week. Over a year these would amount to 530 reports on effigy protests, a very high number when compared to the the New York Times, which reported only on an average of 26 effigy protests per year between 1995 and 2002. Most effigy protests in The Hindu addressed domestic conflicts, either regional or national. Half were clearly involved with contentious party politics, with a political party or an organization closely affiliated with the organizers. This form of protest is employed with respect to a wide array of topics of varying importance and scale. Its widespread and at times innocuous presences makes it seem that it is not very antagonizing and divisive. In India, it is perhaps a ritualized and symbolic expression of discontent rather than a practice employed only in exceptionally tense conflicts.

1 I executed the search in July 2016. At the time of writing in 2018, the Hindu’s archive now also offers access to the print version of from 2000 onwards. 2 The distinction between regional and national politics was not always obvious, a point not crucial to my research questions. 3 The distinction between these two categories is not very precise, since the assessing party affiliation had to be made from the information provided in the articles.

315 Appendix 5: Survey of a Selection of Image Archives

To evaluate if the study could also have been conducted through archival search for data instead of through online searches, I surveyed a number of rather randomly chosen national archives, two thematic archives, and the Getty Images website.

Deutsches Bundesarchiv (German Federal Archives) The German Federal Archives contains approximately 11 million still pictures, aerial photographs, and posters from modern German history (https://www.bild.bundesarchiv.de). 350,000 photographs are accessible online. The search for “Protest” resulted in 156. A manual search found no relevant events. The search for “Demonstration” produced 1,200 results, of which only one was of an effigy protest. The search for “Puppe” (doll) produced 73 results. Of these two were relevant. The search for “Karikatur” (caricature) produced 114 results. Most of these were printed caricatures. Three were relevant photographs of effigy protests, of which two the same as the earlier results. The number of photographs searchable online in this archive is relatively small, and does not seem to be consistently, and for my purposes suitably tagged, since none of the search terms contained all results pertinent for my purposes. Only four relevant photographs were found. These date from a short time period, between 1932 and 1952. In comparison, my research collection contains 44 effigy protest from Germany from between 1790 and 2015.

Nationaal Archief Nederland (Dutch National Archive) The Dutch National Archive contains 15 million photographs, of which 1 million from between 1865 and 1990 are accessible through the website (http://www.gahetna.nl). Two extensive searches were conducted, which resulted in 21 effigy protests. The search with the terms “demonstratie” + “pop” (doll) led to photographs of 13 effigy protests from between 1967 and 1988. “Protest” and the additional tag “protesten" led to photographs of 9 effigy protests from between 1972 and 1989. Only one result was represented in both searches. While the archive does contain valuable data for the second half of the twentieth century, it does not seem to be consistently categorized, since the results were so different for searches expected to lead to similar results.

Library of Congress of the USA The Library of Congress holds almost 15 million photographs (https://www.loc.gov). More than 1 million prints and photographs are digitally available through the Prints and Photographs Online Catalogue. A search for “effigy” led to 51 results, of which six (two photographs and four prints) from between 1756 and 1918 were relevant. The search for “protest” led to 1467 results. A manual search through these led to two more photographs of effigy protests from 1939 and 1989. The library has a growing online database of historic newspapers from 1789 until 1963 called Chronicling America (https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov), with 14,000,000 pages available. A search for “effigy” resulted almost 29,000 results, including articles that use the term effigy outside of protests. While most articles do not contain an image, this archive is nevertheless an important resource to further study the history of the practice in the US.

National Archive of Ireland The Online Catalogue of the National Archive of Ireland consists mainly of records of government departments and the courts (www.nationalarchives.ie). Most of the records themselves cannot be viewed online.

316 State Archives in Belgium The State Archives in Belgium does not have a photograph collection (https://search.arch.be/ en/).

Centre des Archives Nationales Lebanon The website of the Centre des Archives Nationales Lebanon is at the moment of this query not functioning (www.can.gov.lb/).

National Archives of Pakistan The National Archives of Pakistan claims to be “the reservoir of the non-current records of the Government of Pakistan” (http://nap.noirworks.com). Currently on the website there are three photographic albums with a total of 715 photographs available. None of them depict protests.

Citizen Archive of Pakistan The Citizen Archive of Pakistan is dedicated to the preservation of oral history (www.citizensarchive. org/about-us/). It’s archive is not accessible online.

National Archive of Afghanistan The National Archive of Afghanistan is not accessible online.1

National Archives of Egypt The National Archives of Egypt is part of the Bibliotheca Alexandrina (https://www.bibalex.org/ en/Project/Details?DocumentID=1303&Keywords=). It is currently digitising the most valuable of its 90 million documents.

The Arab Image Foundation The Arab Image Foundation is a non-profit organization established in Beirut in 1997 to preserve and study photograph collections from the Middle East, North Africa, and the Arab diaspora (www. fai.org.lb). The collection holds more than 600,000 photographs, of which 20,000 should be viewable online. At the moment of this query the search function on the website is not active.

International Institute of Social History (IISC) The International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam is a scientific institute and houses one of the largest archives of international labor and social movements (https://socialhistory.org). About 100,000 photographs of its database are accessible online. Surprisingly, none of the searches with search terms “effigy,” “pop” (doll), “protest,” “hang,” or “burn” led to any relevant result.

Getty Images Getty Images is a stock photo agency based in Seattle, which markets more than 80 million still images (www.gettyimages.com). It has a policy of acquiring other photo agencies and photo archives and negotiating agreements to market photographs with still-existing photo agencies, archives, and libraries. The archive is freely accessible online, allowing search by keyword including caption texts that often describe the photograph in great detailed. A quantitative analysis of the archive was conducted under the search term “effigy,”

1 Waleed Ziad, “A review of the Archif-e Milli (National Archives) in Afghanistan, Kabul,” Dissertation Reviews (website) May 14, 2015. http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/12243.

317 yielding 36,180 results. Every fifth year from 1902–2017 was analyzed. The results were sorted into geographical regions (North America, South America, Europe, the larger Middle East, India and Pakistan, the rest of Asia, and Other). The analysis revealed a slow increase in effigy protests from 1900 until 1999, from one to an average of four per year. After 2000 there is a steep increase to an average of about 130 from 2007 to 2017— reflected in more photographs—many of which happened in India and Pakistan, unrepresented before 2002. Furthermore there is a notable increase of protests in North America, the Middle East, and Asia, while the increase in Europe and South America is less pronounced. The large increase of recorded events after 2000 can be explained in part by the advance and spread of digital cameras and wide access to the internet, which increased the ease with which photographs could be produced and distributed. For this archive it seems to have had the largest effect in India and Pakistan, where the practice is most prevalent. While the Getty Image stock photo agency archive is especially extensive for recent events (after 2000), it is less relevant for the search of images relating to historical events.

Analysis The survey shows that not all traditional archives are accessible online. Usually only a small percentage of images are digitized and often the possibility to search for visual content is limited due to missing tags and descriptions. Furthermore traditional national archives are usually limited in geographical reach and focus more on historical material. The more thematic archives of the IISC and the Arab Image Foundation did not lead to relevant results either. The most relevant results were found by searching the Getty site, which privileges recent events. While the incorporation into an archive indicates that an image was made public in some way, it is unclear what percentage of the Getty Images were published in the news, limiting their value in this research. In general, I avoided using it unless in need of additional images of an event already found elsewhere. Nevertheless, since images from the Getty archive also show up in search engines, my collection contains a sizeable number. Additionally, many images on news websites were licensed through Getty, or gained Getty licenses since I originally came across them. Seen the small number of relevant images found in the traditional archives surveyed here, searching traditional archives would have been too cumbersome to make the study possibl its wide geographical and historical scope.

318 SOURCES: IMAGES AND REPORTS

“Sources” contains the references for the images and newspaper reports used in the image narrative in this dissertation. The use of images is conform the Dutch copyright law, which allows the citing of images if it is justified by the purpose, they are used functional and proportional, and are properly referenced.

Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

1765_08_00_USA- 83, Boston 1775 (blog). boston1775.blogspot. The inhabitants of Boston hanging the Tory image. In: MA: tory 107 1 Aug 2015. com/2015_ 08_01_ Goodrich, Ch. A. The Child’s History of the United States. archive.html. Boston: American Stationers’ Company, 1836. 64. 1765_08_14_USA- 18, HathiTrust Digital hdl.handle.net/2027/ The Colonists Under Liberty Tree. In: Ollier, Edmund. MA: stamp master 106 Library (website). uc2.ark:/13960/ Cassell’s Illustrated History of England. London: Cassell, Petter Oliver t54f22t26. & Galpin, 1873-1874. 109. 1765_09_12_USA- 101, The Robinson Library www.robinson library. New Hampshire: Stamp Master in Effigy NH: stamp master 107 (website). com/america/ Meserve unitedstates/1775/ causes/stampact.htm. 1765_11_01_USA- 107 Paul Revere Massachusetts www.masshist.org/ Revere, Paul. “A View of the Year 1765.” Boston, 1765. MA: British MP Historical Society database/244. Political cartoon depicting the American colonies’ Huske (Boston). opposition to the Stamp Act of 1765. 1770_06 _01_USA- 114 Boston Gazette, 11 www.masshist.org/ NY: merchant Jun 1770. dorr/volume/3/ Rogers sequence/179. 1774_00_00_USA- 114 After Felix U.S.History www.ushistory.org/ Engraving late 19th century. MA: Governor O.D. Darley (website). us/13c.asp. Hutchinson 1775_04_00_USA- 114 Journal of the allthingsliberty. Woodcut depicting James Rivington being hung in effigy as it NY: publisher American Revolution com/2014/03/james- appeared in Rivington’s New-York Gazetteer, April 20, 1775. Rivington (website). 3 Mar rivington-kings-printer- 2014. patriot-spy/. 1780_09_30_USA- 113, Historical Society of digitallibrary.hsp.org, A Presentation of the Figures exhibited and paraded PA: Benedict Arnold 253 Pennsylvania. ID: 1436. through the streets of Philadelphia on Saturday the 30th of September, 1780. 1794_12_00_USA: 115 The Internet archive.org/details Burning Jay’s effigy. In: Edmund Ollier. Cassell’s History of the Chief Justice Jay Archive (San cassellsushist02ollir ich. United States. Vol. 2. New York: Cassell, Petter & Galpin, 1877. Francisco). 534. 1795_08_00_USA: 115 Albert The New York digitalcollectio ns.nypl. John Jay burned in effigy. 1905. Chief Justice Jay Bobbett Public Library. org/items/510d 47e0- f647-a3d9-e040-e0 0a18064a99. 1837_08_13_ 116 “Outrage!” North- chronicling america. USA-NC: Mr. Carolina Standard loc.gov/lccn/ Montgomery (Raleigh), August sn85042147/1837-08- 16, 1837. 16/ed-1/seq-3/. 1839_05_26_USA- 126 True American (New chronicling america. LA: Judge Canonge Orleans), 27 May loc.gov/lccn/ 1839. sn83016527/1839-05- 27/ed-1/seq-2/.

319 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

1840_05_11_USA- 116 “Cold-Blooded chronicling america. VT: W H Harrison Murder.” Caledonian loc.gov/lccn/ (St. Johnsbury, VT), sn84023252/1840-05- 12 May 1840. 12/ed-1/seq-3/. 1850_11_20_USA- 134 Weekly North Carolina chronicling america. NC: Mr. Buel Standard (Raleigh), loc.gov/lccn/ 20 Nov 1850. sn84045030/1850-11- 20/ed-1/seq-2/. 1860_01_11_USA- 126 Democrat and Senti- chroniclingamerica.loc. PA: jury nel (Ebensburg, gov/lccn/sn86071378/ PA), 11 Jan 1860. 1860-01-11/ed-1/seq-2/. 1860_11_09_USA- 133 Richmond Daily gathkinsons.net/ In “November 14, 1860: Lincoln burned in effigy in VA: President Dispatch (VA), 14 sesqui/?p=1408. Charleston.” Seven Score and Ten (blog), November 14, 2010. Lincoln Nov 1860. 1861_12_25_USA- 134 Alfred R. Library of Congress www.loc.gov/re source/ Alfred R. Waud, “Holiday in the camp of the 23 Pennsylvania MD: Confederacy Waud (Washington, DC). ppmsca.22441. Volunteers near Bladensburg, Maryland.” New York President Davis Illustrated News, January 11, 1862. 1884_11_06_USA- 117 Memphis Daily Ap- chroniclingamerica.loc. KA: John St.John peal (TN), 7 Nov gov/lccn/sn83045160/ 1884. 1884-11-07/ed-1/seq-2/. 1887_02_03_USA- 118 “A Fight in New Jer- nyti.ms/2zLRK wo. NJ: strike breaker sey.” New York Times, 4 Feb 1887. 1887_06_03_ 73 Henry Eblana Photograph tomclarkblog.blogspot. The Fire Brands, Bodyke, County Clare, 3 June 1887: The Ireland: Sherriff Norman/ Collection, National nl/2016/01/evictions. sign on the effigy reads: PRAISE THE LORD / FOR HERE McMahon Pall Mall Library of Ireland. html . / THE TYRANT’S ARM WAS / PARALYSED. Taken the day Gazette after Widow McNamara’s eviction. Sheriff McMahon had turned up with a large force several days earlier but had an epileptic fit and withdrew. The tenants saw this as divine intervention and made this effigy of him. 1887_09_27_New 94 Albert Alexander Turnbull tiaki.natlib.govt.nz, ID: A crowd of people outside the tobacconists store run by R Zealand: election Edward Library (Wellington, 1/2-011707. Farmer in Masterton, on the day of the general election. The candidates Winzenberg New Zealand). group includes a row of boys and some unidentified Maori. Above, three male effigies are attached to the upper wall of the shop. These represent the three candidates for the seat. They are George Beetham (the dandy), who was the winner of the election, R E Hawkins (the pirate), and A W Hogg (the pig). (The effigies were later auctioned). Wairarapa Daily Times, 27 Sep 1887. 1889_04_06_USA- 117 “Burned in Effigy.” nyti. ms/2zPVs VF. TN: Sen Nelson + New York Times, 7 Rep Dale Apr 1889. 1889_11_13_USA: 100 Columbus Journal chroniclingamerica.loc. President Harrison (NE), 27 Nov 1889. gov/lccn/sn95073194/ 1889-11-27/ed-1/seq-1/. 1892_00_00_USA- 118 The Battle of battleofhomestead. Homestead Strike of 1892: Effigies of managers were hung PA: steel factory Homestead org/bhf/the-battle-of- from telephone poles before the Strike of Amalgamated manager Foundation homestead/. Association of Iron and Steel Workers against Carnegie Steel (website). Corporation in Pittsburg. 1896_01_09_USA- 126, State Historical history.nd.gov/ The jury in the trial of Mr. and Mrs. Mark Wadsworth in ND: members of 241 Society of North historicsites/chateau/ Bismarck, Burleigh County, found the defendants not guilty a jury Dakota. chateauLesson/visual_ in the killing of Ed Severson. Medora residents expressed photographs.html. rage at the verdict by hanging the jury in effigy and displaying a large banner on the side of the de Mores Hotel. 1903_11_19_USA- 21, Chicago The Chicago Daily explore. Effigy of strike-breaker Frank Curry hanging over 42nd Street IL: strike breaker 90, Daily News/ News collection/ chicagocollections.org. and Wentworth Avenue during the Chicago Railway Strike Frank Curry 118, Getty Images Chicago History of 1903. 241 Museum. 1904_08_01_USA- 118 Chicago The Chicago Daily Image of an effigy of a scab (strike-breaker) hanging from IL: strike breaker Daily News/ News collection/ a pole during the 1904 Stockyards Strike in the New City Getty Images Chicago History community area, between July 7 through September 9 1904. Museum. 1907_12_27_USA- 119 Anonymous The New York libcom.org/history/ New York, December 1907: A group of children on the NY: landlord (rent- Public Library. pictorial-history. Lower East Side hangs a landlord in effigy, The Independent, strike) January 1908. In Lawson, Ronald. “The tenant movement in New York City, 1904-1984.” New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1986. 1911_03_00_France: 83 Anonymous Médiathèque journals.openedition. March 1903: Manifestation de vignerons a Bar-sur-Aube. Council President Municipale de org/siecles/1008, ID: Le mannequin représentant M. Monis promené en tête de Monis (a) Troyes, France. CPLOCAL00942. cortège à travers la ville. In: Lynch. Édouard. “Mobilisations paysannes et antiparlementarisme dans la première moitié du XXe siècle.” Siècles 32 (2010). 1911_03_00_France: 93 Branger/ Vine-growers of the Marne and the Aube protest legislation Council President Roger protecting the viticulture of the South. They accuse the Monis (b) Viollet/ president of the Council, Ernest Monis of treason and burn Getty Images him in effigy in Bar-sur-Aube.

320 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

1914_00_00_USA- 119 Anonymous Denver Public cdm15330.contentdm. Ludlow, CO, USA, 1914: View of the United Mine Workers of CO: mine owner Library. oclc.org/cdm/ref/coll America camp for coal miners on strike against the Colorado ection/p15330coll22/ Fuel and Iron Company. id/33340. 1915_00_00_France: 72 Bain News Library of Congress www.loc.gov/pictures/ Effigy of Kaiser Wilhelm II hung in Paris, France, at the German Kaiser Service (Washington, DC). item/20146971 99/. beginning of World War I. Wilhelm II 1915_11_05_UK: 164 Picturing the Great blog.maryevans.com/ Gosling, Luci. “‘Guy-ser’ Bill - Remember, remember, the German Kaiser War: The First World 2013/11/guy-ser-bill- Fifth of November.” Wilhelm II War Blog from Mary remember-remember- Evans Picture Library the-fifth-of-november-. (blog), 5 Nov 2013. html. 1917_10_21_USA- 120, Milwaukee Journal At the land clearing demonstration recently, after stumps had WI: German Kaiser 241 (WI), 21 Oct 1917. been pulled, blasted and piled in one huge pile, the effigy of Wilhelm II the kaiser was burned. His head consisted of a pumpkin his helmet a tin pan, the spike of his helmet a nail covered with tinfoil, his mustache, a frayed piece of rope: the iron cross, tow railroad spikes fastened together, his badges, numerous pieces of tin; and his sword a piece of lath, was designed and constructed by Lawrence Livingston. The effigy was elevated to the top of the pile and fastened there, with the sword pointing directly upwards. In a very few minutes the roaring flames reached the kaiser. The most spectacular feature was when the right arm, holding the sword, dropped in a most lifelike manner, the sword falling into the flames. 1918_00_00_USA- 120 Bay County My Bay City (MI) www.mybaycity.com/scr Workmen at British-owned North American Chemical MI: German Kaiser Library (website). ipts/P3_V2/P3 V3-0200. Company in Bay City, Michigan hang Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm II System cfm?P3_NewspaperID=1 Wilhelm in effigy in 1918. 561&P3_articleID=8837. 1918_00_00_USA- 120 Cerryland Postcards cherrylandpost Salem, New York, 1918: The Last of Kaiser Bill. NY: German Kaiser (website). cards.com/auction/ Wilhelm II ww1.html?nf . 1918_04_16_USA- 121 McKill op & University of digicoll.library.wisc.edu, During World War I, a large crowd burns McElroy and Kaiser WI: German Kaiser Ruud Wisconsin. ID: S0541422/4. Bill [Wilhelm] in effigy on the Lower Campus (now Library Wilhelm II + Mall) at night. McElroy (a) 1918_04_16_USA- 121 McKillop & University of digicoll.library.wisc.edu, University of Wisconsin, 16 Apr 1918: Representative of the WI: German Kaiser Ruud Wisconsin. ID: 23/21 S00675. National Security League, Robert McNutt McElroy, gave a Wilhelm II + speech on April 6, after which he dismissed the University McElroy (b) as “a bunch of damned traitors”. Students reacted strongly burning effigies of McElroy and Kaiser Wilhelm. 1918_11_00_USA- 121 University of Idaho digital.lib.uidaho.edu/ Hanging the Kaiser in effigy in Challis, Idaho. ID: German Kaiser Library. cdm/ref/collection/ Wilhelm II cities/id/7. 1918_11_11_ 91, Glenbow Museum www.glenbow.org/ Calgary: Firemen attacking effigies of German soldiers. Canada: German 165 Archives (Canada). collections/archives/; soldiers ID: na-838-8. 1918_11_11_UK: 242 Bob Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: Effigies of the Kaiser and ‘Little Willie’ hang at Brackley, German Kaiser Thomas/ Seattle (WA). 79041698. Northamptonshire, as a crowd gathers on Armistice Day, Wilhelm II + Little Popper- foto November 11th 1918 Willie

1918_11_11_USA- 120 Chicago Chicago explore. Image of men carrying an effigy of Kaiser Wilhelm II hanging IL: German Kaiser Daily News Collections. chicagocollections.org, from a noose for the Armistice Day peace celebration parade. Wilhelm II ID: DN-0070695. They are standing on the intersection of East Madison Street and on South Michigan Avenue in the Loop community area of Chicago, IL. 1918_11_11_USA- 120 Detroit News Walter P. Reuther reuther.wayne.edu/, ID: An effigy of Kaiser Wilhelm II is carried through the streets MI: German Kaiser Staff Library, Archives of 32245. of Detroit in celebration of the end of the First World War. Wilhelm II Labor and Urban Affairs, Wayne State University (MI). 1918_11_12_France: 165 Arthur Australian www.awm.gov.au/ Australians burning effigy of Kaiser Wilhelm in square on German Kaiser Streeton War Memorial collection/ART03523/. Armistice Day. Wilhelm II burned (Campbell). in effigy by Australian soldiers 1918_11_12_USA- 121 George W. New York Heritage cdm16694.contentdm. A man in costume mocks the Kaiser during the Peace Day NY: German Kaiser Fenner Digital Collections. oclc.org/digital/collec Parade in Syracuse. (Syracuse Herald (NY), 12 Nov 1918, 3). Wilhelm II ID: gwfsny37. tion/srr_ocpl/id/453. 1919_00_00_USA- 119 Online Archive of oac.cdlib.org/ Mock hanging of an IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) CA: member of California. ark:/13030/c89 figure during protest in Banning, California. anarchist union 30r5p/?brand=oac4.

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1920_09_06_ 282 British Pathé (UK). https://www. “Grave Riots In Belfast 1920.” Intertitle: “Situation in Ireland Belfast, Northern britishpathe.com, Film grows more tense every day - ruins resulting from war between Ireland: Nationalist ID: 212.43; Media urn: revolutionists and British troops.” Intertitle: “Effigies dangling residents 21568 (digitized film). from windows are familiar sights in the streets of Belfast.” Low angle M/S of a terrace house - the Union Jack is flying from the window, two scarecrow-like dummies hang by their necks from the guttering - obviously effigies of Nationalists, very gruesome. 1930_06_25_India: 18 The Times (UK), 25 An effigy of Sir John Simon was taken through the streets British Home Jun 1930. on the roof of a motor-car and, together with a quantity of Secretary Simon foreign clothing, was burnt on the river bank at Surat. 1933_02_04_UK: 82 United States https://collections. 4 Feb 1933, London, UK: British Jews carry an effigy of Hitler Hitler Holocaust ushmm.org/, ID: 306- and a large swastika at a mass demonstration in Hyde Park, Memorial Museum/ NT-648-D-177. where thousands are gathered to protest against the Nazi National Archives persecution of German Jews. and Records Administration, College Park. 1930_06_23_USA- 135 “Burn De Priest in https://news.google. AL: De Priest Effigy.” Afro Ameri- com/newspapers?id=tB can (Baltimore, 8mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6_0 MD), 28 Jun 1930. FAAAAIBAJ&pg=4562% 2C3052492. 1934_05_01_USA- 122 Acme Photo National Library http://www.jpress.nli. The prize for the most striking presentation of how the NY: Hitler of Israel, Historical org.il/Olive/APA/NLI/ cracked chancellor is regarded universally, goes to the Jewish Press. get/pdf.ashx?pdf=pwEl Socialists of New York City who carried the remarkably 93%2FRXKbxSyARtWp vivid effigy, shown above, of the most contemptible tyrant IZ2M%3D. the world has ever known, in their May Day parade that culminated in a demonstration in Madison Square in which 100,000 participated. Sentinel, Chicago, 17 May 1934. 1935_01_15_ 282 AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 15 Jan 1935: An effigy of Max Braun, leader of the Status Germany: editor Images, New York, 350115056. Quo Party in the Saar, is dragged by Nazis from the back Max Braun USA. of a car through the streets of Saarbrucken, following the overwhelming vote to return to German government. 1935_01_16_ 282 AP Photo Rijksmuseum https://www. In Saarbrucken after plebiscite, AP Photo shows the effigy of Germany: editor Amsterdam, rijksmuseum.nl/nl/ Max (Matz) Braun hanged by Nazis with a sign telling him to Max Braun Netherlands. zoeken, ID: RP-F-2008- leave the Saar the quickest possible. 117. 1935_01_22_ 94, Bettmann/ Corbis Images, Celebrating the result of the plebiscite which returned the Germany: editor 282 Corbis Seattle, WA. Saar to Germany, jubilation reached fever heat in the streets Max Braun of Saarbrucken, a day after the vote. This truck, loaded with ecstatic Nazis, is seen pushing through the throng with an effigy of Max Braun, Saarland Socialist leader, hanging from the tailboard. 1935_05_01_USA- 122 Ed Jackson/ A Hitler effigy is hung by the Ladies’ Neckwear Union during NY: Hitler NY Daily May Day celebrations in New York. News Archive via Getty Images 1935_Rome, Italy: 40 Keystone- Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: Rome, 18 Sep 1935. Premier Benito Mussolini, dictator of Mussolini in front France/ Seattle, WA. 104408528. Italy, salutes the statue of former Roman conqueror, Julius of a statue of Julius Gamma- Caesar. The Duce seems to be swearing a silent oath to follow Caesar Keystone via in the heavy footsteps of Caesar as he prepares his invasion Getty Images of Ethiopia. 1936_00_00_USA- 72 J. Berkley Green http://patch.com/ Herndon, Virginia, 1936: Three town councilmembers hung VA: council Photo Collection virginia/herndon/ in effigy after a vote about town liquor sales. members prohibition-herndon-0. 1937_01_00_USA- 119 Time Life www.gettyimages.co.uk, A group of sitdown strikers peer from the windows of the MI: strike breakers Pictures/ ID: 50607876. Chevrolet Plant in Flint, Michigan in December of 1936 after Getty Images the start of a 43 day strike of General Motors auto workers. The workers hold up signs and an dummy with a sign on it. 1938_10_02_USA- 122 Charles Anti-Nazi protestors burn an effigy of Hitler during a NJ: Hitler Hoff/NY demonstration in Union City, N.J. where Nazis were Daily News attempting to hold a Bund meeting. Archive via Getty Images 1939_00_00_ 252 V. Kapočius Lithuanian Quarterly http://www.lituanus. Effigy of Stalin and Hitler, denouncing the Molotov- Lithuania: Hitler + Journal of Arts and org/1990_2/90_2_06. Ribbentrop Pact. Stalin Sciences 36, no.2 htm. (1990). 1939_00_00_ 74 Hulton- Traditionally, a picture of Judas is burned at this annual Mexico: Hitler + Deutsch Easter Day parade in Mexico City. This year however effigies Franco + Mussolini Collec- tion/ of Hitler, Mussolini and Franco burned in front of the Corbis German, Italian, and Spanish embassies respectively, in an anti-Fascist gesture. 1939_05_01_USA- 136, AP Photo Miami, FL, 1 May 1939: A dummy is hanging from a lamp FL: African- 243 post in an attempt to intimidate African-Americans and keep American voter (a) them away from the voting polls in the municipal primary election. The sign on the dummy reads, “This nigger voted.”

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1939_05_01_USA- 136 “Miami Negroes Ig- FL: African- nore Election Booth American voter (b) Effigy.” Evening Inde- pendent (Miami, FL), 2 May 1939. 1939_05_03_USA- 136, Bettmann/ Corbis Images, www.corbisima The waning power of the Ku Klux Klan was demonstrated FL: African- 242 Corbis Seattle (WA). ges.com/stock-photo/ at Miami, FL, where, despite a “scare parade” designed to American voter rights-managed/U8761 frighten Negro voters, they found that more Negroes turned 40INP/kkk-warning- out to vote than ever before in the history of the city. This that-failed effigy hung from a telephone pole, shows the extremes to which the terroristic Klan went to achieve it’s hoped for ends. Other Klansmen carried nooses. 1939_07_25_USA- 119 Sueddeut- Alamy Stock Photo www.alamy.com/stock- Members of the ‘Packinghouse’ workers’ organization IL: company sche Zeitung (UK). photo-union-strike-in- demonstrate in front of an ‘Armour and Company’ factory representative Photo chicago-1939-37006686. in the Union Stock Yards in Chicago and burn an effigy that html represents the company. With this demonstration the union threatened to strike at more factories. 1940_00_00_USA- 122 Leslie Jones Digital ark.digitalcomm “Help hang Hitler - scrap will do it” Ready to hang Hitler in MA: Hitler Commonwealth, onwealth.org/ark: effigy. Massachusetts /50959/q524ks26n Collections Online. 1941_00_00_USA- 123 Dr. X’s Free drx.typepad.co Angelinos hang Hitler in effigy below the fold… Hoisting the CA: Hitler Associations (blog). m/psychotherapyblog/ Führer. 21 May 2008. images/2008/05/21/ hanging_hitler_in_ effigy_1941.jpg 1941_01_22_USA- 122 Thomas Time Life (New time.com/3879 A Hitler hex party, 1941: The ritual prepared by Mr. MD: Hitler McAvoy/ York). 5 Mar 2014. 261/putting-a-hex-on- Seabrook, began with the naming of the image: “You are Time & Life hitler-black-magic-party- Hitler; Hitler is you!” Next the chief hexer intoned: “The Pictures/ 1941/ woes that come to you, let it come to him! Decapitation, the Getty Images brief life span of Adolf Hitler’s dummy.” 1941_07_00_USA- 119 Kosti Stuff from the Park matterhorn1959. CA: Walt Disney (a) Ruohomaa / (blog). 26 Apr 2008. blogspot.nl/2008_04_ Rob Cowan 01_archive.html 1941_07_00_USA- 91, Kosti Stuff from the Park matterhorn1959. The second image is of an effigy. It may be of Walt or of CA: Walt Disney (b) 119 Ruohomaa / (blog). 26 Apr 2008. blogspot.nl/2008_04_ Gunther Lessing, the Disney legal rep. Walt Disney Studio Rob Cowan 01_archive.html in 1941. The strike is one of the defining moments for Walt Disney and the Disney company. 1942_00_00_USA: 123 The Monti- Getty Images, Three people sitting on the bonnet of a motorcar on a busy Japanese Emperor fraulo Seattle (WA). American street next to a lamp post with a hanging effigy of Hirohito Collection/ the Japanese Emperor Hirohito with a painted note ‘Here Getty Images hangs Hirohito’, buildings and the framework of a large iron bridge in the background, America 1940s. 1942_04_04_Brazil: 45 Palestine Post www.jpress.nli. Hitler + Japanese (Jerusalem), 5 Apr org.il/olive/apa/nli/sh Emperor Hirohito 1942. aredpages/SharedView. as Judas Page.aspx?sk=FE4D10A 9&href=PLS/1942/04/ 05&page=1. 1942_04_20_USA- 123 Weegee International New York, 21 April 1942: Photo originally entitiled ‘Der NY: Hitler (Arthur Center of Fuehrer’s Birthday,’ depicts a group of revellers as they hang Fellig)/ICP/ Photography (New Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler in effigy. They clog the street in Getty Images York). front of the RKO Palace and Embassy movie theatres. 1942_10_15_USA- 123 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, 15 OCT 1942: An effigy of Adolf Hitler dangles by its neck NY: Hitler John Lindsay Images (New York). ID:421015056. from a lamp post above a pile of scrap in the Yorkville section of New York. 1943_05_10_USA- 123 Seattle Post- Corbis Images, www.corbisima Seattle, WA, May 1943: Hundreds of workers at a Seatac WA: Japanese Intelligencer Seattle (WA). ges.com/stock-photo/ shipyard gather to hang Emperor Hirohito in effigy. Emperor Hirohito Collection; rights-managed/ Museum of MH001313/shipyard- History and workers-hanging-effigy Industry/ Corbis 1945_00_00_USA- 123 Hopkinsville Nostalgia www.hopkinsvillenostalg 1945: Adolph Hitler Effigy Hanging at 9th and Main. KY: Hitler (USA), (blog). ia.com. (page discontinued). 1945_00_00_USA- 135, Allan An effigy of a boy that has spoken to a woman. OH: African- 243 Grant// American man Time Life Pictures/ Getty Images 1945_05_02_ 95, Toronto Star www. Canada, 2 May 1945: Burning of the effigy draws an hilarious Canada: Hitler 269 Archives. torontopubliclibrary. crowd to the scene. Some of them have just heard the news ca/, ID: tspa_0019407f. and quickly pass it on to others who join in the general celebration.

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1945_05_08_USA- 86 IndyStar photos.indystar. com/ Indianapolis, 8 May 1945: A trio of Indianapolis women IN: Hitler (Indianapolis). photos/2010/11/3/ booting around an effigy of German dictator Adolf Hitler. 426418/immersive.jpg. When Pvt. James Millay of Indianapolis sent his wife a swastika armband from Europe, she fashioned a dummy of Hitler, affixed the armband to it then laid it aside for V-E Day. With the proclamation of surrender Mrs. Millay tied the effigy to the back of an automobile and dragged the effigy throughout Downtown. 1945_05_08_USA- 123 Afro- Perhaps the most powerful image in the Afro’s VE day MD: Hitler American, collections is one of citizens in Baltimore hanging an effigy Baltimore. of Hitler. 1945_05_08_USA- 249 Tony Hitler mask on crude effigy, which jubilant celebrants are NY: Hitler Linck// about to string up as man holds up sign that reads “WANTED Time Life FOR MILLIONS OF MURDERS/ DEAD OR ALIVE” during Pictures/ end of war in Europe celebration on street. Getty Images 1945_05_08_USA- 123 Alamy Stock Photo Alamy Stock Photo, ID: A crowd in Ohio celebrating VE Day and the end of World OH: Hitler (UK). CWA5BW. War II. 1945_08_15_USA- 123 Flickr, User: David www.flickr.com/ Castile, NY, VE Day, 1945: Emperor Hirohito being hung in NY: Japanese Redman. photos/dwrp effigy on Main St. Emperor Hirohito icfiles/5581838995/. 1948_12_00_USA- 139 Robed Klansmen attending a Southwide rally in Macon, GA, GA: member of the were angered when they saw this figure dangling from the KKK YMCA window. It was hung by Afro special correspondent, Stetson Kennedy. 1949_04_09_USA- 136, Bettmann/ Perucci, Toni. “The www.researchga te.net/ An effigy of Paul Robeson hangs from rear of tow truck in NY: actor and 243 Corbis Red Mask of Sanity: publication/254 Oregon Corners, Peekskill, NY, echoing the sentiments of activist Paul Paul Robeson, 966448_The_Red_Mask the town’s residents. Paul Robeson, black actor, civil rights Robeson HUAC, and the _of_Sanity_Paul_ Robe activist (demanded anti-lynching legislation from Pres. Sound of Cold War son_HUAC_and_the_ Truman), communist: “The artist must take sides. He must Performance” TDR: Sound_of_Cold _War_ elect to fight for freedom or slavery. I have made my choice. I The Drama Review Performance. had no alternative.” 53, no. 4 (2009). 1951_08_05_East 250 Erich Höhne Deutsche Fotothek www.deutschefotothek. Berlin, 5 Aug 1951: Sportlerparade während der 3. Germany: West + Erich Pohl (Dresden, de/documents/ Weltfestspiele der Jugend und Studenten. German politicians Germany). obj/70604992. Reuter + Haas + Schreiber 1952_01_03_Egypt: 166 Bettmann/ Effigy of British Soldier hung in Cairo. British soldier Corbis 1953_00_00_Cuba: 85 MensPulpMags www.menspulpmags. HIS magazine, May-June 1953. President Batista (blog). 13 May com/2015/05/fidel- 2015. castro-and-cuba-in- mens-adventure.html. 1956_08_06_USA- 138, Africanafrican NAACP and white integrationists were hanged in effigy in AL: NAACP activists 244 (blog). (site Montgomery in 1956. “Built by Union Labor” sign was meant discontinued) to support stand taken by some Southern locals against the integration policies of the national AFL-CIO. 1956_08_30_USA- 278 University of library.uta.edu/ Integration controversy: Students and adults stand guard TX: African- Texas at Arlington digitalgallery/items/ outside Mansfield High School to prevent Negroes from American student (a) Libraries. show/12881. registering for school; figure hung in effigy on flagpole in background 1956_08_30_USA- 278 Wilburn University of library.uta.edu/ Crowd of Mansfield residents gathered on school grounds TX: African- Davis Texas at Arlington digitalgallery/items/ during attempt to desegregate Mansfield High School. American student (b) Libraries. show/26567. 1956_08_29_USA- 278 University of library.uta.edu/ School desegregation controversy: Boys looking at figure of TX: African- Texas at Arlington digitalgallery/items/ Negro found hanging in effigy on flagpole at Mansfield High American student (c) Libraries. show/12878. School. 1956_08_29_USA- 279 Fort Worth library.uta.edu/ Mansfield students enter high school under the shadow of an TX: African- Star-Telegram digitalgallery/items/ effigy. The effigy was hung as a protest to integration efforts American student (d) Collection, show/12879. in Mansfield. The effigy remained for several days. University of Texas at Arlington Libraries. 1956_08_30_USA- 279 University of School girls around a Texas Ranger. TX: African- Texas at Arlington American student (e) Libraries. 1956_08_31_USA- 279 Texas State Library /mansfieldcrisis.omeka. Texas Rangers pose in front of effigy at Mansfield High TX: African- and Archives net/items/show/217 . School. American student (f) Commission. 1956_08_29_USA- 280 University of https://library.uta.edu/ Patrolmen R.W. Cole, left, and Delbert Giles with effigy TX: African- Texas at Arlington digitalgallery/items/ of Negro found hanging from W. Lancaster bridge in American student (g) Libraries. show/26565. Trinity Park in reaction to federal court order permitting enrollment of Negro students to Mansfield High School.

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1956_08_29_USA- 281 University of http://library.uta.edu/ Fort Worth Sheriff Harlon Wright looks at effigy of Negro TX: African- Texas at Arlington digitalgallery/items/ found hanging across Mansfield’s Main St. in protest to American student (h) Libraries. show/75947. federal desegregation order to allow minorities to attend public schools. 1956_09_03_USA- 137 KXAS-TV/NBC-5 “New Racial Strife in Fort Worth.” TX: African- (TX). American home- owner 1956_09_15_USA- 137 Illustrated London http://www.nationalarc Strung up outside the negro family’s home in the “all-white” TX: African- News, 15 Sep 1956. hives.gov.uk/education section of Fort Worth: an effigy of a murdered negro. American home- 425. /resources/civil-rights- owner in-america/ugly-scenes/. 1956_12_20_Egypt: 166 Footage Farm https://www.youtube. Suez War: British Leave. Men on balcony cutting down effigy. British soldier (USA). com/watch?v=npSU_ QpTuGY,. 1956_12_21_Egypt: 166 AP Photo Montreal Gazette, 21 https://news.google. People milling on street in Port Said, Egypt, point up to an UK Premier Eden Dec 1956. com/newspapers?id=z7 effigy of a British soldier hanging from a wire across the AtAAAAIBAJ&sjid=0ZgF street as British and French continued evacuating the city. AAAAIBAJ&pg=7360%2 C4021640. 1957_01_15_Egypt: 166 “Israel Quits Sinai https://news.google. Israeli Premier Ben- Bastion.” Sarasota com/newspapers?id=-3c Gurion Herald Tribune (FL), cAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9WQ 16 Jan 1957. EAAAAIBAJ&pg=6415 %2C2503365. 1957_03_14_Gaza: 166 AP New York Times. 14 Demonstrators in Gaza carrying an effigy of David Ben- Israeli Premier Ben- Radiophoto Mar 1957. Gurion yesterday. They hailed the projected return to Gurion Egyptian rule. 1957_10_03_USA- 137, AP Photo Associated Press https://nl.pinterest. Little Rock, AR, 3 Oct 1957: An unidentified white student AR: African- 142 Images (New York). com/pin/44332996174 slugs an effigy of a black student outside Central High School American student 20551/. in Little Rock, as nearly 75 students of the school walked out (a) to protest integration. Troopers stationed around the school broke up the demonstration. 1957_10_03_USA- 142 Bettmann/ Corbis Images, http://www.corbisim Little Rock, AR, 3 Oct 1957: Photo shows one of the students AR: African- Corbis Seattle (WA). ages.com/Search#p=15 holding the effigy while another puts a match to the stuffed American student &q=effigy. legs to set it afire. (b) 1957_12_23_Egypt: 167 Bibliotheca http://nasser.bibalex. Egypt, 23 Dec 1957: Abdel Nasser attends Victory Day British Alexandrina and org/common/mapview celebrations in Port Said. the Gamal Abdel er.aspx?ID=4089&lang= Nasser Foundation, en&type=photosEvent& President Gamal Index=37&PDFStart=2 Abdel Nasser Photo 1&PDFEnd=30&dir=ne Archive (Egypt). xt&path=http://nasser. bibalex.org/Data/pho tos/web/4089-38.jpg. 1959_01_00_Cuba: 272 Lester Cole/ Havana, Cuba, Jan 1959: Effigy Hanging on a Wall. unknown effigy Corbis 1959_03_11_Iraq: 169 “Nasser Hanged in https://nyti. Egyptian President Effigy.” New York ms/2G5XcQI. Nasser Times, 12 Mar 1959. 1959_03_16_Egypt: 169, “Cairo Crowds http://archives.chicago Iraqi Premier 250 Hang Chief of Iraq tribune.com/1959/03/ Kassem in Effigy.“ Chicago 17/page/8/article/ Tribune, 17 Mar khrushchev-denounces- 1959. nasser. 1960_03_02_USA- 85, Bob Bain/ Fort Worth https://mansfieldcrisis. Effigy of Mansfield author John Howard Griffin who wrote TX: author John 265 Fort Worth Star-Telegram omeka.net/items/ the book Black Like Me; effigy was hung over traffic signal in Howard Griffin Star- Collection, show/78. Mansfield, then removed and taken to the Mansfield dump. Telegram University of Texas at Arlington Libraries, TX. 1960_04_02_USA- 138 Fort Worth https://mansfieldcrisis. Mansfield author John Howard Griffin who wrote the book TX: author John Star-Telegram omeka.net/items/ Black Like Me holds a Fort Worth Star-Telegram newspaper, Howard Griffin with Collection, show/78. which includes a photo of an effigy someone hung of him. newspaper showing University of Griffin spent most of his life studying racial equality. his effigy Texas at Arlington Libraries, TX. 1960_07_26_USA- 124 Len Morgan Harry Ransom norman.hrc.utexas.edu Jack Ruby, in an attempt to assassinate Fidel Castro at Police FL: Cuban Center, University /NYJAdc/ItemDetail Headquarters in Miami, before realizing it was just an effigy. President Castro (a) of Texas at Austin. scfm?id=783#navtop. 1960_07_26_USA- 270 Bettmann/ Corbis Images, www.corbisimages.com/ New York, 26 Jul 1960: Members of the White Rose FL: Cuban Corbis Seattle (WA). Search#p=4&q=effigy. Organization attempted to hang Fidel Castro in effigy President Castro (b) in Rockefeller Plaza as their contribution to the 26th of July anniversary but were told they could not. They finally released some of their pent-up energy and emotions by smacking the dummy around.

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1960_09_19_USA- 124 Photo by An effigy of Russian Premier Nikita Krushchev swings from NY: USSR leader Popperfoto/ a gallows as the Russian liner “Baltika” steams to her berth Krushchev Getty Images to bring the Soviet leader to speak at the United Nations General Assembly. 1961_09_18_UK: 161 British Pathé. www.britishpathe.com, 18 Sep 1961: “Salisbury Plain: Tommy in Fancy Dress.” Army pretend effigy ID: 1736.21 MEDIA Exercises to deal with Middle Eastern Mobs. Combined army- protest in army URN: 53886. airforce exercise, dressed half of them as orientals, assumed exercise (a-d) that the ruler of the state had appealed to the British for aid against unfriendly neighbours. 1962_10_03_USA- 85, AP Photo/ NewBlackMan (in newblackman.blogspot. Oxford, MS, 3 Oct 1962: An effigy of James Meredith, a MS: African- 137 stf Exile) (blog). 17 May com/2012/05 /jim- recently admitted black student, hangs from a dormitory on American student 2012. crow-university-state-of- the campus of Ole Miss. racial.html. 1963_00_00_USA- 124 webtament.com/ Los Angeles, 1963: Pickets gathered around effigy of Fidel CA: Cuban photo/110162/pickets- Castro during protest on Hollywood Blvd by Cuban exiles. President Castro gathered-around-effigy- of-fidel-castro-during- protest-on-hollywood- blvd-by-cuban-exiles-in--. 1963_05_06_USA- 139 The Denver 6 May 1963: Integration Leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. AL: Martin Luther Post via Hanged in Effigy; The figure was placed Sunday in front King (a) Getty Images of the headquarters of the National States Rights Party in Birmingham, AL, where racial demonstrations continued on Monday. 1963_05_06_USA- 139 Bettmann/ Corbis Images, Protesting African American civil rights demonstrations, Dr. AL: Martin Luther Corbis Seattle (WA). Edward R. Fields and James Murray, members of the National King (b) States Rights Party, hang an effigy of Martin Luther King, Jr. outside the party’s headquarters in Birmingham, Alabama. 1963_09_12_USA- 244 AP Photo Photos of the Week photo.sf.co.ua/ Birmingham, AL, 12 Sep 1963: White students drag an AL: African (blog). id126?lang=en . African American effigy past West End High School. Two American student African American girls attended the desegregated school and a majority of the white students were staying away from classes. Police stopped this car in a segregationist caravan in front of the school to caution them about fast driving and blowing auto horns in front of a school. 1964_07_19_ 287 in.pinterest.com/ Vietnam: CPV explore/effigy/. chairman Ho Chi Minh + French President DeGaulle 1965_04_27_ 169 “Tunisians Storm news.google.com/new Tunisia: Egyptian Arab Embassies.” spapers?id=oacyAAAA President Nasser Toledo Blade (OH), IBAJ&sjid=jAEEAAAA 27 Apr 1965. IBAJ&pg=7165%2C30 38483. 1966_01_30_USA- 140, AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, Tacoma, WA, 30 Jan 1966: Native American dancers shuffle WA: Governor 284 Doug Wilson Images (New York). ID:660130077. around fire after burning Washington Gov. Dan Evans in Evans effigy at Franks Landing on the Nisqually River. About 200 Indians and whites, many of them spectators, were on hand at the demonstration held to protest the state’s restriction of off-reservation net fishing by Washington Indians. 1966_04_12_USA- 285 UPI store.historicimages. Berkley, CA, 12 Apr 1966: Members of the Vietnam Day CA: President Telephoto com/products/ Committee hang President Johnson in effigy to cheers of Johnson rsf10151. estimated crowd of 2000 anti-war demonstrators. 1967_05_11_USA- 140, AP http://store. Princeton, NJ: Students at Princeton University protest NJ: former Alabama 284 Wirephoto historicimages.com/ appearance tonight of former Gov. George Wallace of Governor Wallace products/rry43645. Alabama in hanging of effigy at window of one of the campus halls. The students are rehanging this effigy after campus police ripped down their first one. 1967_06_00_ 169 Tim Page/ Beirut, Lebanon, Jun 1967: An effigy, painted with the Star of Lebanon: British Corbis David, hangs in a Beirut street during the Six Day War. Queen Elizabeth 1968_02_16_USA- 141, Charlotte www.cmstory.org/exhi Johnson C. Smith students burn an effigy of South Carolina SC: Governor 285 Mecklenburg bits/african-american- Gov. Robert McNair in a sympathy demonstration. They were McNair Library (NC). album-volume-2/1968- protesting the deaths of three students in Orangeburg, SC, johnson-c-smith-protest- killed by law enforcement officials during a demonstration deaths-three-students. against racial discrimination by a segregated bowling alley. 1968_05_13_France: 90 Patrice Paris, 13 May 1968: Journée de gréve générale malgré les policeman Habans/ mesures de conciliation du Premier ministre G.Pompidou. Paris Match Une manifestation geante part de la place de la Republique via Getty vers Denfert-Rochereau, reunissant ouvriers, etudiants et Images universitaires. Pendu en effigie, un CRS monte sur velo. 1968_09_05_USA- 93 Lindenwood www.lindenwood.edu. Women at Lindenwood College, MO, burn the effigy of a MO: male student University, St. male student in protest of not being consulted about the Charles (MO). introduction of male students to the college.

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1969_00_00_USA- 141 Ithaka College 125.ithaca.edu/ Ithaka College, New York, 1969: The Afro-American Society NY: college Archives (NY). timeline. and the Students for a Democratic Society burn an effigy of administrator an unnamed college administrator during a rally. The rally protested the college’s small number of African American students and faculty and the alleged mishandling of the college’s Educational Opportunity Program finances, and advocated for the establishment of a black studies program. 1969_04_09_ 170 AP store.historicim School children cheer as they burn an effigy of Israeli Palestine: Israeli Wirephoto ages.com/products/rry Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, during an anti-Israeli defense minister 44767. demonstration in the casbah of the town of Nablus, located Dayan in the occupied Jordan. 1969_04_21_USA- 141, Vincent City College of New York: Waving flag of black liberation and NY: “racism” 285 Riehl/NY shouting protests, dissidents burn effigy, which symbolizes Daily News racism. Archive via Getty Images 1970_02_20_USA- 141, AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 20 Feb 1970: Anita Hoffman, left, wife of Chicago defendant IL: Judge Hoffman 286 Images (New York). 7002200199. Abbie Hoffman, and Nancy Rubin, wife of co-defendant Jerry (Chicago Seven Rubin, pour lighter fluid on judge-like robes in Chicago. trial) (a) Sign behind the women reads “We are all outlaws in the eyes of Amerika (sic).” 1970_02_20_USA- 141, AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Chicago, 20 Feb 1970: Nancy Rubin, wife of Chicago 7 IL: Judge Hoffman 286 Images (New York). 700221062. defendant Jerry Rubin, squirts flammable liquid on judge- (Chicago Seven like robes she and Anita Hoffman, left, wife of co-defendant trial) (b) Abbie Hoffman burned in effigy. The women burned the robes in protest of sentencing of their husbands, and three other co-defendants to five years in prison. 1970_03_21_USA- 140, Dave Littleton (CO) www.littletongov.org. A Group Of American Indians Protesting In Littleton CO: Indian Affairs 284 Buresh/The (website). (page Marches, Chants; Burning in foreground is effigy Commissioner Denver Post discontinued). representing U.S. Commissioner of Indian Affairs. via Getty Images 1970_04_00_USA- 286 The Greg Nasif Blog. gregnasif.com/ University of Maryland, Apr 1970: Student demonstrators MD: “US military “Dissenting 101.” dissenting-101/#more- drag uniformed dummy to administration building, where it machine” 38. was burned.” The dummy reads “US MILITARY MACHINE.” The students were primarily protesting the Vietnam War, but other issues played a factor, such as the dismissal of two popular teachers, Civil Rights issues, and grading policies. 1970_04_18_ 81 “Visit by American news.google.com/new Lebanon: US envoy Diplomat Touches spapers?id=0nIjAAAA to Lebanon Sisco Off Beirut Protest.” IBAJ&sjid=MWYEAAA Sarasota Herald AIBAJ&pg=6184%2C1 Tribune (FL), 19 029005. April 1970. 1970_05_00_New 89 Otago Daily Times www.odt.co.nz/campus University of Otago, New Zealand, May 1970: Gregor Ronald Zealand: US (Dunedin, New /university-otago/2116 ducks away after setting alight a kerosine soaked effigy of the President Nixon Zealand). 4 Jun 29/students-switch- then-president Richard Nixon swinging from a gibbet. 2012. protesting-hedonism. 1970_05_01_Cuba: 88 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Havana, Cuba, May 1970: People burn an effigy with a sign US President Nixon Prensa Images (New York). 7005010694. that reads in Spanish “Nixon, murderer,” as they demonstrate Latina in support of fishermen detained in the Bahamas, in front of the former U.S. Embassy in Havana. 1970_05_05_USA- 141, AP Students at Tulane University held a rally near an effigy of LA: US President 285 Wirephoto Pre sident Nixon they hung in protest of the administration’s Nixon war policy. The demonstration followed an all-night vigil in protest of four Kent State University students. 1970_06_07_USA- 287 AP Bay Leaf Books www.bayle afbooks.com Members of the militant “Young Lords” drag an effigy of NY: “American Wirephoto (Sand Lake, MI). /product /762/Puerto- American Imperialism, and burn an American flag, as they Imperialism” Rico--Wire -Photo-of- pass reviewing stand before New York City’s Metropolitan the-Young-Lor ds-Party- Museum of Art Sunday during a Puerto Rican Day parade. -Call-for-Puerto-Rican- Freedom---1970-. 1971_06_26_USA- 141 Richard C. International Gay digitalcollections.nypl. GAA street fair, New York, 26 Jun 1971: City Council member NY: Thomas Cuite Wandel Information Center org, ID: b11686548. Thomas Cuite hung in effigy. (gay rights protest) collection, New York Public Library. 1971_08_05_UK: 92 Popperfoto/ Supporters of “Oz” magazine sit outside London’s Old Bailey Judge Argyle Getty Images court and burn an effigy of Judge Argyle QC who presided over the obscenity trial. 1972_00_00_USA- 142 Lawrence Flickr, user: M. T. www.flickr.com/ Southern Illinois University, Spring 1972: Students burn IL: President Nixon Roth Harris. photos/47661408@ President Nixon in effigy at SIU’s “Free Forum” area. (a) N02/4376753789/. 1972_00_00_USA- 143 Lawrence Flickr, user: M. T. www.flickr.com/ Southern Illinois University, Spring 1972: Students burn IL: President Nixon Roth Harris. photos/47661408@ President Nixon in effigy at SIU’s “Free Forum” area. (b) N02/4376753955/. 1972_00_00_USA- 143 Lawrence Flickr, user: M. T. http://www.flickr.com/ Southern Illinois University Spring 1972: Students burn IL: President Nixon Roth Harris. photos/47661408@ President Nixon in effigy at SIU’s “Free Forum” area. (c) N02/4376753871/.

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1973_01_13_France: 170 “Students Burn https://news.google. Israeli Premier Meir Meir in Effigy at com/newspapers?id=N_ Paris.” Kentucky New IrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=MAY Era (Hopkinsville), GAAAAIBAJ&pg=1043 13 Jan 1973. %2C1171177. 1973_06_17_Italy: 90 Vittoriano New York Times. 17 Striking Roman workers and a hanging effigy of Premier Premier Andreotti Rasfelli/New Jun 1973. Giulio Andreotti. York Times 1976_00_00_USA- 287 Ed Hille/ Yippie protesters march in Kansas City, Missouri, during the MS: President Ford Picturedesk 1976 Republican Convention. A large paper mache effigy of President Gerald Ford and posters blasting Richard Nixon are carried by the participants. 1976_06_18_USA- 127 Boston Boston Globe (MA). 18 Jun 1976: An effigy of Judge W. Arthur Garrity hangs on MA: Judge Garrity Globe L Street in South Boston. A few days prior, the U.S. Supreme Court refused to hear appeals of the Phase 2 Boston school desegregation plan and was met with reactions ranging from satisfaction and peaceful acceptance to disappointment and predictions of violence. 1976_10_02_USA- 119 Reading/ Washington Area http://washingtonspark Over 1,000 striking pressmen and supporters staged a DC: publisher Simpson Spark (blog). 12 Dec .wordpress.com/2012 march and rally on the one year anniversary of the strike on Graham 2012. /12/12/the-washingto October 2, 1976 that culminated with burning Post publisher n-post-strike-at-the-cros Katherine Graham in effigy in front of the Post headquarters. sroads-december-1975/. 1977_07_16_USA- 119 New York Times. 16 Dummies of scab workers hang in effigy outside Essex Group IN: strike breakers Jul 1977. plant. 1977_11_00_ 170 thecreativespacepro- https://thecreativespa Student demonstrations. Centre: Gada Abas, Jamal Moayue, Lebanon: Egyptian gramme (blog). 24 ceprogramme.wordpres Sahera Kasem, Baalbeck, 1977 President Sadat (a) Jan 2012. s.com/2012/01/24/sea sons-dont-change-from- lebanese-archive-of-diab -alkarssifi-1889-1993-edi ted-by-ania-dabrowska/. 1977_11_00_ 170 thecreativespacepro- Idem. Baalbeck and Aorsal village, Lebanon, 1977: Effigy of Anwar Lebanon: Egyptian gramme (blog). 24 Sadat. Anwar Sadat’s visit to Israel provoked a wave of President Sadat (b) Jan 2012. demonstrations across the Middle East by millions of people of the region who considered these negotiations a betrayal. The visit lead to the controversial peace treaty signed in 1979. 1978_03_29_india: 81 Keystone- In Bagdam, a village 12 km from Srinagar in Kashmir, India, Pakistani President France/ an effigy of General Zia Ul-Haq hangs from an electric pole. Zia-ul-Haq Gamma- Keystone via Getty Images 1978_09_11_Italy: 174 AP Associated Press www.aparchive.com, Demonstrations in Rome against Shah of Iran Mohammad Iranian Shah Resa Archive (New York). “UPITN 9 11 78. Reza Pahlavi. Pahlavi Demonstrations Against Shah of Iran in Rome.”

1978_09_12_UK: 174 “Shah effigy find.galegroup.com.pro Iranian Shah Reza assault.” Times (Lon- xy.uba.uva.nl:2048/ttda Pahlavi don), 13 Sep 1978. /infomark.do?&source =gale&prodId=TTDA& userGroupName=amst &tabID=T003&docPage =article&searchType=A dvancedSearchForm&d ocId=CS52396845&typ e=multipage&contentS et=LTO&version=1.0. 1978_11_24_ 83, AP Daily Item (Sumter, Demonstrators drag an effigy of the Shah through downtown Germany: Iranian 174 SC). 27 Nov 1978. Frankfurt during a protest demonstration against the Iranian Shah Reza Pahlavi leader. 7,000 people took part in the demonstration that later erupted in violence, causing hundreds persons to be injured. 1978_12_18_India: 174 AP Associated Press www.aparchive.com, 18 Dec 1978: Demonstration against Shah of Iran by 500 Iranian Shah Reza Television Archive (New York). “SYND 19 12 78. Indian and Iranian students outside the American library in Pahlavi Iranian and Indian New Delhi. Students Demonstrate Against Shah of Iran in New Delhi.” 1978_12_31_Iran: 174 “Iranians Protest.” news.google.com/new Shah Reza Pahlavi Herald Journal spapers?id=gYUsAAAA (Spartanburg, SC), IBAJ&sjid=0M0EAAA 31 Dec 1978. AIBAJ&pg=2451%2C6 452554. 1979_01_14_USA- 175 AP Ledger (Lakeland, Protesters against US policies in Iran wave a burning effigy GA: President Laserphoto FL). 15 Jan 1979. of President Carter across the street from Ebenezer Baptist Carter Church in Atlanta Sunday, where Carter received the Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Non-Violent Peace Prize.

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1979_02_18_Iran: 175 Past Daily (blog). 18 pastdaily.com/2 Uncle Sam Feb 2015. 015/02/18/cool-recep tions-and-burning-effi gies-february-18-1979/. 1979_03_26_Pales- 170 “Palestinians, nyti.ms/2G0I7jY. tine: US President Reacting to the Carter, Egyptian Pact, Go on Strike President Sadat, and Denounce Israeli Premier Egypt.” New York Begin Times, 27 Mar 1979. 1979_05_01_Iraq: 170 “May Day Marked news.google.com/news Egyptian President Around World.” papers?id=Y1hdAAAAIB Sadat Observer Reporter AJ&sjid=1lsNAAAAIBAJ (Washington, PA), 2 &pg=3573%2C327759. May 1979. 1979_08_12_USA- 285 AP Photo Anorak (Middlesex, www.anorak.co.uk/3422 Barnegat, NJ, 12 Aug 1979: An anti-Klan rally protestor holds NJ: member of the UK). 10 Dec 2012. 81/keyposts /the-story- aloft a burning Ku Klux Klan effigy at a Klan demonstration. KKK of-the-klu-klux-klan-in- Several arrests were made during the demonstration as more pictures-racism-civil- than 100 anti-Klan demonstrators confronted 19 white-robed rights-and-murder.html/. Klansmen. 1979_10_12_USA- 125 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: New York, 12 Oct 1979: A protester points a toy gun at an NY: Cuban Robert Images (New York). 791012028. effigy of Cuban President Fidel Castro. It was one of many President Castro Eberle/ demonstrations against the visiting Cuban leader and his Newark Star address to the United Nations. Ledger 1979_11_00_Iran: 177 Henri Tehran: Anti-American demonstration during the hostage US President Carter Bureau/ crisis and the Iranian Revolution. Sygma/ Corbis 1979_11_00_USA- 179 Hell’s Acres (blog). 1 hellsacres.blog A Western New England College student kicks—well, actually MA: Iranian leader Oct 2012. spot.nl/2012_10_ nudges—a burning effigy of Ayatollah Khomeini. Khomeini 01_archive.html. 1979_11_00_USA- 125 University of digitalservices.scranton. University of Scranton students demonstrating outside of PA: Iranian leader Scranton Archives edu/cdm/ref/ Jefferson Hall. The students were protesting the detention Khomeini (PE). collection/p9000coll7/ of 49 American hostages in Tehran, Iran. The stuffed id/2330. figure hanging from the fourth-floor window is an effigy of Ayatollah Khomeini. 1979_11_09_Iran: 175 AP Associated Press AP Archive, “Iran US Scenes outside the United States embassy in Tehran, crowd Shah Reza Pahlevi Television Archive (New York). Embassy,” SYND 15 11 with Khomeini posters and anti-US banners, Shah’s effigy. 79 US Embassy Report 11/09/1979. 1979_11_09_Iran: 175 AP Associated Press AP Archive, “Iran US Scenes outside the United States embassy in Tehran, crowd US President Carter Television Archive (New York). Embassy,” SYND 15 11 with effigy of Jimmy Carter dressed as Uncle Sam. 79 US Embassy Report 11/09/1979. 1979_11_10_India: 178 AP Associated Press AP Archive, “India Members of the Iranian Students Islamic Association held US President Carter Television Archive (New York). Anti-US Shah,” UPITN a demonstration in New Delhi. The volunteers carrying 10 11 79 Anti-US and portraits of Ayatollah Khomeini, banners and placards, Shah Demonstration marched in protest, and shouted anti-Shah, pro-Khomeini in Indian Capital slogans as they approached the US Embassy. The protestors 11/08/1979 Delhi. also burnt an effigy of US President Jimmy Carter, and shouted anti-Carter slogans. The issues they protested against covered the US permitting the Shah to enter the USA, US Imperialism, whilst supporting the Iranians protest against the scandal and freedom of movement to all oppressed peoples. 1979_11_11_Iran: 176 AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Iranian students demonstrate on Nov. 11, 1979, in front of Uncle Sam Images (New York). 791111037. the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, where they are holding sixty embassy workers hostage. The demonstrators wave an effigy of Uncle Sam. 1979_11_12_USA- 179 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Anti-Iranian demonstrators hang on effigy of the Ayatollah DC: Iranian leader Tasnadi Images (New York). 65571976476. Khomeini on Nov. 12, 1979 in front of the Islamic center in Khomeini Washington. The center is near the Iranian Embassy. 1979_11_13_Iran: 176 AP Photo Iranian demonstrators burn an effigy of Uncle Sam, branded Uncle Sam with CIA on its right arm outside the U.S. Embassy in Tehran, Nov. 13, 1979, during a demonstration in support of the Iranian militants who took over the embassy November 4. About 60 Americans and 40 other nationals are being held inside the embassy. 1979_11_13_ 178 AP Photo Sumter Daily (SC). news.google.com/news Iranian students in Makati, Philippines, burn effigies of Philippines: US 13 Nov 1979. papers?id=pZYiAAAAIB President Carter and Egypt’s Anwar Sadat at the Iranian President Carter AJ&sjid=vakFAAAAIBAJ Embassy compound. The Iranians are supporting the take- &pg=3026%2C1785884 over of the U.S. Embassy in Teheran.

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1979_11_15_USA- 179 Jack Loftus Bangor Daily News news.google.com/news Student Michael Brooker holds burning effigy of Khomeini ME: Iranian leader (ME). 15 Nov 1979. papers?id =nG8-AAAAI at Bangor. They rallied in the rain to chants of “Bring the Khomeini BAJ&sjid=7VkMAAAA Americans home” and burned an Iranian flag and an effigy IBAJ&pg=5986%2C65 of Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeini. 84162. 1979_11_16_USA- 179 Bettmann/ Corbis Images, www.corbisimages.com/ Two hundred students on the Syracuse University campus NY: Iranian leader Corbis Seattle (WA). Search#p=5&q=effigy. witnessed a demonstration by about 25 activists protesting Khomeini the Iranian situation. The students in this picture are kicking an effigy of Khomeini which they’ve just set afire. The also burned a home-made Iranian flag, and carried banners and placards. 1979_11_18_Iran: 176 Radio Free Europe www.azadliq.org/ ABŞ-ın Tehrandakı səfirliyi qarşısında nümayiş, 18 noyabr 1979. Uncle Sam (Prague, Czech a/1869283.html. 1979-cu il noyabrın 4-də tələbə fəalları Amerikanın Tehrandakı Republic). 4 Nov səfirliyini tutdular və 90 işçini girov götürdülər. Əsas tələb ABŞ-ın 2009. şahı verməsi idi. 1979_11_20_Iran: 177 AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Tehran, 20 Nov 1979: Effigies of President Jimmy Carter Shah Reza Pahlavi + Images (New York). 7911200173. and the former Shah Pahlavi hung by the neck outside the US President Carter occupied U.S. embassy in Tehran, a few hours after the release of 10 hostages. 1979_11_25_Iran: 177, Bettmann/ Tehran, 25 Nov 1979: Demonstrators jam street outside the US President Carter 256 Corbis U S. Embassy, where 49 American hostages still being held for the 22nd day, as the militants display cardboard effigy of President Jimmy Carter hung on scaffold and at left a portrait of Ayatollah Khomeini. 1979_12_00_Iran: 182 Postcard, bought In the streets of Teheran, near the Embassy, President Carter US President Carter on ebay. is burned in effigy by Iranian revolutionaries. 1979_12_02_Libya: 174 “Libyans Ransack news.google.com/new Iranian Shah U.S. Embassy, Burn spapers?id=MxIhAAA Reza Pahlavi + US Building, Effigy of AIBAJ&sjid=4XQFAAA President Carter Carter.” Schenectady AIBAJ&pg=1717%2C1 Gazette (NY), 3 Dec 187289. 1979. 1979_12_15_Iran: 80 Kaveh Tehran, 15 Dec 1979: Demonstrators hold an effigy of the Shah Reza Pahlavi (a) Kazemi/ Shah of Iran and posters of Ayatollah Khomeini outside the Getty Images American Embassy which is occupied by “students following the Imam Khomeini’s line.” 1979_12_15_Iran: 178 AP Photo BBC News www.bbc.com/news/ The Shah’s authoritarian rule lead to mass protests which Shah Reza Pahlavi (b) (London). 17 Jul world-middle-east- eventually forced him into exile. An effigy of the deposed 2015. 33552911. Shah of Iran is burned at a demonstration outside the US 1979_12_19_ 178 “Anti-shah protests news.google.com/new Panama: Iranian continue in spapers?id=kcQsAAAA Shah Reza Pahlavi Panama.” Wilmington IBAJ&sjid=OxMEAAA Morning Star (NC), AIBAJ&pg=5045%2C5 December 20, 1979. 033440. 1979_12_23_Iran: 80, AP Photo Politico (USA). 6 Oct www.politico.com/ A year before the 1980 election, 52 Americans were taken US President Carter 178 2012. gallery/2012/10/ hostage at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran. Republicans feared flashback-6-october- the favorable bounce Jimmy Carter would get if the hostages surprises/000498- were released during the last leg of the general election. But 006824.html. for all of Carter’s negotiating, the Iranians freed the hostages hours after Reagan’s inauguration in exchange for $8 billion in frozen assets. 1979_12_31_Iran: 188 Associated Press www.aparchive.com, ID: “Afghanistan - The Soviet Invasion” Afghan President Archive (New York). X00338. Karmal + USSR leader Brezhnev (a) 1979_12_31_Iran: 80, Associated Press www.aparchive.com, ID: “Afghanistan - The Soviet Invasion” Afghan President 189 Archive (New York). X00338. Karmal + USSR leader Brezhnev (b) 1980_01_04_ 190 “Afghanistan.” news.google.com/new Bangladesh: Sovjet Sarasota Herald spapers?id=xCMhAAA leaders Tribune (FL), 4 Jan AIBAJ&sjid=wWcEAAA 1980. AIBAJ&pg=5800%2C1 723579. 1980_01_04_ 190 “Afghanistan debate news.google.com/news Turkey: USA-SR sought.” Milwaukee papers?id=03lQAAAAIB leader Brezhnev Sentinel (WI), 4 Jan AJ&sjid=ARIEAAAAIBA 1980. J&pg=4991%2C673409. 1980_01_04_USA- 190 AP Photo Lewiston Daily Sun Afghani demonstrators rip apart an effigy of Soviet leader NY: USSR leader (ME). 5 Jan 1980. Leonid Brezhnev during a protest outside the United Brezhnev Nations in New York Friday. Demonstrators were protesting Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. 1980_01_06_ 190 Erin Combs Toronto Star www.torontopubliclibra Brezhnev burns: Demonstrators at Nathan Phillips Square Canada: USA-SR Archives. ry.ca/digital-archive/, yesterday shouted anit-Communist slogans as they burned leader Brezhnev ID: tspa_0011821f. Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev in effigy to protest the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. About 200 took part in the demonstration.

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1980_01_11_ 190 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Bangkok, Thailand, 11 Jan 1980: Thai Muslim demonstrators Thailand: USSR Gary Images (New York). 800111054. carry an effigy of Soviet President Leonid Brezhnev in front of leader Brezhnev Mangkorn the U.S.S.R. embassy in Bangkok. The protesters, denouncing Soviet intervention in Afghanistan, burned the effigy. 1980_08_01_USA- 179 Keystone/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, An American protestor holds a dummy head of Iranian DC: Iranian leader Hulton Seattle (WA). ID: 169857537 leader Ayatollah Khomeini in a noose at a demonstration in Ayatollah Khomeini Archive/ Washington DC, August 1980. The event is a protest against Getty Images a nearby demonstration by Iranians, and comes during the Iran hostage crisis. 1981_01_01_Iran: 180, Keystone- Iran, 1981: Demonstrations Anti USA, Effigy Of USA. Uncle Sam 256 France/ Gamma- Keystone via Getty Images 1981_03_05_NL: 84, Hartogh, The Memory of www.geheugenva KMAN-demonstratie (Komittee Marokkaanse Arbeiders in Morocco King 256 Robert the Netherlands nnederland.nl/?/nl/ite Nederland) tegen het bewind van de Marokkaanse koning Hassan II Database. ms/NFA06:RDH-477-6 Hassan II, Rotterdam, 1981. 1981_05_02_USA- 124 AP/Kneisel WBUR (Boston). 9 hereandnow.wbur. New York, 2 May 1981: Demonstrators outside the British NY: British Premier Apr 2013. org/2013/04/09/ Consulate to the U.N. burn British Prime Minister Thatcher Thatcher thatcher-hunger-strikers in effigy using a mannequin during a demonstration in support of hunger striker Bobby Sands, IRA, to demand status as political prisoner, denied by Thatcher. 1981_12_27_Iran: 192 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 27 Dec 1981: Afghan refugees living in Tehran march USSR leader Canpress Images (New York). 8112271252. through the street on Sunday, carrying an effigy of Soviet Brezhnev President Brezhnev during a demonstration when thousands of Afghans marched in protest burning the Russian flag and chanting anti-Soviet slogans on the second anniversary of the Soviet military intervention of their country. 1982_03_11_Israel: 90, Beni Tel Or/ Yamit, Sinai desert, 11 Mar 1982: : Jewish settlers hang then Premier Begin 171 GPO/Getty Israeli Prime Minister Menahem Begin in effigy as they resist Images forced evacuation from their Sinai Desert settlement of Yamit, as part of Israel’s peace treaty with Egypt. Twenty-two years later, another generation of settlers in the Gaza Strip are threatening a last stand against forced removal should ruling Prime Minister Ariel Sharon go through with his plan to withdraw from the Gaza Strip. 1982_04_14_ 171 “World’s Moslems in news.google.com/new Pakistan: Israeli Protest Over Israel spapers?id=LPo9AAAA Premier Begin + US Killings.” Glasgow IBAJ&sjid=CkkMAAA President Reagan Herald, 15 Apr 1982. AIBAJ&pg=2426%2C2 998284. 1982_09_21_ 82 Rod Ottawa Citizen Protesters carry effigy of Menachem Begin during Canada: Israeli MacIvor, (Canada), 21 Sep demonstration on the Hill. Monday’s 1 1/4-hour Premier Begin Citizen. 1982. demonstration began on Parliament Hill and wound its way through downtown streets to the Israeli Embassy where Begin was burned in effigy. The effigy, holding a knife and two dolls spattered in red paint, was burned as embassy employees looked out at the angry, placard carrying demonstrators who chanted: “Down with Israel, down with killer Begin.” 1982_10_02_USA- 191 “Gromyko accuses news.google.com/ NY: USSR leader Reagan calmly newspapers?id=3JEs Brezhnev planning for nuclear AAAAIBAJ&sjid=V_ war.” Lakeland Ledger sDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6696 (FL), 2 Oct 1982. %2C302755. 1982_12_09_ 269 Toronto Star www.toronto Hanging the boss: Strikers on the picket line at Chrysler’s Canada: Chrysler Archives. publiclibrary.ca/ Ajax plant raised an effigy of Chrysler chairman Lee lacocca chairman Iacocca digital-archive/, ID: yesterday. But the day ended on a hopeful note when the tspa_0016068f. company made an offer of more than $1 an hour up front. 1983_07_08_Iran: 183 Bettmann Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, Iranian students burn Israeli flag and effigies of Israeli Prime Isreali Premier Seattle (WA). ID: 516513414. Minister Menachem Begin, President Ronald Reagan and Begin, US President Iraq’s Saddam Hussein during a demonstration in front of Reagan + Iraqi the Israeli embassy. The students staged the demonstration to President Saddam celebrate ‘Jerusalem Day’ at the close of the basting month Hussein (Quds Day of ramadan. celebrations) 1984_02_18_ 74 Peter Beirut, Lebanon, 18 Feb 1984: An effigy of Lebanese Lebanon: President Charles- President, Bashir Gemayel in a war torn street in Beirut Gemayel worth/Light during fighting near the ‘Green Line’, the war zone that Rocket via divides East and West Beirut. Getty Images 1984_12_26_India: 191 “Afghan Refugees news.google.com/new USSR leader Stage Embassy spapers?id=961UAAA Chernenko Protest.” New AIBAJ&sjid=548DAAA Straits Times (Kuala AIBAJ&pg=6743%2C5 Lumpur, Malaysia), 971401. 27 Dec 1984. 1985_12_27_ 191 “Kabul ignores news.google.com/new Pakistan: Afghan anniversary of spapers?id=qEowAAA President Karmal Soviet takeover.” AIBAJ&sjid=VagFAAA + USSR leader Montreal Gazette, 28 AIBAJ&pg=1064%2C3 Gorbachev Dec 1985. 151761.

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1986_12_28_ 191 United Star News Afghan demonstrators burn Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev Pakistan: USSR Press Inter- (Wilmington, NC). in effigy during a protest march by more than 10,000 exiles leader Gorbachov national 28 Dec 1986. through the streets of Islamabad, Pakistan. The rally was held to mark the seventh anniversary of the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan. 1987_07_24_ 81, Maher Beirut, Lebanon: Hezbollah supporters burn effigies during Lebanon: USA + 171 Attar/ an anti-American and anti-French demonstration in the France Sygma/ streets of Beirut. Corbis 1987_08_04_Iran: 180 Kaveh Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, Tehran, 4 Aug 1987: People demonstrate, holding effigies US President Kazemi/ Seattle (WA). ID:540876418. of Reagan, Thatcher and Gorbachev and posters, blaming Reagan Getty Images superpowers, after a group of Iranian pilgrims were killed in Mecca during the annual Haj pilgrimage by security forces. 1987_09_29_Iran: 180 AP Chicago Tribune. 29 archives.chicagotribune. An effigy of President Reagan sits among Iraqi prisoners of US President Laserphoto Sep 1987. com/19 87/09/29/page war listening to a speech in Tehran recently. Reagan + Iraqi /1/ar ticle/war-stops-to- President Saddam let-nic araguan-families- Hussein unite. 1987_12_27_NL: 191 “Protesters burn news.google.com/new USSR leader Gorbachev effigy.” spapers?id=lKgkAAAA Gorbachev Manila Standard IBAJ&sjid=agsEAAAA (Philippines), 29 IBAJ&pg=1781%2C39 Dec 1987. 26711. 1988_02_25_ 171 “Demonstrations news.google.com/new Lebanon: US Sec of call for Higgin’s spapers?id=waxAAAA State Shultz + US death.” Lodi News- AIBAJ&sjid=sDIHAAA President Reagen Sentinel (CA), 26 AIBAJ&pg=7133%2C6 Feb 1988. 972208. 1988_03_03_ 89 Rob Nationaal Archief, www.gahetna.nl/collectie Protest boeren tegen mestheffing in Assen; demonstratie en Netherlands: Bogaerts/ Nederland. /afbeeldingen/fotocolle verbranden pop die Minister Braks voorstelt. Minister Braks Anefo ctie/zoeken/weergave/d etail/q/id/ad68fa0a-d0b 4-102d-bcf8- 003048976d84. 1988_12_28_India: 191 “Fiery anniversary.” news.google.com/new USSR leader New Straits Times spapers?id=2oJUAAAA Gorbachev (Kuala Lumpur, IBAJ&sjid=NZADAAA Malaysia), 29 Dec AIBAJ&pg=6762%2C3 1988. 253820. 1989_01_14_UK: 184 Protesters hold up an effigy of author Salman Rushdie in a author Salman protest against the publication of his book The Satanic Verses, Rushdie which they considered to be an insult to islam. 1989_01_14_UK: 184 Garry Garry Clarkson garryclarkson.photo Satanic Verses Clarkson Archive (website). shelter.com/gallery- image/1989-Satanic- Verses-Book-burning/ G0000QAv7Iexlvjs/ I00006tn4ze8y0Zo/ C0000O22Ac1VcsE4. 1989_02_17_ 185 CAP Rawalpindi, Pakistan, 17 Feb 1989: Rushdie Protest ... burn Pakistan: author Wirephoto and hit an effigy of Salman Rushdie in the streets ...day. Salman Rushdie Protest meeting were held all over Pakistan against ... Satanic Verses and leaders chanted “Kill Rushdie.” The ... of any violence during the protests. 1989_02_19_India: 85, Ravi Raveen- Spectator (London), blogs.spectator. Indian Moslems burn an effigy of British author Salman author Salman 185 dran/AFP/ 17 Sep 2012. co.uk/2012/09/salman- Rushdie and shout anti-government slogans during a Rushdie Getty Images rushdies-the-satanic- demonstration 19 February near India’s largest mosque in verses-revisited/. New Delhi. Some 2,000 people protested against the (Hindu nationalist BJP) government’s decision to grant Indian-born Rushdie a visa. 1989_02_25_USA- 185 “Moslems burn au- news.google.com/new NY: author Salman thor’s effigy in NY.” spapers?id=AQImAAA Rushdie Sunday Telegraph AIBAJ&sjid=CfwFAAA (NH), 26 Feb 1989. AIBAJ&pg=6910%2C7 365314. 1989_02_26_ 186 Maher Getty Images, www.gettyimages.co.uk, 26 Feb 1989: Demonstration against Salman Rushdie in Lebanon: author Attar/Getty Seattle (WA). ID: 542275782. Beirut. Salman Rushdie Images 1989_02_26_ 253 Sipa Press/ Bookaholic (website). www.bookaholic.ro/ Beirut, Lebanon, 26 Feb 1989: Anti-Salman Rushdie and Lebanon: author Lena Kara/ 15 Nov 2012. joseph-anton-sau-sal Satanic Verses demonstration. Salman Rushdie Rex Features man-rushdie-o-autobio grafie.html/anti-salman -rushdie-and-satanic-ver ses-demonstration-bei rut-lebanon-1989.

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1989_02_26_ 185, Moin New York Times. 18 www.nytimes. 17 Feb 1989: People in Rawalpindi, Pakistan, protest for a Pakistan: author 269 Bangash/ Sep 2012. com/2012/09/18/ second day against the publication of Salman Rushdie’s book Salman Rushdie Associated books/in-joseph-anton- The Satanic Verses. On the day before, six people were killed in Press salman-rushdie-revisits- Pakistan during a protest over the publication of the book in death-threat.html?_r=0. the United States. 1989_03_05_ 186 ANP De Volkskrant, www.volkskrant.nl/dossi Rotterdam, Netherlands, 1989: Demonstraties tegen De Netherlands: author (Amsterdam). 23 er-onrust-in-de-arabische Duivelsverzen van Rushdie. Salman Rushdie Sep 2012. -wereld/demonstraties- tegen-salman-rushdie-de- nederlandse-uitgever vertelt~a3319987/. 1989_03_07_ 186 AP Haaretz (Tel Aviv). https://www.haaretz. Bangkok, Thailand: An effigy of author Salman Rushdie is Thailand: author Wirephoto 14 Oct 2011. com/1.5191746. burned during a demonstration by more than 300 Thai Salman Rushdie Muslims at the central mosque. The muslims demand that the Thai Government ban the controversial book The Satanic Verses. 1989_03_26_ 100 “Fear of Shelling news.google.com/new Lebanon: Syrian Keeps Beirut spapers?id=eKRUAAA President Assad Streets Empty.” New AIBAJ&sjid=YZADAAA Straits Times (Kuala AIBAJ&pg=5166%2C2 Lumpur, Malaysia), 963286. 27 Mar 1989. 1989_05_00_USA- 283 Great Lakes Loew, Patty and Protestor holding speared head. Photograph taken of anti- WI: Native Indian Fish James Thannum. treaty protestors at a Wisconsin boat landing during the American and Wildlife “After the Storm: spring Chippewa spear fishing season. Commission Ojibwe Treaty staff. Rights Twenty-Five Years after the Voigt Decision.” The American Indian Quarterly 35, no. 2 (2011): 161–191. 1989_05_27_UK: 186 Flickr, user: www.flickr.com/photos/ London 27 May 1989: Anti-Rushdie March. Salman Rushdie author Salman amjamjazz. amjamjazz/512537146. hanged in effigy in Hyde Park. An estimated 8,000 protestors Rushdie rallied in the park and marched to Parliament Square. Copies of the Satanic Verses were burned. A counter demonstration in Parliament Square by Women Against Fundamentalism was harrassed, but was able to make its point, if only briefly. 1990_00_00_USA- 125 Carl De Magnum Photos pro.magnumphotos. Tampa, FL, 1990: Pro Gulf War demonstration. FL: Iraqi President Keyzer/ (New York). com, ID: PAR193907. Saddam Hussein Magnum Photos 1990_04_19_India: 82, Robert Getty Images, Anti-Pakistan demonstrators with effigy of PM Benazir Bhutto Pakistani Premier 238 Nickelsberg Seattle (WA). (for burning) protesting Pakistan’s interference in Kashmir, Bhutto (a) /Time Life near Pakistani embassy. Pictures/ Getty Images 1990_04_19_India: 84, Robert Alamy Stock Photo www.alamy.com/stock Anti-Pakistan demonstrators with effigy of PM Benazir Bhutto Pakistani Premier 238 Nickelsberg (UK). -photo-An-straw-effigy- (for burning) protesting Pakistan’s interference in Kashmir, Bhutto (b) /Time Life of-Pakistan’s-Prime- near Pakistani embassy. Pictures/ Minister-Benazir-Bhut Getty Images to-is-set-35648402.html. 1990_05_23_ 171 “Beirut strike news.google.com/new Lebanon: US protests killings.” spapers?id=5IcgAAAA President Bush Sun-Journal IBAJ&sjid=LmUFAAA + Israeli Premier (Lewiston, ME), 24 AIBAJ&pg=2691%2C5 Shamir May1990. 487149. 1990_08_04_UK: 256 Geoff Kuwaitis demonstrate in the streets of London just 48 hours Iraqi President Franklin/ after the invasion of their country by Iraqi tanks, proclaiming Saddam Hussein Sygma/ support for Sheikh Jaber Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah. An effigy of Corbis Iraqi President Saddam Hussein wearing a Nazi armband and blood-stained hands is paraded in the streets of the capital. 1994_12_10_ 172 “Give peace a news.google.com/new Norway: Israeli chance.” Item spapers?id=g5AiAAAA Premier Rabin (Sumter, SC) 10 IBAJ&sjid=060FAAAA Dec1994. IBAJ&pg=2759%2C26 22663. 1994_12_16_ 172 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Supporters of the Muslim fundamentalist group Hamas Palestine: Israeli Stefan Ellis Images (New York). 9412160336. burn an effigy of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin during Premier Rabin a rally, Dec. 16, 1994 in Gaza City. Over 50,000 Hamas supporters rallied at El Yarmook Stadium to celebrate the seventh anniversary of the creation of the Hamas movement. 1995_02_17_USA- 254 Jon Levy/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: New York, 17 Feb 1995: A New York City Policeman NY: US banks Getty Images Seattle (WA). 51970211. extinguishes a burning effigy representing US banking interests in Mexico outside of the head office of Chase Manhattan Bank. About 100 protesters gathered to show solidarity with the Zapatista rebels in the south of Mexico.

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1995_05_16_USA- 125, Roberto Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, Miami, FL: A Cuban-American spits on a burning effigy FL: Cuban 271 Schmidt/ Seattle (WA). ID: 51970211. of Cuba’s Fidel Castro as others cheer during a march President Castro AFP/Getty by Cubans who oppose the US government’s decision to Images repatriate all Cubans. Some 60,000 Cubans took part in the march in Miami’s ‘Little Havana.’ 1996_10_28_India: 87 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Bombay, India, 28 Oct 1996: Members of Syahi, a literary BSP chief Ram Sherwin Images (New York). 96102801108. organisation, spitting on the effigy of Kanshi Ram, chief of Crasto the Bahujan Samaj Party, a political party representing the low caste people of India. The mass spitting was to protest the beating up of some reporters and cameramen by Kanshi Ram security guards in New Delhi last week. 1996_11_04_Iran: 181 Kaveh Demonstrators carrying anti-US banners, an effigy of Uncle Uncle Sam Kazemi/ Sam and a portrait of of Iranian President Ali Khamenei Getty Images outside the former US embassy in Tehran, on the anniversary of its occupation by revolutionary students in 1979. The anniversary is marked on the 4th November each year when Iranians gather and demonstrate outside the former US embassy as a gesture of their defiance towards America. 1997_07_04_ 88 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Nablus, West Bank, 4 Jul 1997: Palestinian Islamic militants Palestine: ultra- Nasser Images (New York). 97070401878. cheer as an effigy of an Ultra Orthodox Jew burns before a orthodox Jew Ishtayyeh crowd of 30,000 Palestinians enraged by a Jewish extremists anti-Muslim leaflet. 1997_10_31_ 172 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Oct. 31, 1997: Masked members of the Islamic Jihad dance Palestine: Premier Adell Hana Images (New York). 97103101095. around a burning effigy of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu Netanyahu during a Isalmic Jihad demonstration in Gaza City on the second anniversary of their leader’s assassination. The killing of Islamic Jihad leader Fathi Shakaki two years ago in Malta has been blamed on Israel. 1997_12_04_ 81 DPA Der Spiegel www.spiegel.de/ Düsseldorf, Germany, 4 Dec 1997: Mit drei Stoffpuppen Germany: Minister (Hamburg, fotostrecke/10-jahre- von Theo Waigel, Jürgen Rüttgers und Helmut Kohl Waigel + Minister Germany). 31 Oct studentenstreik- (v.l.n.r.) am Galgen marschieren Studenten zum Landtag. Rüttgers + 2007. fotostrecke-108607-16. Mit der Kundgebung in der Landeshauptstadt wollen die Chancellor Kohl html. Demonstranten auf das nach ihrer Meinung unzumutbare neue Hochschulrahmengesetz aufmerksam machen. 1998_11_09_ 75, AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 9 Nov 1998: Palestinian students at the An-Najah university in Palestine: Premier 172 Nasser Images (New York). 9811090977. Nablus hang up effigy’s of Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu, Netanyahu + US Isstayeh left, and U.S. President Clinton, on a university building President Clinton during a demonstration against the Wye agreement. 1998_12_18_India: 273 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 18 Dec 1998: Indian Muslims shout slogans and burn effigies US President Str Images (New York). 98121801990. of President Clinton, right, and British Prime Minister Tony Clinton + British Blair outside the Jama Masjid during a demonstration in Premier Blair New Delhi. Throughout the Arab world, the message was that the unleashing of missiles at the heart of Baghdad would do more harm to the Iraqi people than to their President Saddam Hussein. 1999_02_12_India: 187 AP Photo/ Outlook (New www.outlookindia. 12 Feb 1999: Muslims burn an effigy of India-born British author Salman Ranjan Basu Delhi). 12 Feb 1999 com/printarticle. author Salman Rushdie, in front of the Jama Masjid, the Rushdie (page discontinued) aspx?288123. largest mosque in New Delhi. The Muslims expressed their concern after the Indian High Commission in London granted him a visa to visit India for the first time since the 1980’s, when his book The Satanic Verses was banned in India for its controversial comments on Islam. 1999_11_15_ 192 “Protesters burn news.google.com/news Afghanistan: US U.N. office, set papers?id=NwodAAAAI President Clinton Clinton effigies on BAJ&sjid=J34EAAAAIB fire.” arasotaS Herald AJ&pg=6667%2C17884. Tribune (FL), 16 Nov 1999. 2000_02_11_Iran: 181 Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: A Bassiji (Iranian Revolutionary Guard) waves his gun next Uncle Sam Seattle (WA). 51952870. to an effigy of Uncle Sam and the US flag in Tehran 11 February 2000, during a rally marking the 21st anniversary of the Islamic revolution. Amid the state-organized pomp and traditional anti-US sloganeering, Iranian President Mohammad Khatami made an impassioned plea for his reform agenda. 2000_03_16_ 86 Luis Manila, the Philippines, 16 Mar 2000: Carmen Deonida, Phillipines: Liwanag a leader of the militant group of poor urban Filipinos President Estrada KADAMAY, punches an effigy of Philippines President Joseph Ejercito Estrada. The group is criticizing the inability of Estrada’s administration to act on the national crisis of increasing oil prices. 2000_04_14_India: 72, AFP Photo/ South China Morning www.scmp.com/ 14 April 2000: Muslim activists beat a burning effigy author Salman 187 John Post (Hong Kong). news/asia/south-asia/ of Satanic Verses author Salman Rushdie during a Rushdie MacDougall 14 Mar 2015. article/1737059/india- demonstration near parliament in New Delhi. Hundreds of and-cult-censorship. demonstrators protested against the government’s decision to let Rushdie enter India, as one of the nominees of the Commonwealth Writers Prize.

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2000_06_22_ 73 AP Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Lahore, Pakistan, 22 Jun 2000: Protesters burn an effigy of Pakistan: Indian Photo/K.M. Images (New York). 0006220123. Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee. They chanted Premier Vajpayee Choudary anti-Indian slogans and condemned recent attacks on Christians and their churches in India. 2000_10_13_ 173 “Barak says he won’t news.google.com/new Lebanon: Israeli bow to threats.” spapers?id=JZlXAAAA Premier Barak + Spokesman Review IBAJ&sjid=RvIDAAAA US Sec of State (Spokane, WA), 14 IBAJ&pg=6970%2C25 Albright Oct 2000. 33449. 2000_12_00_ 251 Facebook, User: www.facebook.com/ Erapzilla. Philippines: UGATLahi Artist UGATLAHI/pho President Estrada Collective tos/a.101567361347375 56/10156736144837556 /?type=3&theater. 2001_02_13_ 173 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: February 13, 2001: A Palestinian girl covers an effigy of, who Palestine: Israeli Mohamed Images (New York). 0102130903 protestors say is, Israeli Prime Minister-elect Ariel Sharon Premier Sharon Zatari with an American flag as she prepares for a mock hanging, during a sit-in at Ein el-Hilweh refugee camp on the outskirts of Sidon, south Lebanon, to protest Sharon’s hard-line policies. About 300 Palestinians participated in the anti- Sharon protest to mark Tuesday as “a day of rage” called by Palestinians in the West Bank and Gaza Strip. 2001_09_13_India: 80 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 13 Sep 2001: Members of the National Akali Dal burn an Osama bin Laden Prakash Images (New York). 01091302021. effigy of Islamic terrorist Osama bin Laden against the Hatvalne terrorist attacks on the United States, near the Pakistan High Commission in New Delhi. The members were demanding the extradition of Laden, which they said was being provided shelter by Islamic nations. 2001_09_22_ 3--4, EPA De Volkskrant Pro-Taliban-demonstranten in de Pakistaanse hoofdstad Pakistan: US 237, (Amsterdam) 22 Karachi hakken in op een pop die president Bush van de President Bush 301– Sep 2001. Verenigde Staten voorstelt. 302 2001_09_26_ 192 “Iran won’t back news.google.com/new Afghanistan: US coalition against spapers?id=5TkxAAAA President Bush terrorism.” IBAJ&sjid=eXADAAA Pittsburgh Post-Gazette AIBAJ&pg=6631%2C4 (PE), 27 Sep 2001. 768569. 2001_10_12_ 75 Chris Getty Images, Pakistan, 12 Oct 2001: A pro-Taliban protester sips a drink Pakistan: US Hondros/ Seattle (WA). while looking over an effigy of U.S. President George W. President Bush Getty Images Bush during a rally in Peshawar. The biggest pro-Taliban rallies took place as the U.S.-led air strikes continued against neighboring Afghanistan. 2001_11_04_Iran: 88, Keivan/ Getty Images, Tehran, 4 Nov 2001: Iranians burn an effigy of Uncle Sam in Uncle Sam 181 Getty Images Seattle (WA). front of the former US embassy. Thousands of Iranians gathered in front of the former embasssy compound to commemorate the 1979 takeover of the “den of spies” by militant students. 2001_11_09_ 250 AP/PTI Tribune www.tribunein Karachi, Pakistan, 9 Nov 2001: Pro-Taliban protesters parade Pakistan: US (Chandigarh, dia.com/2001 /200111 an effigy of US President Bush on the back of a donkey during President Bush India). 11 Nov 2001. 11/photos/pages/11ph a protest rally. Pakistani political and religious parties called oto03.htm. for a nationwide general strike to protest against the US- led airstrikes on Afghanistan and the Pakistan government support to the US action. The text on the shirt reads “dog”. 2001_12_30_USA- 125 Joe Raedle/ Coconut Grove, FL, 30 Dec 2001: A young boy prepares to FL: Osama bin Getty Images hit the Osama Pinata during the King Mango Strut parade Laden in. The parade which is in its 20th year of parody and satire pokes fun at everything from local politics to international crisis. 2003_02_15_USA- 144 New York Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: A sea of protesters, and one enormous papier-mâché effigy of NY: US President Daily News Seattle (WA). 97217469. President Bush fills First Ave. at 51st St. during a massive anti- Bush Archive war rally today. At least 100,000 demonstrators decrying a war with Iraq converged in the bitter cold throughout the day, jamming streets, stopping traffic and forming a mile-long river of people north of the United Nations. 2003_04_11_ 211 Reuters/ Kholamon (blog). kholamon.tripo d.com/ 3 Apr 2003: Bangladeshi activists burn an effigy of U.S. Bangladesh: US Rafiqur Apr 2003. sh/bdesh2.html. President George W. Bush during an anti-war protest in President Bush Rahman Dhaka. Anti-war protests continued in predominantly Muslim Bangladesh as U.S-led forces neared Iraqi capital Baghdad on Thursday. 2004_03_00_USA- 144 Diana Dianelent (blog), dianelent.com/ NY: President Bush Greene Lent (site discontinued). mar20-1.html. 2004_03_20_USA- 144 AP Photo/ 全世界の行動 www.geocities.co.jp/Co Los Angeles, CA, 20 Mar 2004: Thousands of anti-war CA: President Bush Nick Ut (blog). 10 Mar llegeLife-Cafe/8653/ demonstrators protest on the one year anniversary of the 2004. 040320/040320.htm. start of the U.S.-led war in Iraq.

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2004_03_30_Egypt: 173 AFP/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, 30 March 2004: Egyptian students hangs effigies of British US President Bush Marcoo Di Seattle (WA). ID:3158509 Prime Minister Tony Blair, US President George W. Bush and + British Premier Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon during a demonstration Blair + Israeli at the al-Azhar University in Cairo to mark ‘Land Day.’ Land Premier Sharon Day is a yearly gathering of Palestinians to commemorate the death of six people protesting against the confiscation of Arab lands on March 30, 1976, by Israel. 2004_07_29_USA- 97 S. Patrick Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: A protester jumps over a burning effigy of a two faced Bush/ MA: President Bush Ouellette/ Seattle (WA). 483021233. Kerry outside the Fleet Center in Boston Thursday. + John Kerry Portland Press Herald/ Getty Images 2004_08_25_ 85 Aamir Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 25 Aug 2004: Activists of Pakistani Muslim religious group Pakistan: US Qureshi/ Seattle (WA). 51216095. Sunni Tehrik hold aflot an effigy of US President George W. President Bush AFP Photo/ Bush while chanting anti-US slogans during a protest rally Getty Images in Karachi. The demonstrators condemned the US attacks on the Iraqi holy city of Najaf and demanded the immediate withdrawal of US-led coalition forces from Iraq. 2004_11_03_Iran: 85, AFP Photo/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 3 Nov 2004: Iranian students hold an effigy of US President US President Bush 181 Behrouz Seattle (WA). 51649474. George W. Bush during a demonstration outside the former Mehri/Getty American embassy in Tehran to mark the 25th anniversary Images of the US hostage crisis after the mission was stormed by militant Islamic students. 2004_11_13_ 73 Jafariya News www.jafariyanews. Islamabad, Pakistan: Grand protest rallies were staged Pakistan: Israel + (Pakistan). 13 Nov com/2k4_news/ across the country marking “Day of Quds Solidarity with USA 2004. nov/13_qudsdaypk. Oppressed” on the call of Quaid-i-Millat-i-Jafariya Syed htm. Hamid Moosavi on Juma-tul-Wida (last Friday of Ramazan). The protestors canted slogans against the United States, India, and Israel, and torched effigies. 2005_03_19_Brazil: 256 AP Photo/ Hellblazer (blog). 20 www.hellblazer.com/ Sao Paulo, Brazil, 19 Mar 2005: An effigy of US President US President Bush Alexandre Mar 2005. media/iraq-kill-44/. George W. Bush is seen during an anti-war protest in Meneghini downtown Sao Paulo for the second anniversary of the U.S.- led invasion on Iraq. 2005_04_09_Iraq: 216 Ali Jasim France Info (Paris). 8 geopolis.francetvinfo. Baghdad, 9 Apr 2005: Des milliers d’Irakiens chiites fidèles Saddam Hussein + RCS/ Jul 2014. fr/ces-places-ou- à Moqtada al-Sadr iman et nouveau leader politique US President Bush Reuters grondent-les-revoltes- manifestent sur la place Firdos la place du Paradis à Bagdad. + British Premier 38343. Ils réclament le départ des troupes américaines et le procès Blair (a) de l’ancien président Saddam Hussein. 2005_04_09_Iraq: 216 Karim Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: 9 Apr 2005: Placed in front of the Freedom statue in Firdos Saddam Hussein + Sahib/AFP Seattle (WA). 52606635. Square that replaced that of ousted President Saddam US President Bush Photo Hussein two years ago, three effigies depicting British Prime + British Premier Minister Tony Blair, Saddam Hussein, and US President Blair (b) George W. Bush are seen in jail jumpsuits and with nooses around their necks in central Baghdad, as Iraqis mainly loyal to radical Shiite Muslim cleric call for the occupying US forces to leave their country. 2005_04_09_Iraq: 217 Democratic www.democraticunder Baghdad, 9 Apr 2005: Effigies of Blair, Hussein, and Bush Saddam Hussein + Underground (blog). ground.com/discuss/d all wearing chains, nooses and prison jump suits at former US President Bush 14 Apr 2009. uboard.php? az=viewall location of the famous Saddam statue. + British Premier &address=104x3418631. Blair (c) 2005_04_09_Iraq: 217, Wathiq Sfgate (San www.sfgate.com/news/ 9 Apr 2005: Effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush, Saddam Hussein + 251 Khuzaie/ Francisco). 10 Apr article/Iraqis-rally-agai former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein and British Prime US President Bush Getty Images 2005. nst-U-S-presence-Thous Minister Tony Blair are seen during a rally in Baghdad, Iraq. + British Premier ands-of-2681012.php. Thousands of Iraqi Shiites loyal to the firebrand Shiite cleric Blair (d) Moqtada al-Sadr gathered in Baghdads Firdos square. 2005_04_09_Iraq: 217 Karim Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 9 Apr 2005: Placed in front of the Freedom statue in Firdos Saddam Hussein + Sahib/AFP Seattle (WA). 136024061. Square that replaced that of ousted President Saddam US President Bush Photo Hussein two years ago, three effigies depicting British Prime + British Premier Minister Tony Blair, Saddam Hussein, and US President Blair (e) George W. Bush are seen in jail jumpsuits and with nooses around their necks in central Baghdad, as Iraqis mainly loyal to radical Shiite Muslim cleric call for the occupying US forces to leave their country. 2005_04_09_Syria: 86 AP Photo Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: Syria, 9 Apr 2005: An unidentified Syrian protestor hits US President Bush Bassem Images (New York). 05040905873. an effigy representing U.S. President George W. Bush Tellawi on Saturday, during a sit-in staged in one of Damascus’ main streets to mark the second anniversary of the former Iraqi Saddam Hussein’s regime fall when U.S. troops took control of Baghdad. Some 150 protestors staged the sit-in to demanding American forces leave Iraq. 2005_06_06_UK: 251 www.sspglen rothes. US President Bush pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ G8Gleneagles/.

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2005_05_11_ 192 AFP Photo/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: Afghanistan, 11 May 2005: Afghan students from the Afghanistan: US Akhter Khan Seattle (WA). 52796782. Nangarhar University burn an effigy of US President George President Bush Bush during a protest in Jalalabad. Four people were killed and dozens injured in violent protests in the city sparked by reports that US soldiers were desecrating the Koran at Guantanamo Bay, a doctor said. 2005_06_08_Bolivia: 83 Bloomberg/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 8 Jun 2005: Protestors drag an effigy of Hormando Vaca Senate President Getty Images Seattle (WA). 136024061. Diez, the president of the Senate and first in line to replace Diez President Mesa, through the streets of La Paz. Protests that have rocked Bolivia are entering their third week. At the center of the conflict is the indigenous movement’s desire to nationalize gas and rewrite the constitution. Wealthy citizens from Santa Cruz have also revived their call for more autonomy, in hopes of being able to control more of Bolivia’s large gas reserve. 2005_12_15_India: 72 Raveen- Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 15 Dec 2005: Indian lawyers burn effigies of Indian Minister Nath dran/AFP Seattle (WA). 56435261. Commerce Minister Kamal Nath and foreign lawyers and Photo shout anti-government slogans during a protest in front of Tis Hazari Court in New Delhi, to protest against the decree by the government to allow foreign lawyers entry the legal services sector. 2006_00_00_USA- 144 San Francisco. CA: President Bush 2006_02_03_Iraq: 193 Wathiq Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: Baghdad, 3 Feb 2006: Iraqis gather near an effigy Danish journalist Khuzaie / Seattle (WA). 56736616. representing a Danish journalist before burning it after Getty Images friday prayers. Hundreds of angry Iraqis took to the street of Baghdad to protest the publication of anti- Prophet Muhammad cartoons published by a daily Danish publication. 2006_02_10_India: 193 Raveen- Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: 10 Feb 2006: Indian Muslims burn an effigy of the Danish Danish government dran/AFP/ Seattle (WA). 56814071. government during a demonstration outside the Jama Masjid Getty Images in New Delhi. Thousands of Muslims poured out on the streets of India’s capital after Friday prayers in the first such protest in overwhelmingly Hindu India against cartoons depicting Prophet Mohammed. 2006_02_10_ 211 Aamir Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: 10 Feb 2006: Pakistani activists of six party religious Islamic Pakistan: Danish Qureshi/ Seattle (WA). 56814583. alliance Muttahida Majlis-e Amal, (MMA) shout slogans Premier Rasmussen AFP/Getty beside a burning effigy of Danish Prime Minister Anders Images Fogh Rasmussen during a protest rally in Islamabad. Thousands of Pakistanis held protests across the country over cartoons portraying the Prophet Mohammed. 2006_02_17_ 288 AFP Photo/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 17 Feb 2006: Pakistani Muslims protesters hang effigies of Pakistan: European Tariq Seattle (WA). 56869512. leaders of European countries during a demonstration in leaders Mahmood Peshawar. Pakistan’s ambassador to Denmark has been called back to Islamabad ‘for consultations’, the foreign office said amid a continuing row over publications of cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed. 2006_02_19_ 193 AFP Photo/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 19 Feb 2006: Islamist demonstrators chant slogans against Turkey: Danish Mustafa Seattle (WA). 56884698. Denmark as they burn an effigy of Danish Prime Minister Premier Rasmussen Ozer Anders Fogh Rasmussen, during a demonstration held by Turkish Islamist party Felicity Party (SP) in Caglayan Square in Istanbul. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets of Istanbul on Sunday to protest against cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed published in Europe, an AFP photographer at the scene reported. 2006_02_20_ 193 STR/AFP Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 20 Feb 2006: Afghan university students shout slogans as Afghanistan: US Photo Seattle (WA). 56905794. they hold an effigy of US President George W. Bush during a President Bush protest in Jalalabad. Some 1,000 Afghan university students burnt an effigy of US President George W. Bush and called for Islamic nations to cut ties with Denmark in a new protest against cartoons of the Prophet Mohammad. A wave of similar protests across Afghanistan earlier this month left 11 people dead, with most of them killed by hand-grenade shards or bullets fired by security forces or demonstrators. 2006_02_24_ 193 Reuters/ Daily Maverick www.dailyma verick.co. 24 Feb 2006: Pakistani Muslims beat an effigy of a Danish Pakistan: Danish Zahid (Johannesburg, za/article/201 0-09-08- cartoonist during a rally in Karachi. Passban, a social cartoonist Hussein South Africa). 8 Sep religious-hatred-raises- organisation, held the rally to protest against the publication 2010. its-ugly-head-again/. of cartoons and caricatures depicting the Prophet Mohammad in European newspapers. 2006_02_24_ 193 AFP/Musa Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 24 Feb 2006: An effigy wearing the Danish flag is burnt Palestine: Denmark al-Shaer Seattle (WA). 56929111. following Friday noon prayers in the West Bank town of Bethlehem, as Palestinians protest against the publication earlier this month of controversial cartoons of the Prophet Mohammed in a Danish newspaper. 2006_03_01_India: 82 AFP/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: New Delhi, 1 Mar 2006: An Indian Muslim carries an effigy US President Bush Manpreet Seattle (WA). 56967038. of US President George W. Bush on his shoulder before Romana burning it during a protest against Bush’s visit to India.

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2006_03_03_India: 74 AP Photo/ Jayaraman, K.S. 3 Mar 2006: Protestors beat a burning effigy of U.S. President US President Bush Gautam “US–Indian George W. Bush as another holds a poster of Osama bin Singh agbiotech deal Laden during a demonstration against Bush in Hyderabad, under scrutiny.” India. Chanting ‘Bush hands off India’ and ‘Bush go home,’ Nature Biotechnology several hundred communist and Muslim demonstrators 24 (2006): 481. marched through the city, and shops in the Muslim- dominated Charminar neighborhood were closed in protest. 2006_03_03_India: 74 The Hindu www.thehindu.com/toda 3 Mar 2006: Activists of the Communist Party of India US President Bush (Chennai, India). 3 ys-paper/tp-national/tp- (Marxist-Leninist) burning U.S. President George W. Bush in Mar 2006. kerala/cpiml-hartal-near effigy in Thrissur on Thursday. total-in-thrissur-district/ article3158983.ece. 2006_07_21_ 81 AFP/Asif Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 21 Jul 2006: Pakistani Shiite Muslims drag an effigy of US Pakistan: British Hassan Seattle (WA). 71493969. President George W. Bush covered with a British flag during Premier Blair a protest rally in Karachi. Hundreds of people, mostly from Shiite Muslim groups, protested county-wide to condemn Israeli aggression on Lebanon. 2006_10_05_USA- 144 Chronicle/ Sfgate (San www.sfgate.com/bayare A protester carries an effigy of President Bush on Market CA: President Bush Chris Francisco), 5 Oct a/article/SAN-FRANCI Street. Stewart 2006. SCO-Protest-no- washout-despite-rain- 2486544.php. 2006_12_15_Bolivia: 85 AFP/Javier Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: El Alto, Bolivia, 15 Dec 2006: A group of supporters of Governor Costas Mamani/ Seattle (WA). 72832052. Evo Morales hit an effigy of the governor of Santa Cruz STR Ruben Costas, in support of the governmental decision of imposing the 51 percent majority system for the voting in the Constituent Assembly instead of two-thirds and against the splitting of four of the country’s wealthiest provinces. 2006_12_30_India: 211 Altaf Zargar Kashmir Newz www.kashmirnewz.com/ People setting fire to an effigy of US president George W US President Bush p0168.html. Bush during a protest demonstration in Srinagar. Angry mob came out on streets at many places in Kashmir raising slogans against USA and its allies, as the news of former Iraqi president Saddam Hussain’s execution reached here. 2006_12_30_Iraq: 82 Wait Los Angeles Times. 17 framework.latim Baghdad, 30 Dec 2006: After hearing news about the former President Khuzaie / Dec 2011. es.com/2011/12/17/ execution of the former Iraqi president Saddam Hussein, Saddam Hussein (a) Getty Images iraq-war/#/60. Iraqi’s drive through the streets of Sadr City with an effigy of the executed dictator hanging from a rope. 2006_12_30_Iraq: 86 AFP/Ahmad Gateway Pundit www.thegateway Baghdad: An Iraqi uses a shoe to beat an effigy of ousted former President Al-Rubaye (USA). 30 Dec pundit.com/2006/12/ dictator Saddam Hussein. US President George W. Bush has Saddam Hussein (b) 2006. the-hanging-of-saddam- hailed Saddam’s execution as “an important milestone” on hussein-video/. the road to building an Iraqi democracy but warned it will not end deadly violence there. 2007_01_04_India: 253 Novatownhall (blog). novatownhall.com/ US President Bush 1 Nov 2011. 2011/11/01/the- horror-the-horror/. 2007_04_08_ 75, Rizwan Global Post. 8 www.globalpost.com/ 8 Apr 2007: Pakistani students from the Imamia Students Pakistan: US 239 Tabassum/ Apr 2007. (site photo/5947133/iran- Organization carry an effigy of US President George W. Bush President Bush AFP/Getty discontinued). protests-great-satan- during a demonstration in Karachi, Pakistan. About 2,000 Images bush-uncle-sam. activists protested alleged US attacks on Shia neighborhoods in Iran. 2007_05_01_ 88 AP Photo/ 1 May 2007: Afghan youths look at an effigy of U.S. President Afghanistan: US Rahmat Gul George W. Bush after setting it on fire during a protest in President Bush Jalalabad, the provincial capital of Nangarhar province, east of Kabul. Hundreds of angry protesters chanting “Death to Bush” demonstrated after U.S.-led coalition and Afghan forces raided a suspected car bomb cell early Sunday, leaving four militants and two female civilians dead, officials said. 2007_06_19_ 187 AFP/Asif Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 19 Jun 2007: Pakistani Islamists chant slogans in front of Pakistan: author Hassan Seattle (WA). 74774766. a burning effigy of Indian born author Salman Rushdie Salman Rushdie during a protest in Karachi. Pakistan summoned Britain’s ambassador to the foreign ministry as Islamists torched effigies of Queen Elizabeth and Salman Rushdie in fresh protests against the author’s knighthood. 2007_06_21_India: 187 Hindustan Times www.hindustan times. Kashmiri protesters burn an effigy of British author Salman author Salman (Pakistan). 21 com/photos-new Rushdie during a protest in Srinagar on June 21, 2007. Angry Rushdie Jun 2007. (page s/photos-india/protest protesters took to the streets in Srinagar on Thursday to discontinued). againstrushdie/Article denounce a British knighthood for Rushdie, whose novel 4-231655.aspx. Satanic Verses outraged Muslims worldwide. The placard on effigy reads “Hang apostate Salman Rushdie”. 2007_06_22_Gaza: 173 “Israelis, Palestinians news.google.com/newsp Palestinian to meet.” Eugene apers?id=lGBWAAAAIBA President Abbas Register-Guard (OR), J&sjid=iPADAAAAIBAJ& 22 Jun 2007. pg=6631%2C4916654. 2007_07_01_ 87 AFP 1 Jul 2007: Pakistani children hold toy guns as they take part Pakistan: author PHOTO/ in a protest against Indian-born author Salman Rushdie in Salman Rushdie Arif ALI Lahore.

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2007_08_24_USA- 82, “Democratic Mob www.theonion.com/ The Bush effigy, a surprisingly accurate likeness outfitted in a DC: President Bush 129 Censure Bush in articles/demo cratic- blue suit and red power tie, was originally to be taken to the Effigy.” The Onion mob-censures-bush-in- steps of the Capitol Building for the censure proceedings. (Madison, WI). 24 effigy,2263/ The mob turned back, however, when one among the rabble Aug 2007. called a point of order and explained that the president would not be present if Congress were actually to pass censure. When the measure finally passed, the news was officially delivered to the effigy and a large banner reading “CENSURED!” was hung above it. 2007_09_19_Egypt: 200 Jano Flickr, user: Jano www.flickr.com / 19 Sep 2007: Effigy of Mahalla CEO, apparently at a strike at Mahalla factory Charbel Charbel. photos/janocharbel/3 the textile factory El Mahalla. director 113992260/in/photo stream/ 2008_01_09_Gaza: 173 “Rockets fall on sou- news.google.com/new US President Bush thern Israel as Bush spapers?id=ZPcrAAAA + Israeli Premier arrives.” Kentucky IBAJ&sjid=DG0FAAA Olmert New Era (Hopkins- AIBAJ&pg=4134%2C6 ville), 9 Jan 2008. 76868. 2008_02_15_ 196, EPA/MK Multan, Pakistan 15 Feb 2008: Supporters of Islamic party Pakistan: Danish 272 Chaudhry Jamiat Tulba-e-Arabia burn an effigy of Danish Prime Premier Rasmussen Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen during a protest to condemn the republication of a controversial caricatures depicting the Prophet Mohammed. 2008_03_21_ 194 Novum/AP binnenland.nieuws. 21 Mar 2008: Duizenden Afghanen hebben vrijdag in de Afghanistan: Dutch nl/503768 hoofdstad Kabul Nederlandse en Deense vlaggen in brand politician Wilders gestoken en een pop die Geert Wilders moest voorstellen verbrand. 2008_03_30_ 194 HLN (Belgium). 30 www.hlnbe/hln/nl/960 30 Mar 2008: In Pakistan ging opnieuw een Wilders-pop in Pakistan: Dutch Mar 2008. /Buitenland/article/de vlammen op. politician Wilders tail/224565/2008/03/ 30/Wilders-stuurt-kat- naar-debat-over-zijn- film.dhtml 2008_03_30_ 194, AP Photo/ Karachi, Pakistan, 30 Mar 2008: A Pakistani woman gestures Pakistan: Dutch 269 Fareed Khan next to a burning effigy of Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders politician Wilders during a protest against a recent Dutch film that portrays Islam as a ticking time bomb aimed at the West. 2008_04_02_ 251 AP Photo The Age (Fairfax, www.theage.com.au/wo Harare, Zimbabwe, 2 Apr 2008: Mocked: An election poster Zimbabwe: Australia). 4 Apr rld/mugabe s-party- of Zimbabwe’s President Robert Mugabe pinned to an effigy. President Mugabe 2008. loses-parliament- 20080404-ge6xch.html 2008_04_06_ 194 AP Photo/ Flap’s Blog (blog). 6 flapsblog.com/ Karachi, Pakistan, 6 April 2008: Supporters of Pakistan’s Pakistan: Dutch Fareed Khan Apr 2008. category/countries/ largest Islamic party Jamate-e-Islami burn the effigy of Dutch politician Wilders pakistan/ lawmaker Geert Wilders during a rally. More than 25,000 people rallied in the largest protest in Pakistan so far against an anti-Quran film made by a Dutch lawmaker, urging their government to expel the Netherlands ambassador. 2008_04_13_ 96 Roznama The Middle East www.memri.org/report Pakistan Keep Up Protests Against Geert Wilders’s ‘Fitna’ Pakistan: Danish Express, Research Institute. 16 s/pakistan-keep-protes And Prophet Muhammad’s Cartoons. In Karachi, protesters cartoonist Pakistan Jun 2008. ts-against-geert-wilderss- burn the effigy of cartoonist Kurt Westergaard. Westergaard fitna-and-prophet- muhammads-cartoons 2008_06_09_ 88, AP Photo/ Militaryphotos www.militaryph Multan, Pakistan, 9 Jun 2008: Supporters of deposed Pakistan: President 272 Khalid (blog). 9 Jun 2008. otos.net/forums/ Pakistani judges burn an effigy of President Pervez Musharraf Tanveer (site discontinued). showthread.php?1357 Musharraf. Thousands of Pakistani activists and lawyers 19-Todays-PIX!!- gathered in major cities Monday to kick off a series of Monday-June-9th-2008 protests aimed at pressuring the new government to restore judges sacked by Musharraf. 2008_10_00_India: 55 Tenzin Dasel Phayul (blog), 9 Oct www.phayul.com/ Activists parade a demonized effigy, bearing photos of Hu Chinese Premier Hu /Phayul 2008. news/article. Jintao and Zhang Qingli, in Dharamsala, India. Jintao as Ravana aspx?id=22954&t=1 2008_10_18_Iraq: 218 Ahmad al- Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: Effigies of US President George W. Bush and his Secretary of US President Bush Rubaye/ Seattle (WA). 83334259. State Condoleezza Rice lie against a wall as Iraqi followers of + US Secretary of AFP/Getty radical Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr get ready to take to the State Rice (a) Images streets of Baghdad. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 218 Wathiq Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Iraqi Shiite demonstrators burn US President Bush Khuzaie/ Seattle (WA). ID: 83336895. effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush and U.S. Secretary + US Secretary of Getty Images of State Condoleezza Rice during a protest against a State Rice (b) proposed U.S.-Iraqi security pact. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 AP Photo/ Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Followers of Shiite cleric Muqtada US President Bush Karim al-Sadr burn effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush, right + US Secretary of Kadim and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, during a rally to State Rice (c) protest a draft U.S.-Iraqi security agreement. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 Monsters and Critics http://media.monster US President Bush (website). sandcritics.com/ + US Secretary of galleries/144292 State Rice (d) 3/0152431350085.jpg

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2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 AP Photo/ Ziomania (blog). ziomania.com/images- Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Followers of Shiite cleric Muqtada US President Bush Karim (site discontinued). iraq/iraq-oct20-2008. al-Sadr burn effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush, right + US Secretary of Kadim htm. and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, during a rally to State Rice (e) protest a draft U.S.-Iraqi security agreement. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 Ali Yussef/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.ae, ID: 18 Oct 2008 Iraqis from the Sadr movement burn effigies US President Bush AFP/Getty Seattle (WA). 83335501. of US President George W. Bush and Secretary of State + US Secretary of Images Condoleezza Rice during a mass protest in the streets of State Rice (f) Baghdad against the US occupation of Iraq. The protest, which was to be organised on April 9 -- the anniversary of the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime -- was being held Saturday and came at a time when Washington and Baghdad are negotiating a crucial security deal. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 Wathiq Getty Images, www.gettyimages.ae, ID: Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Shiite demonstrators take part in a US President Bush Khuzaie/ Seattle (WA). 83336910. protest against a proposed U.S.-Iraqi security pact. Supporters + US Secretary of Getty Images of radical Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr protested against the State Rice (g) agreement which would replace the existing U.N. mandate authorizing the U.S.-led forces in Iraq. The new agreement would require American forces to leave by December 31, 2011 unless the Iraqi government asked them to stay. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 219 Wathiq Sfgate (San www.sfgate.com/news/ Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Iraqi Shiite demonstrators burn US President Bush Khuzaie/ Francisco). 19 Oct article/Shiite-leader- effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush and U.S. Secretary + US Secretary of Getty Images 2008. labels-U-S-Iraq-pact- of State Condoleezza Rice during a protest against a State Rice (h) betrayal-3189940.php. proposed U.S.-Iraqi security pact. 2008_10_18_Iraq: 96, AP Photo/ Cleveland (OH). 19 www.cleveland. Baghdad, 18 Oct 2008: Followers of Shiite cleric Muqtada US President Bush 219 Hadi Mizban Oct 2008 (page com/world/index. al-Sadr burn effigies of U.S. President George W. Bush, right + US Secretary of deleted). ssf/2008/10/19-week/. and Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, during a rally to State Rice (i) protest a draft U.S.-Iraqi security agreement. 2008_10_19_USA- 257 CNN OH: presidential candidate Obama (a) 2008_10_19_USA- 257 HuffPost (USA). 19 www.huffingto OH: presidential Nov 2008. npost.com/2008/10/19 candidate Obama /racist-obama-effigy- (b) hung_n_135971.html. 2008_10_29_USA- 110 Francine sweetness-light. West Hollywood, CA, 28 Oct 2008: A portrait of Mito Aviles CA: Sarah Palin Orr/ Los com/archive/palin-han (left) and Chad-Michael Morrisette in front of their Halloween Angeles ged-in-effigy-in-west-hol decoration which includes a caricature of VP candidate Sarah Times lywood#. Palin hanging with a noose around her neck and Presidential UgP5GRa3Cew. candidate John McCain coming out of a flaming fire place. 2008_10_29_USA- 110 Stewart CA: Sarah Palin Cook/Rex guard Features 2008_10_31_ 110 Lesley The Guardian (UK). www.theguardi The controversial Halloween decorations in West Hollywood, USvCA: Chad O’Toole 30 Oct 2008. an.com/commentisfre featuring an effigy of Sarah Palin (left, hanging from noose). e/cifamer ica/2008/ oct/30/sarah-palin- noose-effigy-hollywood. 2008_10_31_USA- 110 Lesley The Guardian (UK). Ibid. Creator of the Palin effigy gets a taste of his own medicine. CA: Sarah Palin + O’Toole 30 Oct 2008. Chad 2008_11_21_ 220 Caesar Los Angeles Times. 21 latimesblogs.latimes. Shiite cleric Muqtada Sadr’s call to followers to hold a mass Baghdad, Iraq: US Ahmed Nov 2008. com/babylon prayer and protest in central Baghdad to denounce the new President Bush (a) beyond/2008/11/iraq- Status of Forces Agreement reached between U.S. and Iraqi thousands.html. negotiators brought tens of thousands of people swarming into central Baghdad’s Firdos Square on Friday. This is none other than the place where U.S. forces helped Iraqis joyously pull down a giant statue of Saddam Hussein back in April 2003. This time, the crowd gathered at the square was just as frenzied, but there were no American forces in sight. And this time, the protesters dragged down something very different: an effigy of President Bush. 2008_11_21_ 220 Adam Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: An effigy of President Bush hangs on the pedestal where Baghdad, Iraq: US Ashton/ Seattle (WA). 112880105. a famous statue of Saddam Hussein once stood in central President Bush (b) Modesto Baghdad. It was burned after a rally for followers of anti- Bee/MCT American cleric Muqtuda al-Sadr. 2008_11_21_ 220 Karim The Immelman Turn www.immelman.us/ Baghdad, 21 Nov 2008: A protester uses his shoe to strike an Baghdad, Iraq: US Kadim / AP (blog), 25 Feb 2010. national-security/u-s- effigy of President Bush, as thousands of followers of Shiite cleric President Bush (c) deaths-in-iraq-at-2-year- Muqtada al-Sadr converge on Firdous Square in central Baghdad high/. for a protest against a proposed U.S.-Iraqi security pact. 2008_11_21_ 220 AFP An Iraqi Shiite Muslim uses a slipper to hit the face of an Baghdad, Iraq: US effigy of US President George W. Bush with a sign that President Bush (d) reads in Arabic, ‘The security agreement is shameful and humiliating’, hung from the abstract statue that now stands in the center of Firdoos Square in Baghdad.

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2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press www.upi.com/ Thousands of demonstrators hang an effigy of U.S. President Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International (USA). News_Photos/News/ George W. Bush during a rally at Firdos Square in Baghdad. President Bush (e) 21 Nov 2008. Anti-US-Protest-in-Iraq/ The followers of Shiite cleric Moqtada al-Sadr marched fp/1257/. against a pact letting U.S. forces stay in Iraq until 2011. Firdos Square is where U.S. troops tore down a statue of Saddam Hussein after the invasion in 2003. 2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press Ibid. Ibid. Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International (USA). President Bush (f) 21 Nov 2008. 2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press Ibid. Ibid. Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International (USA). President Bush (g) 21 Nov 2008. 2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press Ibid. Ibid. Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International (USA). President Bush (h) 21 Nov 2008. 2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press Ibid. Ibid. Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International (USA). President Bush (i) 21 Nov 2008. 2008_11_21_ 221 Reuters/ Flopping Aces (blog). www.flopping aces. Demonstrators hang an effigy of U.S. President George W. Baghdad, Iraq: US Thaier al- 23 Nov 2009. net/2008/11/23/ Bush during a rally at the al-Firdous square in Baghdad. President Bush (j) Sudani victory-in-iraq-day-2/. 2008_11_21_ 221 UPI Photo/ United Press www.upi.com/News_Ph 21 Nov 2008: Thousands of demonstrators hang an effigy Baghdad, Iraq: US Ali Jasim International otos/News/Anti-US-Pro of U.S. President George W. Bush during a rally at Firdos President Bush (k) (USA). 21 Nov 2008. test-in-Iraq/fp/1257/. Square in Baghdad. 2008_11_21_ 221 Asadandtiger’s name thetigris.blog.over-blog. Baghdad, 21 Nov 2008: At the spot where U.S. forces helped Baghdad, Iraq: US (blog). 6 Dec 2008. com/article-25494032. Iraqis topple a statue of Saddam Hussein in 2003, protesters President Bush (l) html; articles.latimes. Friday tore down an effigy of President Bush and set it afire com/2008/nov/22/ during a demonstration over plans to keep American troops world/fg-iraq22. in Iraq through 2011. 2009_00_00_Iran: 74, Getty Popsugar Love www.popsugar.com/lo Iran Marks 30th Anniversary of Islamic Revolution Shah Reza Pahlavi 181 (blog). 11 Feb 2009. ve/photo-gallery/2798 273/image/2798279/ Iranians-hold-effigy- shah-Mohammad-Reza- Pahlavi-who-ousted. 2009_01_18_ 173, Reuters/Ali First Things Test gatewaypundit. 18 Jan 2009: Leftist protestors burn an effigy of U.S. Lebanon: US 253 Hashisho (blog). 18 Jan 2009. wordpress.com/2009 President George W. Bush and U.S. President-elect Barack Presidents Bush + /01/page/21/. Obama during a demonstration displaying solidarity with the Obama (a) Palestinians in Gaza, near the US embassy building in Awkar, north of Beirut. 2009_01_18_ 253 thewe.name/weplanet/ Ibid. Lebanon: US circus/2009/circus_feb Presidents Bush + ruary_march _2009.html. Obama b 2009_03_09_Egypt: 200 Per Flickr, user: Per www.flickr.co m/photos Egypt, 9 Mar 2009: Just inside the main gates striking workers company lawyer Al Bjorklund Bjorklund. 9 Mar /perbjorklund/33453 had hung an effigy of company lawyer Ali al-Dossuqi, who appa- Dossuqi 2009. 48420/in/album- rently had described them as baltagiyya, or a bunch of thugs, in 721576150058 88921/. an interview on private TV-channel el-Mehwar last night. 2009_04_07_ 222 Khalid The Week (London). www.theweek.co.uk/ Baghdad, 9 Apr 2009: Una figura del ex presidente norte- Baghdad, Iraq: Mohammed 11 Apr 2009. photos/33045/pic-day- americano George W. Bush, que será exhibida en Sadr City, former US effigy-george-w-bush. Bagdad, durante las manifestaciones por el sexto aniversario President Bush (a) de la caída de la capital Irakí ante las fuerzas estadounidenses. 2009_04_07_ 222 A follower of radical Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr was Baghdad, Iraq: pictured preparing an effigy of the former U.S. President in former US the Sadr City neighborhood of Baghdad. President Bush (b) 2009_04_07_ 222 Ali Al-Saadi/ Washington Post. 7 www.washingtonpost. 7 Apr 2009: Followers of radical Iraqi Shiite cleric Moqtada Baghdad, Iraq: AFP/Getty Apr 2009. com/wp-dyn/content/ al-Sadr work on an effigie of former US President George W. former US Images gallery/2009/04/07/ Bush in Baghdad’s Sadr City. The Sadr movement is planning President Bush (c) GA2009040702138. a huge protest in Baghdad on April 9 to mark the sixth html. anniversary of the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime and call for the immediate withdrawal of US troops from Iraq. 2009_04_09_ 222 AP/Maya Le Monde www.lemonde.fr/inter Venus en grande majorité des provinces chiites du Sud et Baghdad, Iraq: Alleruzzo International (Paris). national/portfolio/ des quartiers défavorisés de Bagdad, ils se sont dirigés vers la former US 9 Apr 2009. 2009/04/09/une-foule- place Fardous, où, il y a six ans, les Irakiens avaient mis à bas President Bush (a) d-irakiens -manifeste-a- la statue du dictateur Saddam Hussein avec l’aide de soldats bagdad-contre-loccupati américains. on-americai ne_11 78591_3210.html.

2009_04_09_ 223 AP / Karim CTV News, Canada. www.ctvnews.ca/shiite- Baghdad, 9 Apr 2009: Supporters of anti-U.S. Shiite cleric Baghdad, Iraq: Kadim 9 Apr 2009 rally-marks-anniversary- Muqtada al-Sadr burn an effigy of former U.S. President former US of-fall-of-baghdad- George W. Bush in central Baghdad, for a rally marking the President Bush (b) 1.387960. sixth anniversary of the fall of the Iraqi capital to American troops.

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2009_04_09_ 222 AP/Karim Le Monde www.lemonde.fr/inter Les manifestants ont également brûlé des posters et des Baghdad, Iraq: Kadim International (Paris). national/portfolio/ mannequins à l’effigie de l’ancien président américain former US 9 Apr 2009. 2009/04/09/une-foule- George W Bush. President Bush (c) d-irakiens-manifeste-a- bagdad-contre-l-occupa tion-americaine_ 1178591_ 3210.html. 2009_04_09_Iraq: 223 AFP/ALI Le Monde Ibid. Des portraits de Saddam Hussein, qui dirigeait le pays depuis Saddam Hussein (a) AL-SAADI International (Paris). 1979 et a été renversé dans la foulée de l’entrée des troupes 9 Apr 2009. américaines dans Bagdad le 9 avril 2003, étaient également visibles dans la foule. 2009_04_09_Iraq: 223 AP Photo/ Washington Post. 10 www.washingtonpost. Baghdad, Iraq, 9 Apr 2009: Supporters of anti-U.S. Shiite Saddam Hussein (b) Karim Apr 2009. com/wp-dyn/content/ cleric Muqtada al-Sadr destroy a likeness of Iraq’s former Kadim gallery/2009/04/10/ leader, Saddam Hussein, in central Baghdad, for a rally GA2009041001308. marking the sixth anniversary of the fall of the Iraqi capital html. to American troops. 2009_06_00_UK: 91, Demotix Photo www.demotix.com/ The Government of the Dead zombies rip apart and Premier Brown 272 Agency (London). news/zombie- pretended to eat an effigy of Gordon Brown outside of the protesters-eat-effigy- Labour Party HQ in Victoria Street, central London. They gordon-brown#media- sprayed fake blood on the pavement, and performed undead 90873. street theatre. The protesters highlighted the Labour Party involvement in the recent MP’s expenses scandal, and called for the Prime Minister to step down as he was in their words “already dead”. 2009_07_31_India: 87 AP Photo/ CBS News (New www.cbsnews.com/ Bhopal, India, 31 Jul 2009: Survivors of the Bhopal gas Union Carbide CEO Prakash York). 31 Jul 2009. news/us-exec-arrest- disaster beat an effigy of former chief executive of Union Anderson Hatvalne sought-in-bhopal- Carbide Warren Anderson. disaster/. 2009_09_18_ 252 AP Photo/ Karachi, Pakistan, 18 Sep 2009: Pakistanis hold up an effigy Pakistan: US Shakil Adil of former U.S. President George W. Bush during a rally to Presidents Bush + mark Quds Day, an annual anti-Israel commemoration that Obama reflects Pakistan’s sympathy with the Palestinians. 2009_10_22_ 83 AP Photo/ Flickr, user: Karim_ Khost, Afghanistan, 22 Oct 2009: University students shout Afganistan: US Nisha- jan. 22 Oct 2009. anti- U.S. slogans, as a protester carries an effigy of U.S. President Obama nuddin President Barack Obama, center, during a demonstration in Khan Khost, south of Kabul. Hundreds of angry students shouted anti-U.S. slogans while burning an American flag and effigy of U.S. President Barack Obama to protest a rumor that U.S. forces bombed a mosque and burned a copy of the Muslin holy book, the Quran, in nearby Wardak province the week before. 2009_10_24_ 196 Sondrak (blog). 25 www.sondrak. Afghanistan, 24 Oct 2009: An effigy of the President Barack Afganistan: US Oct 2009. com/index.php/ Obama and a U.S. flag is placed in front of a tractor before President Obama weblog/2009/10/P90/. protesters burn them during a demonstration in Logar province, about 40 miles south of Kabul. Hundreds of Afghans shouted anti-US slogans to protest a rumor that U.S. forces had bombed a mosque and burned a copy of the Muslim holy book, the Quran, in nearby Wardak province last week. 2009_10_25_ 210 SHAH Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: Kabul, Afghanistan, 25 Oct 2009: Furious Afghans on torched Afganistan: US MARAI/ Seattle (WA). 92329940. an effigy of US President Barack Obama at a mass protest over President Obama AFP/Getty allegations that Western troops fighting the Taliban had set Images fire to a copy of the Koran. Afghan university students shout anti-US slogans and hold a banner reading ‘No Democracy; We want just Islam!’ during a demonstration in Kabul. 2009_12_30_ 54 AFP Photo/ Hondurasisgreat hondurasisgreat.com/ 31 Dec 2009: A dummy alluding to the military coup in Honduras: Claudia (blog). 30 Dec 2016 quema-ano-viejo- Honduras is on display at a street in Germania, about 15 km Venezualan Pres Barrientos (site discontinued). honduras/. south of Tegucigalpa, on December 30, 2009. At year end, Chavez as Ano Viejo the Hondurans produce dolls that represent the old year and the night of December 31 are burned to receive the new year, a tradition that has been influenced by the political crisis of the past six months. 2010_01_04_USA- 145 AP Photo/ CBS News (New www.cbsnews. 4 Jan 2010: In this image made from video and released by GA: President WALB-TV York). 4 Jan 2010. com/2100-500202_162- WALB-TV News, an effigy of President Barack Obama is seen Obama News 6051773.html. hanging by a noose from a building in the hometown of former President Jimmy Carter, in Plains, GA. 2010_02_23_India: 76 (site discontinued) photogallery.san Activists of Indian Sikh community shout slogans as they Taliban desh.com/Picture.aspx? burn an effigy of Pakistan-based Taliban militants during a AlubumId=2940. protest against the Taliban militants who beheaded a Sikh in Pakistan during a demonstration in Amritsar on February 23, 2010. 2010_03_02_Yemen: 90 Mareb Press (Sana, marebpress.net On Sunday, al Yafie burned an effigy of Yemeni President Ali President Saleh (a) Yemen). 2 Mar /news_details.php?sid Abdullah Saleh during an anti-government rally in Zinjibar, 2010. =22825&lng=arabic. Abyan. 2010_03_02_Yemen: 206 (site discontinued) yafeau.net/vb/ President Saleh (b) showthread.php?t=9473 / www.sadaaden.com.

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2010_04_20_Egypt: 200 Charbel, Jano. she2i2.blogspot. Some 2,000 employees from the state-run IDSCs protested martyr of the system SHE212 (blog). Apr com/2010/04/. outside parliament for their fourth consecutive day. An effigy 2010. of an employee—dubbed “martyr of the system”—was hung from a street lamp-post. 2010_05_00_ 252 Reuters BBC News news.bbc.co.uk/ Protesters burned an effigy of Iranian President Mahmood Afghanistan: (London). 13 May 2/hi/south_asia/8679 Ahmedinejad. Thousands of Afghans have protested in the Iranian President 2010. 336.stm. eastern city of Jalalabad against the alleged executions of a Ahmadinejad number of Afghan refugees in Iran. 2010_05_00_ 270 AFP Radio Free Europe www.rferl.org/ Pakistani protesters burn an effigy of Obama in Lahore in Pakistan: US (Prague, Czech content/obama-appro May 2010. President Obama Republic). 14 Jun val-ratings-foreign- 2012. policy/24613923.html. 2010_05_01_UK: 79 Paul London, UK, 1 May 2010: Effigies of British Political leaders, Premier Brown Hackett/ Nick Clegg, Gordon Brown and David Cameron are placed In Pictures/ in Parliament Square during a May Day demonstration, Corbis London. 2010_05_01_UK: 288 Paul London, UK, 1 May 2010: Effigies of British Political leaders, Premier Brown Hackett/ Nick Clegg, Gordon Brown and David Cameron are placed + opposition In Pictures/ in Parliament Square during a May Day demonstration, politicians Clegg + Corbis London. Cameron 2010_05_05_India: 84 Demotix Photo www.demotix.co Activists of Shiv Sena (Hindustan), set ablaze the effigy of Mumbai bomber Agency (London). m/news/322263/mum Mohammed Ajmal Amir Kasab, convicted for the November Kasab bai-attacks-protest-again 2008 terror attacks in Mumbai while shouting slogans st-mohammed-ajmal-am demanding death penalty for him in the northern Indian city ir-kasab#media-322256. of Amritsar. 2010_05_12_Egypt: 200 Flickr, user: ESFBN. 12 May 2010: Mock funeral of Adel Labeeb, governor of Governor Labeeb (a) Alexandria. The residents of Tousson mark the second anniversary of the demolition of their homes at their sit-in in front of the Dokki Ministry. Sign reading: Death to all those who have caused the misery of Toussoon’s people. 2010_05_12_Egypt: 390 Flickr, user: ESFBN. Mock funeral of Adel Labeeb, governor of Alexandria. Governor Labeeb (b) 2010_06_07_ 91, AP Photo/ Think Israel (blog). www.think-israel.org/ Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 7 Jun 2010: Muslim protesters hit an Malaysia: Israeli 273 Lai Seng Sin Shulman, Richard jun10bloged.html. effigy of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during Premier Netanyahu H. 11 Jun 2010. a demonstration against Israel’s naval commando raid on a flotilla of ships carrying aid and hundreds of pro-Palestinian activists to the Gaza Strip. 2010_07_06_Sri 78 Lakruwan ABC News www.abc.net.au/news/ Activists burn an effigy of UN secretary-general Ban Ki-moon Lanka: UN Wannia- (Australia). 6 Jul 2010-07-06/protest- Secretary General rachchi/ 2010. activists-burn-an-effigy- Ban Ki-moon AFP of-un-secretary/894520. 2010_08_24_India: 75 Hindustan Times www.hindustantimes.com BJP workers burn an effigy of terror king Osama Bin Laden Osama bin Laden (Pakistan). 24 Aug /photos-news/Photos-In during a demonstration blaming him responsible for 2010. dia/Aug24indiainpics/ Kashmir terrorism issue in Bhopal. Article4-591114.aspx. 2010_09_06_ 196 AP Photo/ Anorak (Middlesex, www.anorak.co.uk/3335 Kabul, Afghanistan, 6 Sep 2010: Afghans burn an effigy of Afghanistan: US Musadeq UK). 16 Sep 2012. 47/politicia ns/the-best Dove World Outreach Center’s pastor Terry Jones during a pastor Jones Sadeq -barack-obama-burning- demonstration against the United States in Kabul. Hundreds effigies-isla mists-go- of Afghans railed against the U.S. and called for President bonkers-for-bonfire- Barack Obama’s death at a rally in the capital. night-photos.html/. 2010_09_06_ 196 RT News Daily Motion (New www.dailymot ion.com/ Scores of people have gathered in Afghanistan’s capital Afghanistan: US Channel. York). video/xveina _burn-the- Kabul on Monday to denounce a U.S. church’s plan to burn pastor Jones quran-day-protest-terry- the Islamic holy book, the Quran. The crowd in Kabul, jones-effigy-set-on-fire- numbering as many as 500, chanted “Long live Islam” and in-afghanistan_news. “Death to America”. Pastor Terry Jones, of the Dove World Outreach Center in Gainesville, a non-denominational Christian church, said he planned to burn the Quran on Saturday, 11 September, to mark the ninth anniversary of the 9/11 attacks. 2010_09_07_ 273 Reuters/ Daily Maverick www.dailyma verick. 24 Feb 2006: Pakistani Muslims beat an effigy of a Danish Pakistan: Danish Zahid (Johannesburg, co.za/article/ 2010- cartoonist during a rally in Karachi. Passban, a social cartoonist Hussein South Africa). 8 Sep 09-08-religious-hatred- organisation, held the rally to protest against the publication 2010. raises-its-ugly-head- of cartoons and caricatures depicting the Prophet again/. Mohammad in European newspapers. 2010_09_10_ 195 Reuters/ Islamizationwatch islamizationwatc Pakistani men hit an effigy of Pastor Terry Jones, an obscure Pakistan: US pastor Asim (blog). 10 Sep 2010. h.blogspot.nl/2010/09 U.S. Protestant church leader, with their shoes during a Jones Tanveer (site discontinued) /christian-church-and- protest in Multan in Punjab province September 10, 2010. school-set-on-fire.html. They are protesting against plans by Jones to burn the Koran on the anniversary of the September 11 attacks. 2010_12_06_USA- 145 Racism on Campus jweuky.blogspot.nl/. Police have arrested a UK student and another suspect after KY: President (blog), (MO). 6 Dec an effigy of Presidential candidate Barack Obama was found Obama 2010. on the campus of the University of Kentucky.

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2011_01_30_ 252 Revolutionary www.rawa.org/temp/ To pay homage to the freedom-loving prisoners in Iran and Afghanistan: Association of runews/2011/01/30/ send curse to the Iranian fascist regime, the Solidarity Party Iranian President the Women of afghan-protestors- of Afghanistan staged protest rallies in Kabul, Heart, Mazar- Ahmadinejad Afghanistan condemn-iranian- e-e-Sharif and Jalalabad cities of Afghanistan. Hundreds of (RAWA). 30 Jan regime-chanting-death- people in the western city of Herat, including women took 2011. to-ahmadinejad.phtml. to the streets chanting anti-Iran regime slogans and burnt an effigy of Ali Khamenei. 2011_01_31_Egypt: 201 John Rees Flickr, user: 31 Jan 2011: Mubarak effigy hangs in Tahrir Square. President Mubarak Counterfire. 2011_02_01_Egypt: 6 AP Photo/ CBS News (New www.cbsnews.com/ 1 Feb 2011: An effigy of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak President Mubarak Victoria York). 1 Feb 2011. pictures/protests- hangs over demonstrators in Tahrir, or Liberation, Square (a) Hazou identify-in-egypt/40/. in Cairo. Tens of thousands of people flooded into the heart of Cairo Tuesday, filling the city’s main square as a call for a million protesters was answered by the largest demonstration in a week of unceasing demands for President Hosni Mubarak to leave after nearly 30 years in power. 2011_02_01_Egypt: 65 AP Associated Press www.aparchive.com, 15. Pan of effigies of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak President Mubarak Archive (New York). WRAP Crowds massing, with images of the Pyramids Star of David and the US (b) effigy hanged, prayers; Capitol Building drawn on, 16. Mid of a protester speaking ADDS soundbites. UPSOUND (Arabic) Name not given: “The ousted President is subjected to a civilian tribunal because of the 30 years of oppressing the people and killing the Egyptian people”. 17. Close of man wearing judges’ gown writing down a note, 18. Close of protester’s face with slogan on his face reading (Arabic) “Step Down”, 19. Various of protesters hanging effigies. 2011_02_01_Egypt: 64/ AP Associated Press www.aparchive.com, 15. Pan of effigies of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak President Mubarak 65 Archive (New York). WRAP Crowds massing, with images of the Pyramids Star of David and the US and government effigy hanged, prayers; Capitol Building drawn on, 16. Mid of a protester speaking members (a-f) ADDS soundbites. UPSOUND (Arabic) Name not given: “The ousted President is subjected to a civilian tribunal because of the 30 years of oppressing the people and killing the Egyptian people”. 17. Close of man wearing judges’ gown writing down a note, 18. Close of protester’s face with slogan on his face reading (Arabic) “Step Down”, 19. Various of protesters hanging effigies. 2011_02_02_Egypt: 201 AP Photo/ Israeli Defense (Kfar www.israeldefen 2 Feb 2011: Effigies of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak President Mubarak Lefteris Saba, Israel). 27 se.co.il/en/ can be seen hanging from traffic lights, as Egyptian anti- Pitarakis Mar 2018. node/33610. government protesters gathered in Tahrir (Liberation) Square, watch U.S. President Barack Obama, not seen, live on a TV broadcast from Washington, speaking about the situation in Egypt. Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak announced he will not run for a new term in September elections but rejected protesters’ demands he step down immediately and leave the country. 2011_02_03_Egypt: 201, Flickr, user: flickr.com. President Mubarak 256 ghazalairshad. 2011_02_04_Egypt: 201 Zeinab Flickr, user: Zeinab flickr.com. 4 Feb 2011: One of the hanged Effigies representing President Mubarak Mohammed Mohammed. Mubarak at the Tahrir square. 2011_02_07_Egypt: 201 Asmaa Flickr, user: BeBo flickr.com. Cairo 7 Feb 2011: A protester rips apart an effigy of Egyptian President Mubarak Waguih/ OpaA. President Hosni Mubarak after a mock funeral at Tahrir Reuters Square. Protesters dug in for a long fight on Monday, pressing their demand for an overhaul of the political system and the resignation of President Hosni Mubarak. 2011_02_07_Egypt: 288 John Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: Cairo, 7 Feb 2011: Anti-government protesters carry an President Mubarak Moore/ Seattle (WA). 108879216. effigy of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak through Tahrir Getty Images Square. 2011_02_24_Libya: 7--8 Tyler Hicks/ International Herald In Benghazi, Libya’s second largest city, protesters who Colonel Gaddafi (a) The New Tribune, 25 Feb seized control hanged Col. Huammar el-Quaddafi in effigy York Times 2011. Thursday. Some army soldiers defected to help in the rebellion. 2011_02_24_Libya: 91, Luis Sinco/ Los Angeles Times, 25 framework.latimes. Libya, 24 Feb 2011: A young man stabs an effigy of Libyan Colonel Gaddafi (b) 206 Los Angeles Feb 2011. com/2011/02 /25/ dictator Muammar Khadafi along the waterfront in Times documenting-a-wave-of- Benghazi. political-unrest-across- the-middle-east-and- north-africa/#/0. 2011_02_24_Libya: 206 Reuters Daily Mail (UK), 24 i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/ Libya, 24 Feb 2011: Effigies of Muammar Gaddafi and his Colonel Gaddafi (c) Feb 2011.; Cryptome. 2011/02/ 24/article-0- son Seif are hung from a burnt state security building in 24 Feb 2011. 0D58799A000005DC- Benghazi. After a week of violence in which it threw off 937_306x458.jpg; government control, this elegant port of about 700,000 is cryptome.org/info/libya- being run by committees of citizens as the dust of rebellion protest/libya-protest3.htm. settles. 2011_02_26_ 250 AFP/Getty Getty Images, www.gettyimages.de, ID: 26 Feb 2011: Effigies mocking the Bahraini royal family, Bahrain: royal Images Seattle (WA). 112299072. King Hamad bin Issa al-Khalifa, his son Crown Prince Sheikh family Salman, and Prime Minister Khalifa bin Salman al-Khalifa, are displayed at Pearl Square in Manama as thousands of anti-government demonstrators continued to march in the capital to demand the Sunni rulers stand down.

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2011_03_16_Iraq: 225 AP Photo/ Iraq, 6 Mar 2011: Followers of Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr, Saudi King Abdullah Hadi Mizban seen in the poster, chant anti-Saudi government slogans while wave Bahrain flag during a demonstration in Baghdad. Thousands of Sadrists rallied at Sadr city in eastern Baghdad, the stronghold of the anti-U.S. cleric Muqtada al-Sadr’s Mahdi army, chanting slogans in support for Bahraini people and denouncing Saudi soldiers assaults. 2011_03_18_ 7 K Parvez/ International Herald Fury in Pakistan: Students in Peshawar on Thursday burned Pakistan: CIA Reuters Tribune, 18 Mar an effigy of Raymond A. Davis, the C.I.A. contractor who contractor Davis 2011. was freed Wednesday. Elsewhere in Pakistan, several civilians were reported killed by a U.S. drone attack. 2011_04_03_ 196 AP Photo/ Die Welt (Germany), www.welt.de/po Afghanen protestieren mit einem Kreuz und einer Puppe, Afghanistan: US Rahmat Gul 3 Apr 2011. litik/ausland/article130 die US-Präsident Barack Obama darstellen soll, gegen die President Obama 58342/Rache-fuer-Kora. Koranverbrennung (a) n verbrennung-fordert- Dutzende-Tote.html. 2011_04_03_ 196 AP Fox News (USA). 3 www.foxnews.com 3 Apr 2011: An Afghan protestor beats a burning effigy of Afghanistan: US April 2011. /world /2011/04/03/ U.S. President Barack Obama during a rally in Jalalabad, President Obama afghanis tan-anti-koran- Afghanistan. Afghan protests against the burning of a Quran (b) burning-protests-contin in Florida entered a third day with a demonstration in the ue-day.html. major eastern city Sunday, while the Taliban called on people to rise up, blaming government forces for any violence. 2011_04_08_Egypt: 202 mock trial Mubarak 2011_04_08_UK: 83 PA Daily Mail www.dailymail.co.uk/ Unrepentant: Clegg’s decision to back plans to raise Nick Clegg (London). 8 Apr news/article-137 university tuition fees, despite a pledge not to, sparked 2011. 4633/Nick-Clegg-Tim- protests; right, an effigy of Clegg is hanged by activists Henman-politics.html. 2011_04_09_Iraq: 225 AP Photo/ Times Union (Albany, /www.timesunion.com/ Iraq 9 Apr 2011: Followers of radical Shiite cleric Muqtada former US Khalid NY). 9 Apr 2011. news/article/Iraqi- al-Sadr wave Iraqi flags as they burn an effigy of former President Bush Mohammed cleric-threatens-action- U.S. President George W. Bush and U.S. flags during a rally if-US-forces-remain- marking the eighth anniversary of the fall of the Iraqi capital 1330295.php#photo- to American troops in Baghdad. A powerful anti-American 930705. Shiite cleric has threatened to reactivate his feared militia in Iraq if U.S. soldiers extend their stay. 2011_05_08_Libya: 242 Thomas Magnum Photos pro.magnumphotos. Libya, 2011. effigy Dworzak/ (New York). com, ID: PAR397983. Magnum 2011_05_23_ 196 Reuters/ Daily Mail (UK). 4 www.dailymail.co.uk/ 23 Mar 2011: Pakistani Christians burn an effigy depicting Pakistan: US pastor Mohsin Raza Apr 2011. news/article-13 U.S. pastor Terry Jones during a protest in Lahore. Jones Jones 73288/I-die-stop-preach supervised the burning of a copy of the Koran in front of a ing-Islam-Pastor-Terry- crowd of about 50 people at an obscure church in Florida on Jones-defiantly-refuses- Sunday, according to his website. stop-campaign-means- American-soldiers-die. html. 2011_06_24_ 87 Reuters International Business www.ibtimes.co m/ 24 Jun 2011: A demonstrator poses with an effigy of Syria’s Turkey: Syrian Times (New York). assads-army-gathers- President Bashar al-Assad during a protest at the courtyard of President Assad 24 Jun 2011. turkish-border-293763. Fatih mosque in Istanbul. 2011_06_28_Libya: 83, Reuters/ Telegraph (UK). 28 www.telegraph.co.uk/ 27 Jun 2011: A Libyan woman drags an effigy of Libyan Colonel Gaddafi 207 Mohamed Jun 2011. news/picturegal leries/ leader Muammar Gaddafi after receiving news of an arrest Abd el- picturesoftheday warrant issued against him, at the courthouse in Benghazi. Ghany /8602696/Pictures-of- The International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant the-day-28-June-2011. on Monday for Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and rebels html?image=27. trying to oust him said their forces had advanced to within 80 km of the capital. 2011_07_14_ 88 Reuters Express Tribune blogs.tribune.com. 14 Jul 2011: Supporters of MQM burn an effigy representing Pakistan: PPP (Pakistan). 15 Jul pk/story/7000/ Zulfikar Mirza during a protest in Karachi. Tempers flared in leader Mirza 2011. karachi-and-the-failure- the aftermath of Zulfiqar Mirza’s statements late Wednesday of-pakistans-multi- night. Karachi saw a sharp rise in violence, as 17 people were culturalism/. killed. 2011_07_14_ 248 Demotix Photo www.demotix.com/ 14 Jul 2011: An effigy of senior provincial minister Zulfiqar Pakistan: PPP Agency (London). news/755524/mutehda- Mirza before it is set on fire, leader Mirza qumi-movement- burn-effigy-provincial- minister-mirza#media- 755504. 2011_07_14_ 88, Reuters Express Tribune blogs.tribune.com.pk/st 14 Jul 2011: Supporters of MQM burn an effigy representing Pakistan: PPP 248 (Pakistan). 15 Jul ory/7000/karachi-and- Zulfikar Mirza during a protest in Karachi. Tempers flared in leader Mirza 2011. the-failure-of-pakistans- the aftermath of Zulfiqar Mirza’s statements late Wednesday multi-culturalism/. night. 2011_07_22_Syria: 78, HO/Reuters Washington Post. 22 www.washingtonpost.com An effigy of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad is raised during President Assad 207, Jul 2011. /conversations/heatwave a protest against him in the tribal province of Deir al-Zor, 247, -russian-car-wash-comic-c Syria. 262 on-somalias-famine-and- drought-and-more-in-the -day-in-photos/2011/07 /22/gIQAU7SkTI_galle ry.html.

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2011_08_01_India: 27, Amar Singh Sirsa News (India). 1 sirsanews.blogspot. Congress leaders and party supporters carried an effigy of Om Parkash 76, Jyani/GS Aug 2011. nl/2011/08/ Om Parkash Chautala from Congress Bhawan through the Chautala a 236 Mann. congressmen-burn- main bazaars and burnt it at Subhash Chowk after the news effigy-of-chautala.html. of indictment of the Chautalas in JBT scam by a Delhi Court and in cases of “income in excess to known sources.” 2011_08_01_India: 236 Amar Singh Sirsa News (India). 1 sirsanews.blogspot. Congress leaders and party supporters carried an effigy of Om Parkash Jyani/GS Aug 2011. nl/2011/08/ Om Parkash Chautala from Congress Bhawan through the Chautala b Mann. congressmen-burn- main bazaars and burnt it at Subhash Chowk after the news effigy-of-chautala.html. of indictment of the Chautalas in JBT scam by a Delhi Court and in cases of “income in excess to known sources.” 2011_08_24_India: 248, Ajit Solanki Washington Post. 25 www.washington Supporters of anti-corruption activist Anna Hazare beat an “corruption” 273 / AP Aug 2011. post.com/conversation effigy representing corruption during a rally in Ahmedabad s/somalias-children-rhi India. India’s government worked Wednesday to end a no-poaching-high-wire- hunger strike by the popular protest leader calling for all the walker-and-more-in-the- parties in Parliament to debate his demands for stringent day-in-photos/2011/ anti-corruption legislation. 08/25/gIQAhkgudJ_ gallery.html. 2011_09_27_ 211 Akram International Herald Supporters of a religious political party burned an effigy Pakistan: US Shahid/ Tribun (New York). of President Obama at a rally in Hyderabad, Pakistan, on President Obama + Reuters 27 Sep 2011. Tuesday. US Vice President Biden (a) 2011_09_27_ 94 Akram Supporters of a religious political party burned an effigy Pakistan: US Shahid/ of President Obama at a rally in Hyderabad, Pakistan, on President Obama + Reuters Tuesday. US Vice President Biden (b) 2011_10_07_ 93 Bilal National Public www.npr.org/ 7 Oct 2011: Protesters opposed to Syrian President Bashar Lebanon: Syrian Hussein/AP Radio (Washington, 2011/10/07/14116 220 Assad burn an effigy of him during Friday prayers in Tripoli, President Assad DC). 7 Oct 2011. 0/in-syria-focus- moves- Lebanon. to-armed-deserters. 2011_10_10_ 247 Aftab Hyderabad, Pakistan: Angry residents of Hyderabad hold Pakistan: PPP Ahmed/PPI burning effigy as they are protesting against Dr.Zulfiqar leader Mirza Images Mirza on Monday 2011_10_15_Yemen: 206 AP VOA News (USA). 15 www.voanews.com/a/ Sanaa, Yemen, 15 Oct 2011: Anti-government protestors react Saleh Oct 2011. yemeni-forces-fire- and shout slogans with an effigy of Yemeni President Ali on-protesters-13194 Abdullah Saleh hanging during a demonstration demanding 1628/146721.html. his resignation. 2011_11_27_Egypt: 203 David Global Mail www.theglobalmail. The effigy, a familiar sight. Field Marshal Hollier (website). 20 Apr org/feature/voting- Tantawi 2012. with-no-confidence-in- egypt/201/. 2011_12_03_ 89 Daily Telegraph www.dailytelegraph.com Pakistan: US (Australia). 3 Dec .au/news/world/pakis President Obama 2011. tan-rejects-us-mil/news- story/5f07c328e9c4745 0469cee1671306e21. 2011_12_08_ 249 Reuters/ Hindustan Times www.hindustanti mes. 8 Dec 2011: A man hits an effigy representing the NATO with Pakistan: NATO Faisal (Pakistan). 8 Dec com/photos-news/ a brick before setting it to fire during a rally in support of Mahmood 2011. photos-world/pakprote Pakistan army in Islamabad. stdec82011/Article4- 779661.aspx. ;هعئار هناوعأو دسألا ةقنشم قيلعت هيدلاخلا صمح :Syria: 7, Youtube user: www.youtube. 16 Dec 2011_16_12_2011 Dec 16 ;هطوقس لبق دسألا سيئرلا نومكاحي لاطبألا هيدلاخلا لهأ President Assad and 207 Sameh Jabbouli com/watch?v=gyjYtCCO ministers bkg; http://observers. 2011: Assad effigy hanged after mock trial: According to the france24.com/content Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, more than 200,000 /20111219-syria-anti- people hit the streets in Syria’s flashpoint city of Homs on government-protesters- Friday, December 16, where anti-government protesters hang-assad-effigy-follo staged a mock trial of President Bashar al-Assad. The verdict? wing-mock-trial-homs. Death penalty. Assad and four of his close allies were quickly strung up and hanged in effigy. 2011_12_25_ 81 Dardistan Times www.dardistant imes. Chitral, Pakistan: Members of Insaf Students Federation Pakistan: NATO (Pakistan). 26 Dec com/content/ (ISF) under auspices of Pakistan Tehriki Insaf (PTI) held 2011. protesters-burn-effigy- a rally against NATO attack on Pakistan Army. An effigy nato-chief-chitral. of NATO chief was escorted in the streets of Chitral with banners condemning the NATO attack in Mohmand Agency where 24 soldiers were killed. Dr. Sardar Ul Mulk, president of PTI union, Razitu Billah President PTI Drosh, Abdul Latif, District President of PTI addressed the gathering. The protest gathering dispersed soon after an effigy of NATO chief burnt. 2011_12_25_Syria: 207 Reuters Jerusalem Post. 4 Jan www.jpost.com/Middle- Effigies, including one of Syrian President Bashar Assad (in President Assad and 2012. East/Syrian-opposition- red), hanging in the town of Amuda on Friday. ministers may-soon-topple-Assad. 2012_01_00_India: 187 Open (New Delhi). www.openthemag The Rushdie Affair and the Hand of the Congress, Rushdie’s author Salman azine.com/article/india/ effigy being burnt in Meerut, Rushdie invitation to attend Rushdie the-rushdie-affair-and-the Jaipur Literature Festival - he did not come. -hand-of-the-congress.

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2012_01_09_Egypt: 204 Khaled 9 Jan 2012: An Egyptian protester holds hanged effigies former President Desouki/ depicting ousted president Hosni Mubarak, his sons Alaa and Mubarak Getty Images Gamal and former interior minister Habib al-Adli outside the police academy on the outskirts of Cairo during Mubarak’s trial. 2012_02_00_Sri 88 blogging.parakum. Thousands of pro government Sri Lankans rallied today in Lanka: US President com/2012/02 /effigies- demonstrations to protest the international conspiracies Obama of-obama-and-moon- against Sri Lanka and to express solidarity with the burnt-in.html. government burning effigies of Barack Obama and UN Secretary General Ban Ki Moon. 2012_02_02_Egypt: 72, Omar Kamel Flickr, User: www.flickr.com/ 2 Feb 2012: Effigy of Tantawi in Tahrir. Field Marshall 202 Zadokite (Omar photos/righter/681405 Tantawi Kamel). 2453/sizes/o/in/photo stream/. 2012_02_22_ 211 AFP/Getty Daily Mail (UK). 23 www.dailymail.co.uk/ Anger: Effigies of Barack Obama are paraded through the Afghanistan: US Images Feb 2012. news/article-2104801/ streets of Afghanistan in response to the Koran being burned President Obama Afghanistan-Koran- by U.S. troops. (a) burning-protests-Effigy- Black-Dog-Obama-set- alight.html. 2012_02_22_ 250 AFP / Gateway Pundit www.thegatewaypundit. Afghans Torch Effigy of “Black Dog Obama” During Koran Afghanistan: US Noorullah (USA). 22 Feb 2012. com/2012/02/afghans- Rioting. Afghan demonstrators parade an effigy representing President Obama Shirzada torch-effigy-of-black- US President Barack Obama as they shout anti-US slogans (b) dog-obama-during- during a protest against Koran desecration in Jalalabad on koran-rioting-8-killed- Wednesday. At least five Afghans were shot dead and dozens in-clashes/. wounded in clashes between police and protesters, officials said, after reports that the Koran was burned at a US-run military base. 2012_02_23_ 79, AP Photo/ Daily Mail (UK). 23 www.dailymail.co.uk/ 22 Feb 2012: Afghans shout slogans during an anti-US Afghanistan: US 84, Rahmat Gul Feb 2012. news/article-2104801/ demonstration in Jalalabad, east of Kabul. Anti-American President Obama 197, Afghanistan-Koran- demonstrations continued for a second day Wednesday in 239 burning-protests-Effigy- Afghanistan over what the U.S. has said was the inadvertent Black-Dog-Obama-set- burning of Muslim holy books at a NATO military base. The alight.html. effigy depicts U.S. President Barack Obama. 2012_02_24_ 196 A. Majeed/ National Post news.nationalpost. 24 Feb 2012: Activists of Pakistani political and Islamic party Pakistan: US AFP/Getty (Toronto, Canada). com/2012/02/24/ Jammat-e-Islami (JI), set fire to an effigy of the US President President Obama Images 24 Feb 2012. koran-burning-protests- Barack Obama during a protest in Peshawar over the burning spread-to-pakistan-as- of the Koran at a US-run military base in Afghanistan. protesters-shot-dead-in- Pakistan strongly condemned the burning of Korans at a US afghanistan/. airbase in Afghanistan, saying it was important that “utterly irresponsible and reprehensible things do not recur”. At least 14 people, including two American soldiers, have been killed in three days of furious anti-US protests in Afghanistan over the burning. 2012_02_26_Syria: 207 AP Photo/ 1x1 Suomi x Russia, http://1x1.fi/8218. 26 Feb 2012: People burn portraits of Syrian President President Assad Rodrigo Finnland. 26 Bashar Al-Assad during a demonstration against his regime Abd Feb 2012. (page in the outskirts from Idlib, northern Syria. discontinued) 2012_03_11_ 196 Daily Mail (UK). 11 www.dailymail.co.uk/ 11 Mar 2012: Retaliation: The political and religious party Afghanistan: US Mar 2011. news/article-2113410/ Jamat-e-Islami burn an effigy of President Obama in response President Obama US-soldier-kills-16- to Koran burnings last month at a NATO base, heightening Afghan-civilians-deadly- tensions. shooting-rampage.html. 2012_03_13_ 70 Afghanistan: US President Obama (a) 2012_03_13_ 70 AP Photo/ Anorak (Middlesex, www.anorak.co.uk/333 13 Mar 2012: Afghans chant anti U.S. slogans as they carry Afghanistan: US Rahmat Gul UK). 16 Sep 2012. 547/politicians/the- an effigy depicting U.S. President Barack Obama following President Obama (b) best-barack-obama-bur Sunday’s killing of civilians in Panjwai, Kandahar by a U.S. ning-effigies-islamists- soldier during a protest in Jalalabad east of Kabul. Hundreds go-bonkers-for-bonfire- of students in eastern Afghanistan on Tuesday shouted angry night-photos.html/. slogans against the United States and the American soldier accused of carrying out the killings, the first significant protest in response to the tragedy. 2012_03_13_ 70 Demotix Photo Afghanistan: US Agency (London). President Obama (c) 2012_03_13_ 70 AFP, Riehl World News. riehlworldview.com/20 13 Mar 2012: Resentment is building against U.S. and British Afghanistan: US Noorullah Sep 2012. (page 12/09/photo-afghans- troops after the massacre: Afghan demonstrators torch President Obama (d) Shirzada deleted) burn-obama-effigy-at- an effigy of Barack Obama in the Ghanikhail district of film-demo.html#sthash. Nangarhar province. Demonstrators chant anti U.S. slogans ROsV4JzN.dpuf. as they carry a red cross following Sunday’s killing of civilians in Panjwai, Kandahar by a U.S. soldier during a protest in Jalalabad east of Kabul.

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2012_03_13_ 71 AP Photo/ The Blaze (Irving, www.theblaze.com/ 13 Mar 2012: A demonstrator writes on an effigy depicting Afghanistan: US Rahmat Gul USA). 13 Mar 2012. news/2012/03/ 13/ U.S. President Barack Obama before setting it on fire President Obama (f) death-to-america-angry- following Sunday’s killing of civilians in Panjwai, Kandahar afghans-burn-christian- by a U.S. soldier during a protest in Jalalabad east of Kabul. cross-obama-effigy. Hundreds of students in eastern Afghanistan on Tuesday shouted angry slogans against the United States and the American soldier accused of carrying out the killings, the first significant protest in response to the tragedy. 2012_03_13_ 71 Noorullah Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr, ID: 13 Mar 2012: Afghan protestors shout anti-US slogans as Afghanistan: US Shirzada/ Seattle (WA). 141218338. they carry an effigy of US President Barack Obama during a President Obama (g) AFP/Getty demonstration in Jalalabad, capital of Nangarhar province. Images Hundreds of university students took to the streets in Afghanistan’s eastern city of Jalalabad to protest a rampage by a US soldier who killed 16 villagers, witnesses said. In the first street demonstrations since the mass killings on March 11, about 400 protesters shouted ‘Death to America -- Death to (US President Barack) Obama’, and called for the soldier to be tried in public in Afghanistan. 2012_03_13_ 71 Afghan Deutsche Welle www.dw.com/ha/ Birnin Jalalabad na cikin inda zanga-zangar ta fi ƙamari. Afghanistan: US Eyes/ Khan (Germany), Haussa afghanistan-na-so-a- President Obama (h) edition. hukunta-sojan-amirka/ a-15810584. 2012_03_13_ 71 Midnight Watcher’s midnightwatcher.wordpr Afghanistan: US Blogspot (blog). 13 ess.com/2012/03/13/de President Obama (i) Mar 2012. ath-to-america-one-dead- after-protest s-attacks-hit- afghanistan-in-wake-of-ro gue-soldier -killings-cross -and-effigy-of-obama- burned/. 2012_03_13_ 71 Rahmat Oklahoman Afghans burn an effigy depicting President Barack Obama Afghanistan: US Gul/AP (Oklahoma City). during a protest in Jalalabad east of Kabul. President Obama (j) 13 Mar 2012. 2012_03_13_ 71 Demotix Photo Nangarhar: Protest against civilian casualties of Panjwai Afghanistan: US Agency (London). incident. President Obama (k) 2012_03_20_ 246 LEE JIN- Globe and Mail www.theglobea ndmail. An effigy of North Korean leader Kim Jong Un is put on a SouthKorea: North MAN/AP/ (Toronto). 23 Mar com/news/worl d/ mock North Korean missile during an anti-North Korea rally Korean leader Kim LEE JIN- 2012. obama-to-tour-dmz- denouncing North’s plan to launch a long-range rocket in Jong Un MAN/AP before-seoul-nuclear- Seoul. summit/article535560/. 2012_04_02_ 272 Patricio Vice (UK). 3 Apr https://www.vice.com/ To commemorate the Falkland war, veterans and politicians Argentina: British Murphy 2012. en_uk/article/wdy9an/ gathered at the cenotaph in Buenos Aires to lay wreaths, Prince William argentinians-burn-an- whilst down at the British embassy another group of people effigy-of-prince-william. remembered the war a little differently. The ultra left-wing and anti-imperialist Patriotic Revolutionary Movement—or “Quebracho”—gathered at the embassy and burnt effigies of Prince William and the Union Jack, attacked HSBC and fought with the police. 2012_04_24_ 95 Babar Shah/ One Pakistan. (site onepakistan.com. Lahore, Pakistan, 24 Apr 2012: Members of All Pakistan Pakistan: effigy PPI Images discontinued) Clerks Association (APCA) burn an effigy as they are protesting against price-hiking in Lahore. 2012_04_26_Egypt: 202 MaryAnn Flickr, User: www.flickr.com/ 26 Apr 2012: Tahrir Square, Mubarak Effigy. intelligence chief Moore MaryAnn Moore, photos/future trendsblo Suleiman futuritytimes. g/71500466 81/in/albu m-72157629 617175482/. 2012_04_26_North 91 Sino NK (UK). 5 sinonk.com/20 Rodong Sinmun, DPRK, 26 Apr 2012: Just Another Day in Korea: South May 2012. 12/05/05/weekly-dig Nampo. How can depicting the head of a president on a rat’s Korean President est-may-5/. body tied to a pole surrounded by burning flames not attract Lee attention? 2012_04_28_North 245 Telegraph (UK). 28 www.telegraph.co. 28 Apr 2012: An outpouring of anti-South Korean feeling Korea: South Apr 2012. uk/news/worldnews/asia culminates in a lifelike effigy of Lee Myung-bak being Korean President /northkorea/9233337/N attacked by a dog, run over by a tank and stoned by Lee b orth-Koreans-destroy-effig protesters. y-of-South-Korean-preside nt-Lee-Myung-bak.html. 2012_04_28_ 245, On Demand News Attack dogs tanks and rocks used by North Koreans to NorthKorea: South 272 (UK). 28 Apr 2012. destroy an effigy of South Korean President Lee Myung-bak. Korean President Lee a 2012_05_00_Syria: 254 (site discontinued) tiny.cc/SyriaFreedom/ President Assad www.almaara.com. 2012_05_01_ 81 Demotix Photo www.demotix.co Members of Sindh Sugar miles workers federation Burning Pakistan: World Agency (London). m/news/1184443/burni world bank effigy in Hyderabad during international labor Bank ng-world-bank-effigy-hyd day. erabad-during-internatio nal-labor-day.

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2012_06_03_Egypt: 203 Young Flickr, User: young www.flickr.com/ In the week leading up to the presidential run-off between former President Shanahan shanahan. photos/youngshanahan Mursi and Shafiq, the square is full every night. Tense and Mubarak /7408980150/. expectant but peaceful, for the most part. Effigy of Mubarak swings from the taffic lights. 2012_06_07_Egypt: 204 Odd Stuff Magazine oddstuffmagazin Cairo, 7 Jun 2012: A protester carries symbolic heads former President (blog). e.com/egypt-protesters- depicting ousted President Hosni Mubarak, his son Alaa, his Mubarak return-to-tahrir-square- interior minister Habib al-Adly, wife Suzanne and son Gamal as-hosni-mubarak.html. during a rally protesting the outcome of the Mubarak trial at Tahrir Square. 2012_06_07_Egypt: 90, Laselvaoscura (blog). laselvaoscura. 7 Jun 2012: Mubarak and Co-Defendants Hanged in Effigy former President 204 7 Jun 2012. wordpress.com/2012 , This time, the Mosque was also graced with the presence Mubarak and /06/07/tracking-the- in effigy of Hosni Mubarak and all of his co-defendants in government revolution/. the recent trial that left the ex-President sentenced to life members in prison but set the others free, pending further charges of money-laundering and the like. I should also mention that they were being hanged in effigy, each branded with the Star of David on their foreheads (for allegedly selling Egyptian natural gas to Israel at below-market prices and reaping the rewards themselves). 2012_06_09_USA- 145 Broward- Blaze, 9 Jun 2012. www.theblaze.com/ Florida pastor Terry Jones, whose Koran-burning activities FL: President Palm Beach stories/2012/06/09/ have gained worldwide attention, is in the news again, this Obama New Times koran-burning-pastor- time for hanging President Barack Obama in effigy in front hangs-obama-in-effigy- of his church. in-churchs-front-yard/. 2012_06_11_India: 252 ZeeNews (Noida, zeenews.india.com/ Activits of All India Imperialist Forum burn a combined Premier Singh + US India), 11 Jun 2012. photogallery/day-in- effigy of U.S. President Barak Obama and Indian Prime President Obama (a) pics-11th-june-2376 Minster Manmohan Sing in Kolkata. 2012_06_11_India: 252 EPA Vos Iz Neias (New www.vosizneias.com. 11 Jun 2012: All India Anti Imperialist Forum (AIAF) activists Premier Singh + US York). 11 Jun 2012. burn an effigy of Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh President Obama (b) (page deleted). and US President Barack Obama during a protest campaign against imperialism in Eastern Indian city of Calcutta. AIAF activists are also protesting against the US Naval fleet in Indian ocean. 2012_06_12_ 92 Jamal Da- Corbis Images, www.corbisimages.com/ Larkana, Pakistan: 27 Traders Associations of Larkana Pakistan: electricity woodpoto/ Seattle (WA). Search#p=21&q=effigy. conduct a large rally, held a protest demonstration, staged company Demotix/ a sit-in, burnt tyres and burnt effigies against frequent Corbis electricity load shedding to demand that it ends. 2012_06_20_Iraq: 230 AFP Photo/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 20 Jun 2012: An Iraqi protester holds up a portrait of Shiite “statue” of Muqtada Ahmad al- Seattle (WA). 146590725. Muslim cleric Muqtada al-Sadr next to a pinned national al Sadr Rubaye flag on a monument pedestal in Fardous Square during a demonstration in Baghdad to protest against the action by the government after shutting down the offices of Al- Baghdadia a Cairo based independent Iraqi-owned Arabic- language satellite channel in Iraq. 2012_07_30_ 90, Ukrafoto Kyiv, Ukraine, 30 Jul 2012: A rally outside the Verkhovna Ukraine: politicians 254 Ukrainian Rada. Various politicians effigies were hung outside the News/ courthouse. Some 2,500 supporters of the opposition were Demotix/ rallying outside the Verkhovna Rada house in Kyiv. Ukraines Corbis Parliament, voted against repeal of a controversial bill granting Russian language official status in about half of Ukraines regions. 2012_09_11_ 78, Arif Ali/ “The Darkroom,” darkroom.baltimore 24 Sep 2012: A Pakistani demonstrator holds a burning effigy Pakistan: US pastor 247, AFP/ Baltimore Sun (PE). sun.com/2012/09/ of Florida pastor Terry Jones during a protest against an anti- Jones 259 GettyImages 9 Sep 2012. sept-24-photo-brief- Islam film in Lahore. More than 50 people have died around demolition-operation- the world in violence linked to the low-budget movie, which turns-violent-in- mocks Islam and the Prophet Mohammed, since the first manila-bodybuilding- demonstrations erupted on September 11. championship-in-asia- and-lego-re-creates- iconic-australian- moments/pakistan- islam-unrest-film-us-18/. 2012_09_14_Egypt: 197 Mohammed Wodumedia (USA). wodumedia.com/anti- 14 Sep 2012: Sinai Bedouin protest as part of widespread protest against anti- Sabry/ islam-video-protests/sin anger across the Muslim world about a film ridiculing Islam’s Islam film Associated ai-bedouin -protest-as- Prophet Muhammad in the central Sinai oasis of Wadi Feran, Press part-of-wide spread-an Egypt. ger-across-the-muslim- world-about-a-film-ridi culing-islams-prophet- muhammad-in-the-cen tral-sinai-oasis-of-wadi-fe ran-egypt-on-september- 14-2012-moham/.

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2012_09_14_ 197 AFP/Getty Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 14 Sep 2012: Palestinian protesters burn an effigy covered in Lebanon: US Images Seattle (WA). 151982134. the US flag during a demonstration against an amateur film President Obama mocking Islam in the Palestinian refugee camp of Ain el-Helweh near the southern Lebanese city of Sidon. The low-budget movie called ‘Innocence of Muslims’, which ridicules the Prophet Mohammed and portrays Muslims as immoral and gratuitously violent, has triggered protests in several countries. 2012_09_14_ 197 AP Photo/ 14 Sep 2012: Palestinian Hamas supporters burn U.S. and Palestine: US Hatem Israeli flags plus an effigy of Morris Sadek during a protest President Obama Moussa in Gaza City, as part of widespread anger across the Muslim world about a film ridiculing Islam’s Prophet Muhammad. 2012_09_15_ 78 AP Photo/ Washington Times. 15 www.washing tontimes. 15 Sep 2012: Supporters of a Insaf Student Federation Pakistan: US Fareed Khan Sep 2012. com/multim edia/ burn an effigy of U.S. President Barack Obama and a President Obama image/effigyjpg/ . representation of a U.S. flag demonstration in Karachi, Pakistan, as part of widespread anger across the Muslim world about a film ridiculing Islam’s Prophet Muhammad. 2012_09_16_ 196 Janali Corbis Images, www.corbisimages.com/ Hyderabad, Pakistan,16 Sep 2012: Residents of different Pakistan: effigy Laghari/ Seattle (WA). Search#p=21&q=effigy. areas and members of different political and religious parties Demotix/ take part in the rally against the US film. They also burn an Corbis effigy during the protest outside the press club. 2012_09_18_India: 197 (site discontinued) www.newswala.co US President m/Hyderabad-News/Tan Obama zeem-e-Awaaz-activists-bu rn-Obamas-effigy-17549. html. 2012_09_18_ 197, AFP photo/ RT News (Moscow). rt.com/news/anti- 18 Sep 2012: Pakistani Sunni Muslims protesters beat an Pakistan: US 271 Rizwan 21 Sep 2012. american-protests-live- effigy of the US President Barack Obama during a protest President Obama Tabassum updates-053/. against an anti-Islam movie in Peshawar. 2012_09_19_ 83, Noorullah Corbis Images, www.gettyimages.com, 19 Sep 2012: Afghan university students shout slogans during Afghaistan: US 197 Shirzada/ Seattle (WA). ID: 152338050. an anti-US demonstration in Jalalabad, capital of Nangarhar President Obama AFP/ province. Hundreds of Afghan protesters took to the streets, GettyImages setting fire to an effigy of US President Barack Obama and demanding the death of the film-maker who they say insulted the Prophet Mohammed. More than 30 people worldwide have died in incidents linked to the trailer for “Innocence of Muslims,” a US-made film that depicts the Prophet Mohammed as a thuggish womaniser. 2012_09_20_ 269 Musarrat Corbis Images, Peshawar, Pakistan, 20 Sep 2012: Employees union of the Pakistan: US Ullah Jan/ Seattle (WA). Town Municipal Workers Association stage a protest in President Obama Demotix/ Chowk Yadgar. They block the road against the US film Corbis “Innocence of Muslims” and burn an effigy of President Obama. 2012_09_21_ 251 AFP Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 21 Sep 2012: Afghan parade an effigy representing US Afghanistan: US PHOTO/ Seattle (WA). 152457602. President Obama during a protest, against an anti-Islam President Obama Massoud movie and a French Magazine which published Muhammad HOSSAINI Prophet’s cartoons, in Kabul. Some 300 protesters shouted slogans during a demonstrations against a US-made anti-Islam film and a French magazine which published Muhammad cartoons. The protesters chanted “Death to America” and “Death to France.” 2012_09_21_ 197, Munir Uz Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, 21 Sep 2012: Demonstrators set fire to an effigy of US Bangladesh: US 211, Zaman/ Seattle (WA). ID: 152454940. President Barack Obama during a protest against an internet President Obama 271 AFP/ film mocking Islam in Dhaka. More than 30 people have GettyImages been killed around the world during more than a week of attacks and violent protests linked to the controversial film, seen as insulting to the Prophet Mohammed. 2012_09_21_Sri 93 Chamila Palmbeach Post clikhear.palmbea Sri Lankan Muslims burnt effigies of President Obama Lanka: US President Karuna- (USA). (page chpost.com/2012/world- and the U.S. flags during a protest after Friday prayers Obama rathne/ discontinued). nation/africa/anti-u-s-pr near the U.S. embassy in Colombo, Sri Lanka, against the Associted otests-continue-to-rage- film “Innocence of Muslims” that ridicules Islam’s Prophet Press on-thursday/. Muhammad. 2012_09_27_India: 197 AP Photo/ 27 Sep 2012: Indian Muslims burn an effigy of U.S. President US President Bikas Das Barack Obama during a protest rally in Kolkata. The protest Obama was against an anti-Islam film produced in the U.S. called “Innocence of Muslims” that ridicules Islam’s Prophet Muhammad. 2012_09_29_ 211 Aamir Getty Images, www.gettyimages.com, 28 Sep 2012: Pakistani lawyers shout slogans as they attempt Pakistan: US Qureshi/ Seattle (WA). ID: 152889448. to reach the US embassy in the diplomatic enclave during a President Obama AFP/ protest against an anti-Islam film in Islamabad. Hundreds of GettyImages Pakistani lawyers rallied against an anti-Islam film made in the US, burned an effigy of US President Barack Obama, and demanded the expulsion of the US ambassador. Violence triggered by the film, which mocks the Prophet Mohammed, has claimed around 50 lives, including that of the US ambassador to Libya.

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2012_10_05_India: 73, Ibyangshu 5 Oct 2012: Indian Muslim protestors burn an effigy of Alan filmproducer 197, Sarkar/ Roberts, the alleged director of an anti-Islam video, during Roberts 261 AFP/ a protest against the film in Kolkata.The low-budget, US- GettyImages produced “Innocence of Muslims” movie has incited a wave of bloody anti-American violence in Libya, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Yemen and in several other countries across the Muslim world. 2012_10_24_USA- 145 Press Enterprise, www.youtube.com/ Moreno, California, 24 Oct 2012: In an interview with the CA: President Riverside (CA). 24 watch?v=OjV_igcv1GM. Press-Enterprise, Eddie Million of Moreno Valley admitted Obama Oct 2012. that his addition of an effigy of President Barack Obama with a noose around its neck was a low point in his attempt to turn his house into a “spooky” scene for a Halloween party. “I started thinking how bad it looked, and I took it down immediately.” 2012_10_29_USA- 145 KSL.com (Salt Lake www.ksl.com/?nid Orangeville, Utah, 29 Oct 2012: This effigy depicting UT: President City, UT). 29 Oct =148&sid=22753608. Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney hanging Obama + Mitt 2012. President Barack Obama drew enough attention for the Romney Secret Service to pay the Orangeville man a visit. 2012_10_31_USA- 145 IN: President Obama 2012_11_00_USA- 127 KHOU11 News (CA). abclocal.go.com/wtvd/ Sep 2012: He said that’s why President Obama’s effigy is NC: President 5 Nov 2012. story?section=news/ hanging in the gallows. Obama local&id=882002621. 2012_11_05_Lewes, 54 Dan “The Darkroom,” darkroom.baltimore An effigy of German Chancellor Angela Merkel is paraded UK: German chanc Kitwood/ Baltimore Sun (PE). sun.com/2012/11/ as bonfire societies process through the streets during Merkel as Guy Getty Images 6 Nov 2012. nov-6-photo-brief-miss- the Bonfire Night celebrations on November 5, 2012 in Fawkes earth-beauty-pageant- Lewes, Sussex in England. Bonfire Night is related to the honor-killing-parents- ancient festival of Samhain, the Celtic New Year. Processions bonfire-night-samhain- held across the South of England culminate in Lewes on v-for-vandetta-and-guy- November 5, commemorating the memory of the seventeen fawkes/the-annual- Protestant martyrs. Thousands of people attend the parade lewes-bonfire-night- as Bonfire Societies parade through the narrow streets until parade-5/. the evening comes to an end with the burning of an effigy, or ‘guy,’ usually representing Guy Fawkes, who died in 1605 after an unsuccessful attempt to blow up The Houses of Parliament. 2012_11_15_ 7, Action Daily Mail www.dailymail.co.uk/ Unhappy: Protesters with an effigy of German Chancellor Portugal: German 256 Press/Rex (London). 15 Nov news/article-2232706/ Angela Merkel in Lisbon, Portugal. Chancellor Merkel Features 2012. Greek-anti-austerity- protesters-hurl-coffee- German-diplomat-riots- sweep-Europe.html. 2012_11_18_ 270 AFP Photo/ Declaration of declarationalliancepac. 18 Nov 2012: Activists of hardline Shiite group Palestine Pakistan: US Rizwan Alliance PAC org/americastandswith Foundation of Pakistan burn an effigy of US President President Obama Tabassum (Houston, TX). 18 israel.us/article-121126. Barack Obama at an anti-US and Israel protest in Karachi. Nov 2012. php. Pakistan condemned Israeli air strikes on the Gaza Strip, calling on the international community to stop the ‘Israeli aggression’. 2012_11_24_ 247 Mizanur Phulbari Solidarity phulbarisolidari 24 Nov 2012: Angry villagers burnt Dan Mozena’s effigy Bangladesh: US Rahman (blog). Bangladesh. tygroup .wordpress. during general strike in Phulbari. Resistance to open pit ambassador Mozena 13 Jan 2013. com/2013/0 1/13/ mine, forced-displacement and environmental disaster is fascinating-story- of-res strengthening everyday in Phulbari. istance-rdc-personnel- imprisoned-by-villagers- in-phulbari/. : ةــلااااااـــجر اــي قرـــحتأ ىــسرــم /Egypt_ 205 Facebook, User: www.facebook.com_28_11_2012 ىف ( ىبمل ) دروللاب ةيديعسروبلا ىقلأ امدنع خيراتلا ىف President Morsi Ahmed Fahmy. photo.php?fbid=38351 هاغطلا ىمدلا هلالخ نم قرحي ”ايبعش ”اثوروم كلذ حبصأو نارينلا set=a.111&8068403262 ةيادبل ”ايخيرات ىلوألا ةرارشلا كلذ ناك و ةرحلا ةنيدملاب ماع لك 206445634427.25354.10 فورحب ”اضيأ خيراتلا بتكيس رصم نم ىزيلجنألا لالتحألا درط type=3&0002352156478 ديعسروبب سمأ ( ىبمللا سيئرلا ) ةيمد قرح نأ ةينطولا رون نم .theater& رصم ريرحتو ةبعش لتاق سيئرلا طوقسل ىلوألا ةرارشلا نوكتس ؟؟؟؟!!!!.... ىناوخألا لالتحألا نم 2012_12_28_ 84, Choo Choy The Malaysia Insider www.themalaysi Settlers carry an effigy with a photo of FELDA chairman Malaysia: FELDA 239 May (blog). 28 Dec 2012. aninsider.com/images Tan Sri Isa Samad on it. Over a thousand settlers today chairman Samad /uploads/2012/dece gathered at the national capital here to protest against Tan mber2012/28/m_effig Sri Isa Samad urging him to step down as the Federal Land y2812.jpg. Authority (FELDA) chairman. 2012_12_28_USA- 7 www.lex18. New York Daily News. www.nydailynews.com/ Danny Hafley told Lex 18 News that he gave watermelon to KY: President com 28 Dec 2012. news/national/ky-man- the Obama effigy because it “might get hungry standing out Obama (a) defends-racist-roadside- here.” obama-effigy-article- 1.1228880. 2012_12_28_USA- 145, www.lex18. New York Daily News. www.nydaily news.com/ Kentucky man defends his racist roadside effigy of a KY: President 290 com 28 Dec 2012. news/nation al/ky-man- watermelon-holding Obama. Obama (b) defends-racist-roadside- obama-effigy-article- 1.1228880.

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2012_12_30_ 77 Theresa ecuadorfulbrightgua- ecuadorfulbrig Making a large Año Viejo effigy-doll. This one will be the Ecuador: Central McGarry/ randa (blog). 3 Jan htguaranda.wordpress. disgraced political figure Pedro Delgado. Bank gov Delgado Tim 2013. com/2013/01/03/new- as Ano Viejo McDowell years-eve-in-guaranda- ecuador-and-the-ano- viejo-effigies/. 2012_12_30_Peru: 54 www.deperu.com/ various politicians noticias/4073/quema- as Ano Viejo de-munecos-por-ano- nuevo-disminuyo-en- lima. 2013_01_02_Iraq 225 Wolves in the City neoclassics.blogspot. 1 Feb 2013: Shiite cleric predicts ‘Iraqi Spring’ as Sunnis (blog). 2 Jan 2013. nl/2013/01/muqtada- continue to protest: “Protesters have been holding rallies al-sadr-predic ts-iraqi- in the western desert province of Anbar and other Sunni spring.html. strongholds for more than a week.The demonstrations follow the arrest of bodyguards assigned to the Sunni finance minister Rafia al-Issawi, though they tap into deeper Sunni grievances of perceived discrimination by the government of Shiite Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.” 2013_01_16_India: 87, Deccan Chronicle www.deccanchron Muslims carry an effigy of US President Barack Obama US President 248 (Secunderabad, icle.com/130116/news- during a rally in Kolkata to press for their various demands. Obama India). 16 Jan 2013. current-affairs/gallery/in dia-pictures-january-16- 2013. 2013_01_28_USA- 89, HuffPost (USA). 28 www.huffington Pastor Terry Jones Burns Obama, Clinton Effigies In FL: Presidents 272 Jan 2013. post.com/2013/01/28/ Response To Gay Rights Support: The infamous Quran- Obama + Clinton pas tor-terry-jones- burning pastor expressed his disdain for President obama-clinton-effigy- Barack Obama’s support of the lesbian, gay, bisexual and gay-rights-_n_2567595. transgender (LGBT) community by blitzing an effigy. Terry html. Jones, who has previously condemned Islam, cited Obama’s promotion of “the gay-lesbian agenda” and abortion as incentive for the spectacle. Also burned alongside the Obama effigy was a Clinton counterpart, in response to the former president’s support of the Obama administration. 2013_02_03_Egypt: 203 Lora A. Why Gaza? (blog). 3 loralucero.word Even without the language, I understand two messages President Morsi Lucero Feb. 2013. press.com/ 2013/02/ clearly. President Morsi is hung in effigy. And U.S. page/2/. Ambassador Anne Patterson is warned to “GO BACK TO HELL” 2013_02_08_India: 87, Express The New Indian newindianexpr ess. Members of various women’s organisations in Kerala Rajya Sabha 237 photo Express. 8 Feb 2013. com/states/kerala/ pouring black oil on the effigy of P J Kurien demanding chairman Kurien article1455573.ece. reinvestigation into his involvement in the Suryanelli case. 2013_02_24_ 96, Monirul Corbis Images, www.corbisimag Dhaka, Bangladesh, 24 Feb 2013: A Madrasa student’s burns Bangladesh: “atheist 283 Alam/ Seattle (WA). es.com/Search#p=21& blogger effigy during the country wide down-to-dusk strike blogger” ZUMA q=effigy. in the Kamrangir Char, Dhaka. The eight Islamist parties Press/Corbis enforced today’s strike protesting attacks on their Friday’s demonstrations, and demanding punishment to “atheist” bloggers. 2013_03_07_Czech 55, AFP Czech Republic, Prague, 7 Mar 2013: People hold a burning Republic: President 289 PHOTO/ effigy of Czech President Vaclav Klaus symbolizing the end Klaus as Morena MICHAL of his presidency, at the Charles Bridge in Prague. Vaclav CIZEK Klaus was on Thursday winding down a decade as the Czech Republic’s controversial eurosceptic president a day ahead of the swearing in of veteran left-winger Milos Zeman. 2013_04_10_India: 239 News Track India www.newstrackin Social activists under the leadership of Subash Gupta, Russian President (New Delhi). 10 Apr dia.com/photogallery/i President of Human Rights Commission carried out a protest Putin 2013. mages/view/6055-Social- and burnt an effigy of Russian President Vladimir Putin activists-burns-Putin-effig against the heinous crime and atrocities being committed y-over-arrest-of-Indian-bus against Indian businessmen in Russia by misusing section 165 inessmen-in-Russia.html. on Russian constitution. 2013_04_12_Yemen: 209 Khaled Protesters loyal to the Shi’ite al-Houthi rebel group burn an US military drone (a) Abdullah/ effigy of a U.S. aircraft during a demonstration to protest Reuters against what they say is U.S. interference in Yemen, including drone strikes, after their weekly Friday prayers in the Old Sanaa city April 12, 2013. 2013_04_12_Yemen: 209 Khaled International Business www.ibtimes.co.uk/top Protesters burn an effigy of a U.S. aircraft during a US military drone (b) Abdullah/ Times (London). 5 -al-qaeda-operative-kill demonstration in 2013 Reuters Nov 2014. ed-yemen-drone-strike- 1473270. 2013_04_16_South 246 Kin Times of Israel. 17 www.timesofisrael.com 16 Apr 2013: South Korean protesters burn effigies of North Korea: North Cheung/AP April 2013. /n-korea-lashes-out- Korean leader Kim Jong-Un, and late leaders Kim Jong Il and Korean leader Kim anew-over-protest-in- Kim Il Sung, at an anti-North Korea protest on the birthday Jong Il seoul/. of Kim Il Sung in Seoul. North Korea lashed out anew at South Korea over the small public protest, saying it would not hold talks with its southern neighbor unless it apologized for anti-North Korean actions “big and small” and warning that it could take retaliatory measures at any time. The sign at center showing images of the Kim family reads “Throw Them Out.”

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2013_04_17_UK: 93 PA Mirror (London). 17 www.mirror.co.uk/inco Premier Thatcher Apr 2013. ming/gallery/margaret -thatcher-funeral-protests- 1836830. 2013_04_17_UK: 268 WENN.com Daily Mail www.dailymail.co.uk/ Residents of Goldthorpe drink to Lady Thatcher’s death as Premier Thatcher (a) (London). 17 Apr news/article-231030 they hold a sign reading ‘Thatcher the scab’. 2013. 7/Thatcher-funeral-No-a rrests-procession-funeral- passes-peacefully-good- riddance-protesters- drowned-cheers.html. 2013_04_17_UK: 248 Premier Thatcher (b) 2013_04_28_ 97 Kostas El Nuevo Herald www.elnuevo herald. 28 Apr 2013: A protester burns an effigy depicting a Greek Greece: worker Tsironis (FL). 28 Apr 2013. com/2013/04/ worker watched by photographers and others during a / AP 28/146504 8/the-daily- protest in front of the Parliament in Athens. A few hundreds edit-04292013.html. public servants protested peacefully outside the Greek Parliament as lawmakers vote on new austerity bill. 2013_05_09_India: 55 Deccan Chronicle archives.deccan India, 9 May 2013: BJP workers carry an effigy during a UPA government as (Secunderabad, chronicle.com/130509/ protest against UPA government over corruption and scams Ravana India). 9 May 2013. news-current-affairs/ in Jaipur. gallery/india-pictures- 09-may-2013. 2013_05_11_Egypt: 204 Amr Nabil, Deseret News (Salt www.deseretnews.com/ 11 May 2013: Egyptian anti-Mubarak protesters hold effigies former President Associated Lake City, UT). 11 article/765629349/ representing former Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak, Mubarak Press May 2013. Mubarak-retrial-in- center, his wife Suzanne, fourth left, and his sons Gamal, Egypt-to-include-new- third left, and Alaa, second left, outside a court in Cairo. evidence.html. Egyptian prosecutors say they are presenting new evidence in the retrial of former President Hosni Mubarak for failing to stop the killing of 900 protestors in the 2011 unrest that ousted him. The sons face corruption charges. 2013_06_26_Egypt: 203 STR/AFP/ Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 26 Jul 2013: Supporters of the Muslim Brotherhood and President al Sisi Getty Images Seattle (WA). 174459348. Egypt’s ousted president Mohamed Morsi hold up a dummy decorated with a portrait of Egyptian Army chief who ousted Morsi, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, and the Israeli and US flags, during a demonstration in the Mediterranean city of Alexandria. 2013_07_22_Brazil: 89 AFP News That Matters ivarfjeld.com/2013/07 22 Jul 2013: People burn an effigy of Rio de Janeiro’s state Governor Cabral (blog). 25 Jul 2013.; /25/riot-police-and-heli Governor Sergio Cabral as atheists and the Anonymous Fox News (New copter-helped-pope-in- protest group demonstrate against the money spent on the York). 23 Jul 2013. brazil/.; www.foxnews. pope’s visit, while Brazilian President Dilma Rousseff offers com/world/2013/07 a welcoming ceremony for Pope Francis at the Guanabara /23/pope-francis-visit- Palace, seat of the city’s government, in Rio de Janeiro. not-welcomed-by-all-bra zilians-some-question- security-costs.html. 2013_08_01_India: 86 PTI India Today (New indiatoday.intoday.in/ Women activists with an effigy of AICC President Sonia INC president Sonia Delhi). 1 Aug 2013. story/sixtee n-tdp-mlas- Gandhi protest against the creation of Telangana in Chittoor Gandhi resign-as-protest-against- on Thursday. tela ngana/1/297542. html. 2013_08_01_India: 237 Deccan Chronicle archives.deccanchronic 1 Aug 2013: Members of Chamber of Commerce pour milk Potti Sriramulu (Secunderabad, le.com/130801/news- to ‘cleanse’ the statue of Potti Sriramulu to protest against (anointing the India). 1 Aug 2013. current-affairs/article/ the CWC’s decision to announce formation of Telangana in statue by pouring anti-t-protests-turn- Rajahmundry. milk) violent. 2013_09_01_ 250 Banaras Getty Images, www.gettyimages.co.uk, 1 Sep 2013: A Pakistani demonstrator holds an effigy of Pakistan: Russian Khan/AFP/ Seattle (WA). ID: 179188052. Russian President Vladimir Putin during a protest against President Putin Getty Images the Syrian and Russian government in Quetta. Syria on September 1 urged US lawmakers to show ‘wisdom’ in their vote on a proposed military strike on Damascus, after US President Barack Obama decided to seek congressional approval. 2013_09_07_Brazil: 88 US President Obama 2013_09_11_ 91 Patryk Wall Street Journal stream.wsj.com/story/ 11 Sep 2013: Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk is burned in Poland: government Wasilewski (New York). 11 world-stream/SS-2- effigy by protesters in Warsaw. of Premier Tusk Sep 2013. (page 44156/SS-2-324161/. discontinued). 2013_09_22_India: 239 IANS Prokerala (Kottayam, www.prokerala.com/ 22 Sep 2013: Activists of Shiv Sena Samajwadi burn effigy director of Pakistani India). 22 Sep 2013. news/photos/actvists- of Pakistani spy agency ISI’s (Inter-Services Intelligence) secret service of-shiv-sena-samajwadi- Director-General, Zaheerul Islam for encouraging terrorism Zaheerul burn-effigy-of-isi-chief- in Punjab, in Amritsar. zaheerul-islam-22221/.

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2013_09_27_India: 246, Reuters/ Thomson Reuters www.trust.org/ 27 Sep 2013: Supporters of Shiv Sena, a Hindu hardline Pakistani Premier 258 Mukesh Foundation News item/20130927093316- group, burn an effigy of Pakistan’s Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif Gupta (London). 27 Sep 7ej4n/. Sharif during a protest against Thursday’s militant attacks in 2013. Jammu. Militants dressed in Indian army uniforms attacked Indian police and soldiers near the border with Pakistan on Thursday, killing nine people and triggering calls for talks between the prime ministers of the rival nations to be called off. 2013_09_27_ 173 Reuters YnetNews (Israel). 27 www.ynetnews.com/ Burning Peres and Netanyahu effigies. Palestine: Premier Sep 2013. articles/0,7340,L- Netanyahu + 4433864,00.html. President Peres 2013_11_07_Iran: 181 Meghdad Rafizadeh, Majid. http://iranaware.com/ The leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran declared US President Madadi “The Iran Hostage tag/army-of-the-guardi November 4th as the “National Day against Global Obama + US Sec of Crisis: 34 Years ans-of-the-islamic-revol Arrogance.” While this week, tens of thousands of Iranians State Kerry + Israeli Later” Iranaware ution/. shouted “Death to America” and “Death to Israel.” The Premier Netanyahu (blog). 7 Nov 2013. burning of American and Israeli flags took place throughout Iranian cities. Furthermore, effigies of US President Barack Obama, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, and US Secretary of State John Kerry were held up high by protestors. 2013_11_19_ 87 Reuters Dawn (Karachi, http://www.dawn.com/ Students shout anti-government and anti-US slogans as they Afghanistan: US Pakistan). 19 Nov news/1057188/around- punch an effigy of US President Barack Obama during a President Obama 2013. the-world-in-pictures. protest against the upcoming national gathering called a “loya jirga”, in Jalalabad, eastern Afghanistan. The students expressed their concern about a proposed bilateral security agreement between Afghanistan and the U.S. 2013_12_03_India: 255 Two Circles http://twocircles.net/ 3 Dec 2013: Effigy of Dow Chemical which the survivors hold Union Carbide CEO (Cambridge, MA). 4 2013dec04/bhopal_gas responsible for their plight as it refuses to own responsibility Anderson (a) Dec 2013. _victims_remembered_ to clean up toxic chemicals which has seeped into the soil survivors_set_dow_ contaminating the underground water used for drinking chemical_effigy_fire. by residents living around the abandoned Union Carbide html#.VBIaeHHSN7E. factory. 2013_12_03_India: 255 IANS Prokerala Bhopal, India, 3 Dec 2013: Survivors of Bhopal gas tragedy Union Carbide CEO (Manganam, India). burn effigies of Union Carbide chairman Warren Anderson Anderson (b) 3 Dec 2013. as they demonstrate on the 29th anniversary of the tragedy outside abandoned factory of Union Carbide. 2013_12_03_India: 98, IANS Prokerala Bhopal, India, 3 Dec 2013: Survivors of Bhopal gas tragedy Union Carbide CEO 255 (Manganam, India). burn effigies of Union Carbide chairman Warren Anderson Anderson (c) 3 Dec 2013. as they demonstrate on the 29th anniversary of the tragedy outside abandoned factory of Union Carbide. 2013_12_11_ 73 Reuters/ Daily Tribune: News of http://dt.bh/ukraine- 11 Dec 2013: A Ukranian flag flies next to an effigy of Ukraine: Russian Alexander Bahrain (Manama). protesters-defy-police/. Russian President Vladimir Putin at Independence Square President Putin Demianchuk 22 Dec 2013. in Kiev. Battalions of Ukrainian riot police withdrew on Wednesday from a protest camp after moving against demonstrators overnight in the authorities’ biggest attempt yet to reclaim streets after weeks of protests against President Viktor Yanukovich. 2014_03_29_ 204 Roz Al- Memri (Washington http://www.memri. Egypt, 29 Mar 2014: Effigies of Muslim Brotherhood officials Egypt: Muslim Yousef DC). 27 Apr 2014. org/report/en/ on the gallows (Muhammad Mursi, Khairat Al-Shater, Brotherhood print7955.htm. Muhammad Badi’, and Mustafa Higazi). officials 2014_04_00_ 54 Jesús Olarte fusion.net/justice/ In the working-class neighborhood of San Juan, far away Venezuela: Maria story/indigenous- from the modern shopping malls of Chacao, the interference Machado as Judas activists-brazil-clashed- of foreign powers was central to the ceremony. Here an government-world-cup- effigy of former congresswoman Maria Corina Machado related-723050. was draped in an American flag. “She wants the Marines to come!” shouted Edgar Monsalve, 62, a local health worker, as the Machado doll was set ablaze. For Monsalve, “It’s a ploy for foreign intervention. She hates our homeland.” 2014_04_25_ 77 GMA News GMA News http://www. 25 Apr 2014: Militants prepare for Obama visit. Artists Philippines: US Online (Diliman, gmanetwork.com/ commissioned by Bayan Muna and Kilusang Mayo Uno apply President Obama Philippines). 25 Apr news/photo/58509/ finishing touches to an effigy of US President Barack Obama 2014. militants-prepare-for- in preparation for protest actions against the visiting US obama-visit. leader on April 28 and 29. 2014_04_28_ 251 EPA Vos Iz Neias (New http://www.vosizneias. 28 Apr 2014: Filipino protesters pull an effigy of US Philippines: York). 29 Apr 2014. com/news/photos/ President Barack Obama (Top) and Philippines President President Aquino view/299788484. Benigno Aquino III (Bottom) during a protest rally against + US President the visit of US President Barack Obama heading towards Obama (a) Malacanang presidential palace in Manila, Philippines. 2014_04_28_ 97 Noel Celis/ NBC News (New http://www.nbcnews. 28 Apr 2014: Protesters burn an effigy of President Barack Philippines: AFP/Getty York). 28 Apr 2014. com/news/world/filipi Obama during an anti-U.S. protest near Malacanang palace President Aquino Images no-protesters-burn-effig in Manila. + US President y-barack-obama-n91231. Obama (b)

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2014_06_21_Iraq 225 The Getty Images, www.gettyimages.in, ID: 21 Jun 2014: Units of Moqtada Sadr’s militia parade with Washington Seattle (WA). 451022828. his photo down a main street of the Shi’a stronghold of Post Sadr City in Eastern Baghdad. Tens of thousands of fighters marched in the show of strength, many with weapons, in response to a call by Moqtada Sadr for his followers to protect Shi’a Shrines in Iraq from further attacks by Sunni insurgent group Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS). 2014_10_09_USA- 160 AP Photo/ Sputnik International sputniknews.c om/mili 9 Oct 2014: Participants playing the roles of anti-American VA: pretend effigy Pablo News Agency tary/201411111014617 demonstrators burn a effigy outside a fake US Consulate protest in US army Martinez (Moscow). 11 282/.; wjla.com/news/ during a US Diplomatic Security Service High Threat exercise Monsivais Nov 2014.; WJLA politica l/at-virginia-mi training program held at a mock town named Erehwon, (Arlington, TX). 11 litary-bas e-state-depart “nowhere” spelled backwards, on a rural Virginia military Nov 2014. ment-trains-agents- base. Two years after the deadly attack on a U.S. facility in for-dangerous-posts- Benghazi, Libya, the Diplomatic Security Service that is 108922. responsible for protecting some 100,000 Americans around the world has dramatically expanded training. 2015_01_16_ 199 AP Photo/ Yorkton This Week www.yorktonthis Algiers, 16 Jan 2015: A demonstrator hold up the Quran Algeria: Charlie Sidali (Yorkton, Canada). week.com/news/ during a protest against caricatures published in French Hebdo protest Djarboub 16 Jan 2015. international-news/ magazine Charlie Hebdo. Algerian police are struggling muslim-protests-of- to contain more than a thousand protesters thronging the charlie-hebdo-turn- streets of the capital denouncing cartoons of the Prophet violent-4-killed-in-west- Muhammad published by French satirical weekly Charlie african-country-of-niger- Hebdo. Chanting “I am not Charlie, I am Muhammad,” 1.1733154. protesters left their mosques after Friday prayers and gathered in downtown Algiers’ May 1 square where they were met by hundreds of riot police. 2015_01_16_ 198 EPA Daily Mail www.dailymail.co.uk/ 16 Jan 2015: Violent and bloody protests have erupted Pakistan: French (London). 16 Jan news/article-2913372/ around the world as furious Muslims react to Charlie President Hollande 2015. Protesters-clash-police- Hebdo’s ‘survivor’ edition—again featuring the holy Prophet outside-French-embassy Muhammad on its front cover. Supporters of banned Islamic -Pakistan-anger-continu charity Jamatud Dawa burn an effigy of the French President es-grow-Charlie-Hebdo- during protests. cover-portraying- Mohammad.html. 2015_01_17_ 199 AP Blazingcatfur (blog). www.blazingcatfur. Protests against Charlie Hebdo’s front cover have seen Somalia: Charlie 17 Jan 2015. ca/2015/01/17/anti- thousands more take to the streets—with students in Somalia Hebdo Protest charlie-hedbo-protests- declaring “Je Suis Muslim”—and “I love my Prophet.” in-somalia-and-pakistan- Students marched through Mogadishu on Saturday morning effigy-of-hollande-burnt- three days after the commemorative edition of the satirical by-pak-lawyers/. magazine went on sale. 2015_01_18_ 250 Rizwan Getty Images, www.gettyimages.fr/pho 18 Jan 2015: An activist of Pakistan Tehreek e Insaaf (PTI) Pakistan: French Tabassum/ Seattle (WA). tos/461714294?family= holds an effigy representing French President Francois President AFP/Getty editorial&phrase=46171 Hollande during a protest against the printing of satirical Images 4294#license. sketches of the Prophet Muhammad by French magazine Charlie Hebdo near the French consulate in Karachi. 2015_01_19_ 199 ANN.Az ann.az/en/growing- Scenes of chaos broke out across the Muslim world today as Pakistan: French (Azerbaijan), 10 Jan anger-across-muslim- hundreds of thousands of protesters burned flags and effigies President Sarkozy + 2015. world-over-charlie- in anger over the Franch satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo. Charlie Hebdo hebdo-magazine/ 2015_01_23_India: 198 (site discontinued) www.authintma 23 Jan 2015: The effigy of Charlie Hebdo cartoonist who Charlie Hebdo il.com/2015/in-pictures sketched blasphemous cartoons of Prophet Mohammad director Charb /pictures-anti-char lie- (PBUH). A shutdown was observed on Friday in Indian hebdo-protests-kashmir. administered Kashmir to protest the publication of blasphemous cartoons carried by French magazine, Charlie Hebdo. The protest was called by pro-freedom leaders of Kashmir. Stone-pelting incidents were reported from the Srinagar City. Protesters burnt down the effigies of Charlie Hebdo cartoonists who sketched the blasphemous cartoons depticting the last Prophet of Islam. 2015_01_23_India: 198 (site discontinued) Ibid. 23 Jan 2015: The effigy of Charlie Hebdo cartoonist who Charlie Hebdo sketched blasphemous cartoons of Prophet Mohammad director Charb (PBUH). 2015_02_15_ 80 Munir uz Getty Images, www.gettyimages.de/ 15 Feb 2015: Bangladesh activists from the Awami Olama Bangladesh: BNP Zaman/ Seattle (WA). fotos/bangladesh- League, a wing of the ruling Awami League, burn an effigy leader Zia AFP/Getty awami-league. of the leader of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) Khaleda Images Zia as they protest against an ongoing nationwide strike and blockade called by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)- led alliance in Dhaka. Violence triggered by the nationwide strike and blockade of roads, railways and waterways has reportedly left 80 people dead. 2015_02_23_Russia: 253 tvzvezda.ru/news/vstra Севастопольские пенсионеры сегодня в одном из US President ne_i_mire/content/20 городских скверов провели необычную акцию – сожгли Obama 1502151502-lb7s.htm. чучело Барака Обамы. 2015_04_06_ 75, Agencia EFE www.efe.com/efe/eng Venezuela: US 254 (Madrid). lish/life/h undreds-of- President Obama obama-and-maduro-eff igies-burned-in-caracas -easter-celebration /50000263-2579024.

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2015_07_29_ 77 Raymund B. Bulatlat (Manila, bulatlat.com/ Effigies have been featured and written about through the Philippines: Presi- Villanueva Philippines). 29 Jul main/2015/07/29/ years that they have been made the centerpieces of the main dent Aquino (a) 2015. in-praise-of-the-effigy- protest rallies when the Philippine president delivers his makers/. or her State of the Nation Address. Some even ask should effigies be replaced already as a main symbol of these protests. 2015_07_29_ 288 Raymund B. Bulatlat (Manila, bulatlat.com/ Effigies have been featured and written about through the Philippines: Presi- Villanueva Philippines). 29 Jul main/2015/07/29/ years that they have been made the centerpieces of the main dent Aquino (b) 2015. in-praise-of-the-effigy- protest rallies when the Philippine president delivers his makers/. or her State of the Nation Address. Some even ask should effigies be replaced already as a main symbol of these protests. 2015_09_13_USA- 146 Jim Hoft Gateway Pundit www.thegateway pundit. The masses turned out to destroy El Trumpo. St. Louis LA: President (USA). 13 Sep 2015. com/2015/09/st -louis- Leftists Hang Donald Trump Effigy at Hispanic Festival. Trump hispanic-festival -hangs- This weekend Cherokee Street in South St. Louis celebrated donald-trump-effigy- Mexican Independence Day. The Cherokee neighborhood beats-it-at-sun down/. has several Mexican restaurants and shops. 2015_11_17_India: 211 AP Samakal www.samakal.net/ Indian Muslims carry an effigy of the Islamic State group ISIS (Bangladesh). 17 photo-gallery/daily- and shout slogans condemning Friday’s attacks in Paris and Nov 2015 (page photos/1447696800. expressing solidarity with France during a protest in Mumbai, discontinued). India. 2015_11_23_South 91 Chung Getty Images, www.gettyimages.nl, ID: 23 Nov 2015: A South Korean protester hits a effigy of North Korea: North Sung-Jun Seattle (WA). 498415552. Korean leader Kim Jong-Un during a anti-North Korea rally Korean leader Kim in Seoul, South Korea. Today marks the fifth anniversary of Yong Un the shelling of border island by North Korea. 2016_01_14_Iran: 181 Amir Nameh News (Iran), namehnews.ir/fa/ Protest in front of the Saudi consulate in Mashhad, Iran, US President Harirchi / 16 Jan 2014. news/297190/. burn effigies of US President Obama and Saudi King Salman Obama ISNA burned in response to the execution of Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr in Saudi Arabia. 2016_01_30_USA- 146 Edward A. San Antonio Express www.express news.com/ 30 Jan 2016: Bexar County Democratic Party Chairman TX: presidential Ornelas/ News (TX). 30 Jan news/local/article/ Manuel Medina hits a Donald Trump pinata during the candidate Trump San Antonio 2016. Trump-effigy-battered- “Bernie Beats Trump on the West Side” event held. Express- by-Sanders-supporters- News 6795894.php. 2016_02_10_Iran: 181, Thomas twitter.com/ 10 Feb 2016: Effigy of president Obama, at annual revolution US President 268 Erdbrink thomaserdbrink. anniversary rallies in Tehran. Louis Farakkhan is prominent Obama guest. 2016_03_27_ 254 RT Ruptly RT News (Moscow). www.youtube.com/ Monterrey, Mexico, 27 Mar 2016: An effigy of a candidate for Mexico: US 27 Mar 2016. watch?v=GEn_nS8emrc. the USA Republican Party nomination Donald Trump was presidential one of the effigies burnt in Monterrey’s “Burning of Judas” candidate Trump ceremony. 2016_03_27_ 76 The News (Nigeria). thenewsnigeria.com. Donald Trump effigy in the making: In Mexico City’s poor La Mexico: US 27 Mar 2016. ng/2016/03/donald- Merced neighborhood hundreds of cheering residents yelled presidential trump-is-judas-in- “death” and various insults as they watched the explosion of candidate Trump as mexico-effigies-burnt/. the grinning papier-mâché mock-up of the real estate tycoon, Ano Viejo replete with blue blazer, red tie and his trademark tuft of blond hair. 2016_09_15_USA- 90 SBG/Ashley Komo News (Seattle, komonews.com/news/ 11 Sep 2016: A black, rubber wet-suit sporting women’s OH: presidential Honea WA). local/display-hanging- clothing and a blonde wig hangs from a noose attached to a candidate Hillary near-sutherlin-causes- crane. Clinton stir-among-i-5-motorists. 2016_11_09_USA- 7--8 CNN CNN (Atlanta). 10 edition.cnn.com/videos Donald Trump effigy burned by protesters. Heads roll in the CA: President elect Nov 2016. /politics /2016/11/10/ streets of Los Angeles as a large Donald Trump effigy was set Trump (a) donald-trump-effigy-bur on fire by protesters the day after he was elected president. ning-los-angeles-bts.cnn. 2016_11_09_USA- 146 Marcus Newsweek (New www.newsweek.com/ 9 Nov 2016: Anti-Trump protesters burn an effigy of the CA: President elect Yam/Los York). 23 Nov 2016. 2016/12/02/europe- president-elect, Donald Trump, outside City Hall in Los Trump (b) Angeles right-wing-nationalism- Angeles. Times/Getty populist-revolt-trump- putin-524119.html . 2016_11_09_USA- 146 Matthew SunHerald www.sunherald.com/ 9 Nov 2016: A man named Blue Velvet, right, sets fire to an LA: President elect Hinton/The (Gulfport, MS). Nov news/article113818643. effigy of Donald Trump, next to a woman who gave the name Trump Advocate. 2016. html. J. Stroh at Lee circle during an anti-Trump protest in New Orleans. 2016_12_10_ 97 Bulatlat Redspark (website). www.redspark. Philippines: 12 Dec 2016. nu/wp-content/ President Duterte uploads/2016/12/Dut erteEffigy-800x445.jpg. 2016_12_10_ 97 Redspark (website). www.redspark.nu/en/ In Mendiola, protesters burned a horned monster effigy Philippines: 11 Dec 2016. peoples-war/philippin which depicts the political rehabilitation of the Marcoses, President Duterte es/progressives-tell-dut continuing state fascism, extrajudicial killings, detention of erte-enough-with-hum political prisoners and Oplan Bayanihan. an-rights-violations/. 2016_12_28_ 76 Canal CNC Cali www.youtube. Donald Trump, el año viejo más vendido para quemar en fin Colombia: US (Colombia). 28 Dec com/watch?v=E7TDT de año. President elect 2016. 0Wsvcw. Trump as Ano Viejo

356 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

2017_01_20_NL: US 74 Florian Protesters burn effigies of US President Trump and Dutch President Trump + Göttke right-wing politician Geert Wilders in a demonstration in Geert Wilders Amsterdam. 2017_05_10_USA- 146 Chip Somo- Breitbart News www.breitba rt.com/ Demonstrators Protest Outside White House Over President DC: President devilla/Getty (USA). 11 May 2017 big-government Trump’s Firing Of FBI Director James Comey. Trump Images /2017/05/11/poll- voters-trump-doesnt- care-average-american/. 2017_05_23_ 87, Arab Media Jerusalem Post. 23 www.jpost.com/Arab- 23 May 2017: Armed men point machine guns at effigy of Palestine: US 173 May 2017. Israeli-Conflict/Gazans- Donald Trump in Gaza. Thousands of supporters of the President Trump protest-Trump-in- Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) in Gaza armed-demonstration- protested US President Donald Trump’s visit to Bethlehem 493665. on Tuesday, and his statements describing Hamas as a terrorist organization. 2017_08_17_USA- 146 Infowars, “The Alex www.youtube.com/wa Liberals Perform Disturbing Cult-Like Ritual With An Effigy TX: President Jones Show.” tch?v=3z2kOTI7AYs. Of Donald Trump, Liberals continue to lie and conflate Trump Trump with literal Nazis. At this Dallas protest they march around a disturbing dummy of Trump and writhe in their hatred. Help us spread the word about the liberty movement, we’re reaching millions help us reach millions more. 2017_08_30_ 73 AP Photo/ Sputnik sputniknews.com/ Thousands of Pakistanis Rally to ‘Reject the Rhetoric,’ Pakistan: Indian Muhammad International News asia/201708301 Burn Trump Effigy, Pakistanis in a major rally in Quetta Premier Modi + US Sajjad Agency (Moscow). 056903061-thousands- have responded forcefully to US President Donald Trump’s President Trump 30 Aug 2017. pakistanis-rhetoric- suggestion that their government has harbored jihadist trump-effigy/. elements within its borders. 2017_11_08_Brazil: 283 Words and what not ultimategerardm.blog The hullabaloo was organized by a few small conservative philosopher Judith (blog). 9 Nov 2017. spot.com/2017/11/ groups, like the TFP (Tradition, Family and Property)—a Butler judith-butler-in-brazil- far-right group founded in 1960—and a group led by former reaction-in.html. D-list actor Alexandre Frota, which has a strong online presence. On the other side, supporting Butler in greater numbers, were leftist groups, some of them carrying antifa flags. al-Limby: 1990s_ 168 Youm 7, Dessouki, Mohamed Allenby effigies before being burnt. Port Said, Egypt Cairo, Egypt. Adel. “The Interre- lationship between Urban Space and Collective Memory.” (Bachelor Thesis, Cairo University. 2012): 95. al-Limby: 168 AP Photo/ Associated Press www.apimages.com, ID: 8 Apr 1991: Egyptian youths hold a wood replica of Saddam 1991_04_08_Port Axel Schulz- Images (New York). 9104081279. Hussein in the flames of one of many bonfires in Egypt’s Said, Egypt Eppers northern town of Port Said. People who had traditionally (Saddam Hussein) burnt effigies of a former British high commissioner at each beginning of spring, burnt replicas of Saddam instead, to show their anger about the invasion of Kuwait. al-Limby: 2006_Port 168 Mohamed www.youtube.com/ Sham el Neseem in Port Said: Black and White Gallery Said, Egypt Elkatatny watch?v=RJfjwYtu07c. during Easter celebrations in Port Said. al-Limby: 205 Jahd Kalil (site discontinued) gramosphere.com/ 5 May 2013 in Port Said, el-Arab: Waiting to burn. 2013_05_05_Egypt jahdkhalil. al-Limby: 205 Port Said Al Youm www.portsaid-alyoum. 2014_04_00_Egypt: (Egypt). (page com/home/?p=24751. Turkish President discontinued) Erdogan ىلع ميسنلا مشو عيبرلا دايعأب تالافتحالا ،ديعسروب تأدب /al-Limby: 205 Youtube user: As www.youtube.com سئارعو .ةنيدملا يف يبملألا سئارع روهظب كلذو ،ةصاخلا اهتقيرط .Egypt: Masry Al Youm. 19 watch?v=pI7ksE51Ic8_19_04_2014 ىلع ةسورع ةنيدملا لهأ عنص امدنع أدب يديعسرب ديلقت يبملألا .Turkish President Apr 2014 اهوقرحأو ،يناطيربلا لالتخالا ةرتف يف ،و يبمللا دروللا لكش Erdogan + US هملظ ىلع اضارتعا + President Obama Qatari royal family + others Carnival: 2010_ 50 The Long Road to thelongroadto greece. Keratea, Greece Greece (blog). 25 Feb wordpress.com/ 2010. 2010/02/25/back- online/. damnatio memoriae 42 Romae Aeternis www.vcoins.com/en/sto Nero AE AS. Rome Mint 64 AD. Obverse: NERO. CLAVDIVS on a coin: 64_Rome Numismatics res/romae_aeternae_n CAESAR AVG GERMANIC, radiate head of Nero right; (Emperor Nero) (website). umismatics/136/produ Damnatio Memoriae scratches all over bust. ct/nero_ae_as_damnati o_memoriae_playing_ lyre_extremely_rare_da mnation_of_memory/ 539857/Default.aspx. demon Narkasur: 51 Bharne, Vinayak. theindiancities.com. In Panjim during Diwali, each neighborhood, precinct, 2014_Panjim, India “Diwali Urbanism.” locality, complex or micro-community is represented by a The Indian Cities Narakasura or a demon effigy. (blog). 28 Oct 2014.

357 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption effects of effigy 117 “Burning in Effigy.” chroniclingamerica.loc. burning Nashville Union and gov/lccn/sn85038518/ American (TN), 28 1854-04-28/ed-1/seq-2/. Apr 1854. formal effigy 47 Anonymous. Rijksmuseum hdl.handle.net/10934/ Spotprent op E.M. de Cock, pensionaris van de Staten van punishment: Amsterdam, RM0001.COLLECT. Brabant, veroordeeld als landverrader en op 14 mei 1789 1789_Netherlands Netherlands. 432405. in effigie opgehangen aan de galg. Aan de voet van de galg (Pensionary of staat Vrouw Wereld. Rechts wordt een jongeman door een Brabant De Cock) groep vrouwen weggejaagd, op de achtergrond verkoopt een kramer pamfletten. formal effigy 47 Groninger Courant www.delpher.nl/nl/ punishment: (Netherlands), 18 api/downloadimage?id 1849_12_16_Austria Dec 1849. =ddd%3A010772464%3 (revolutionary Ampeg21%3Ap001%3A leader image&w=2048. Kuchenbäcker) formal effigy 47 “Executed in chroniclingamerica. punishment: Effigy.” Chattanooga loc.gov/lccn/ 1919_11_19_ News (TN), 19 Nov sn85038531/1919-11- Belgium (newspaper 1919. 19/ed-1/seq-3/. editors) formal image 46 Jean-Pierre National Museum en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Hanging of traitors in effigie during the Kosciuszko Uprising punishment: Norblin Warsaw (Poland). File:Norblin_Hanging_ on September 29, 1794. 1794_Poland (Jean de La of_traitors_in_effigie. Pierre Norblin de Gourdaine jpg . La Gourdaine) (1745–1830) funeral effigies: 45 Bath, Art and bathartandarchi An amusing photograph from Fox, Canon Adam. A Pictorial 1394 - 1619_UK Architecture (blog). tecture.blogspot.com/ History of Westminster Abbey. London: Pitkins, 1952. 23. (British kings and 28 Aug 2015. 2015_08_28_archive. queens) html funeral effigy: 45 Sir Benjamin Victoria and Albert collections.vam.ac.uk, The funeral effigy of King Charles II, Westminster Abbey, 1685_UK (King Stone Museum (London). ID: E.4176-2000. 1896. Charles II) funeral effigy: 45 Heng KI Media (blog). 12 ki-media.blogspot. Cambodia, 12 Nov 2008: Deputy Prime Minister and Minister 2008_Cambodia Chivoan Nov 2008. nl/2008/11/cpp- of Interior Sar Kheng pins medals onto an effigy of Hok (police chief Hok reminisces-about-its- Lundy, Chief of the National Police, at his memorial service Lundy) henchman.html. Tuesday. gold 50 dinars: 214 Numista (website). en.numista. Commemorative issue: 1st Anniversary of the Inauguration of 1980_Iraq (Saddam com/catalogue/ President Saddam Hussein. Hussein) pieces105842.html. gold aureus: 20 BC_ 41 Rome (Emperor Augustus) gold solidus: 44 Classical commons.wikimedia. Justinian II. Second Reign, 705-711 AD. AV Solidus (4.42 705_Byzantium Numismatic Group, org/wiki/File:Solidus- gm). Constantinople. 705 AD. (effigies of Christ Inc. (London). Justinian_II-Christ_b- and Emperor sb1413.jpg. Justinian II) Guy Fawkes: 1900_ 52 Edward Alexander Turnbull natlib.govt.nz/ Unidentified children with rival guys, on Guy Fawkes day at New Zealand George Library (Wellington, records/22585229 ID: Ohingaiti, circa 1900. Shows a group of children, standing by Child New Zealand). 1/2-038752-G. two effigies of Guy Fox in wheelbarrows. The four boys in the foreground wear suits and hats. Guy Fawkes: 52 John J Paul Getty search.getty.edu/ London, 1 Nov, 1877: November Effigies. 1877_UK Thomson Museum (Los gateway/landing, ID: Angeles). 86.XB.744.8.1. Guy Fawkes: 52 www.ebay.ie/itm/1955- 1955: London Youth Climb Atop Bonfire to Burn Guy Fawkes 1955_UK London-Yout h-Climb-A in Effigy. top-Bonfire-to-Burn-Guy -Fawkes-in-Effigy-Press- Photo-/272335844645? hash=item3f687b3525:g :2ngAAOSwZVlXqhPe. Guy Fawkes: 2010_ 52 Bahamas Weekly. 7 www.thebahamasweekly. Grand Bahama Island: Rotary Clubs of Grand Bahama will Bahamas Nov 2010. com/publish/bahamas- join together to host yet another favourite family event, Guy rotary-clubs/Rotary_Clu Fawkes Night on the Beach on November 7th beginning at bs_of_GB_present_Guy 4pm at Margaritaville Sand Bar in Mathers Town. _Fawkes_on_the_Beach _November_8th12751. shtml. Haman: 54 Ghetto Fighters’ www.infocen ters.co.il/ A Purim parade in the Landsberg Deplaced Persons camp 1946_03_00_ House Museum. gfh/.multimedia/ celebrating the holiday in March 1946. An open car with Germany (Hitler) GFH/0000016146/00 placards and men riding on the front bumper, and in the back 00016146_1_ web.jpg. seat, a prop representing a gallows with an effigy of Hitler hanging from it, and a man wearing camp inmates’ garb. Haman: 2011_Israel 51 Haaretz (Tel Aviv). 2 www.haaretz.com/misc/ Mar 2015. writers/1.4969177. Haman: 2017_ 51 Matzav (blog). 15 matzav.com/photos-ser “Sereifas Haman” with Rav Meir Mazuz. Brooklyn, USA-NY Mar 2017. eifas-haman-with-rav-me ir-mazuz-purim-5777/.

358 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

Holika: 2015_ 53 Ken’s MAD Travel Diaries www.madtraveldiaries. Celebrating Holi in Trinidad and Tobago: Holika Dahan at Trinidad Precious (blog). 9 Mar 2015. com/celebrating-holi- the Hindu Prachar Kendra, with my cousin portraying the Moments tt/ . part of King Hiranyakashipu in their reenactment. Photography inquisition effigy: 47 The Magnes magnesalm.org/ Inquisition Effigy Doll, 15th Century: Wooden and cloth, 1544_Majorca, Collection of notebook_fext. black cloth covering wooden doll, face has red dye at neck Spain Jewish Art and asp?site=magnes& and mouth, white dye for eyes, and black dye to depict hair, Life, University of book=2257. boots and hands. Clothes resemble a black robe with belt. California, Berkeley. Leather arms. According to Cecil Roth in “A History of the Marranos” such figures were representative of fugitives or those who had escaped justice by dying prior to trial. Judas: 1900s_ 53 Bain News Library of Congress hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/ Judas hung in effigy, Mexico City, early 20th century. Mexico Service (Washington, DC). ggbain.09037. Judas: 2003_ 51 Sven-Mueller (blog) www.sven-mueller.info/ Sven Müller. “Pruchnik: Die Verurteilung, Bestrafung, Pruchnik, Poland (page discontinued) index.php?page=111. Verbrennung und Ertränkung des Judas.” Judas: 2008_Crete, 51 Sfakia-Crete www.sfakia-crete.com/ Crete, April 2008: Greed. Greece (website). (page forum/read.php?1. discontinued) Judas: 2010_ 53 Ivan about Town www.ivanhenares. Pampanga: Easter Sunday Pakbung Hudas tradition in Mina- Pampanga, (blog). 4 Apr 2010. com/2010 /04/ lin & Santo Tomas, Pampanga, Pakbung Hudas is an event Philippines pampanga-easter- wherein an effigy of Judas Iscariot, stuffed with firecrackers, sunday-pakbung-hudas. is lit up in front of the church patio for a big bang to start the html. Easter Season. The firecrackers are so positioned so that the effigy moves horizontally counter-clockwise then clockwise, then vertically clockwise and counter-clockwise before finally exploding. Judas: 2010_ 53 Lydia Just smile and nod mnlydia.blogspot. Valparaiso, Chile (blog), 4 Apr 2010. com/2010/04/burning- of-judas.html. Judas: 2013_Sierra 53 JHR Field Notes (blog). 29 www.jhr.ca/blog/tag/ Freetown, Sierra Leone: Freetown children surround an Leone Mar 2013. religion/. effigy of Judas. Passers-by give the kids a few Leones for their Judas-dummy-making skills. Judas: 2016_ 51 Salas (EFE) Cordoba (Spain). 27 /www.diariocordoba. Vecinos de Espiel disparan a uno de los muñecos. El Cordoba, Spain Mar 2016. com/noticias/ municipio minero de Espiel, en pleno del valle del Guadiato cordobaprovincia/ cordobés, el Domingo de Resurrección amanece con trabucos-matar-judas- disparos de trabucos “matando” a los Judas, unos muñecos espiel_1028619.html. de paja y ropa vieja que cuelgan de las encaladas casas, para celebrar el triunfo del bien sobre el mal. Leviathan 46 Abraham College of St. www.stgeorges-windsor. Leviathan, frontispiece to the 1651 edition. The impressive (frontispice), Bosse George (Windsor, org/hobbes-leviathan/. frontispiece shows earthly power represented by the castle, Thomas Hobbes, UK). Archives Blog. battlefield and crown on the left, spiritual power represented 1651 7 Jan 2009. by the church, court and Bishop’s mitre on the right. The sovereign is shown as a giant rising above, ruler over both. Maslenitsa: 2015_ 50 Лобачев Wikimedia commons. In some regions, each day of Maslenitsa had its traditional Belgorod, Russia Владимир Commons. 24 Feb wikimedia.org/wiki/ activity. The community builds the Maslenitsa effigy out of 2015. File:Maslenitsa_in_ straw, decorated with pieces of rags, and fixed to a pole Belgorod_2015_28.JPG. formerly known as Kostroma. It is paraded around and the first pancakes may be made and offered to the poor. As the culmination of the celebration people gather to “strip Lady Maslenitsa of her finery” and burn her in a bonfire. Lady Mas- lenitsa’s ashes are buried in the snow to “fertilize the crops”. Mere-Folle: 1935_ 50 Collaborative Media collaborativemedia. L’effigie de la Mère-Folle en train de brûler, pendant le Dijon, France International (blog). blogspot.nl/. Carnival de Dijon de 1935. Whalen, Phillip. “The Return of Crazy Mother: The Cultural Politics of Carnival in 1930s Dijon.” Social Identities 16, no.4 (2010): 471-496. Newspapers from 214 Australian (Surry Newseum (Washington April 10, 2003 (a) Hills). 10 Apr 2003. DC). Archive of Newspaper frontpages. newseum.org. Newspapers from 214 The Guardian (UK). Newseum (Washington April 10, 2003 (b) 10 Apr 2003. DC). Archive of Newspaper frontpages. newseum.org. Newspapers from 214 Journal NH (Novo Newseum (Washington April 10, 2003 (c) Hamburgo, Brazil), DC). Archive of 10 Apr 2003. Newspaper frontpages. newseum.org. Newspapers from 215 Daily News (Los Newseum (Washington April 10, 2003 (d) Angeles), 10 Apr DC). Archive of 2003. Newspaper frontpages. newseum.org. Newspapers from 215 Asahi Shimbun Newseum (Washington April 10, 2003 (e) (Japan), 10 Apr DC). Archive of 2003. Newspaper frontpages. newseum.org.

359 Descriptor Page Credits Source Weblink Caption

Nubbel: 2010_ 50 Suelz Koeln www.suelz-koeln. Die politische Nubbelverbrennung der beiden Cologne, Germany (website). 30 de/?p=3574. Bezirksbürgermeister von Köln-Lindenthal, zeigt die immer Feb 2012 (page noch vorhandene Verärgerung von Politik und Bürgern bei discontinued). der plötzlichen Fällung aller Bäume am Patientengarten. „Dieses sündhafte Vorgehen soll durch die Verbrennung des Nubbel der Vergangenheit angehören.“ Pope Day: 1768_ 52, Anonymous Library of Congress www.loc.gov/item/ “South End Forever — North End Forever, Extraordinary Boston, USMA 112 (Washington, DC). rbpe.03602800/. Verses on Pope-Night. Or, a Commemoration of the Fifth of November, giving a history of the attempt made by the papists to blow up King and Parliament, A. D. 1588.” Boston: The Printers Boys, 1768. Ravana: 2010_ 53 Flickr, user: Edinburgh, UK stevefaeembra. Ravana: 2012_ 53 Jeff Bell Planet Bell (blog). 25 planetbell.me/2012/10 Yesterday was the culmination of 10 days of Indian festival as Jodhpur, India Oct 2012. /25/indian-fes tivals- the 9-day Navrati festival gave way to one big blow-out called are-awesome-part-ii-or- Dussehra. We watched the festival in Jodhpur. we-need-to-burn-more- stuff-in-effigy/. revolutionary mob 108 Elkanah Trumbull, Jon. “The Tory’s day of judgment.” Illustration shows colonists practice: “The Tisdale M’Fingal: A Modern preparing to tar and feather a loyalist seated on the ground Tory’s Day of Epic Poem. New-York: as another loyalist hangs from from a gallows with a rope Judgement” John Buel, 1795. 85. around his waist. revolutionary mob 108 The British Museum www.british museum. Two Bostonians tarring and feathering a customs officer. practice: tar and (website). org/research/ Printed for Carrington Bowles, London, 12 Oct 1774. feather collection_online/ search.aspx, ID: J,5.67. rough music: 48 William The Archives and Old oldlibrary trinityhall. William Hoghart, “The skimmington: rough music that 1727_UK (“The Hogarth. Library at Trinity wordpress. mocked cuckolds, hen-pecked husbands and shrewish wives.” skimmington: rough Hall (blog). 16 Dec com/2011/12/. 1727. music that mocked 2011. cuckolds, hen- pecked husbands and shrewish wives”) rough music: 48 “Brutal Treatment.” dumbbabysounds. 1881_12_31_USA- Chicago Tribune, 2 blogspot.nl/2011/06/ KY Jan 1881. femme-fatale.html. rough music: 49 The Nottinghamshire www.notts 1909: Ran-Tanning (effigy burning) at Rampton. Closely 1907_UK Heritage Gateway heritagegateway.org. resembling a riot was the process known as ‘ran-tanning’, (website). uk/themes/folklore/ a method of expressing indignation for which the area folklore graphic.htm. of North Nottinghamshire and Lincolnshire was rather notorious, particularly in the Fenlands. If a person had committed some act of which the other villagers disapproved, they would congregate near his house, making a terrible noise by beating with sticks, tins, cans, buckets and kettles, playing mouth organs, booing, shouting and singing and on occasions would light a bonfire and burn an effigy of the person who had incurred their displeasure. This was carried on for a number of nights in succession. ‘Ran-tanning’ was perhaps the only survival of mob-law which existed in this country. rough music: 48 Algemeen Handelsblad resolver.kb.nl/resolve?u In effigie terecht gesteld: Te Middelrode (N.B.) is het 1930_Netherlands (Amsterdam). 18 rn=ddd:010660999:mpe gewoonte dat een trouwlustig paar op een huwelijksdag (wedding couple) Jan 1930. g21:p012. voor de buurtgenoten een vat bier beschikbaar stelt. Wee degenen die dit gebruik niet eren. Tot hun schande worden twee poppen, een getrouwe nabotsing van het paartje, in de bomen opgehangen, terwijl op een der stammen het “vonnis” wordt aangebracht. rough music: 49 Museum Rooijackers, The morning after van een tafelpartij in de Kempen 1952_Netherlands t’Oude Slot, Geraard. Eer (Zandoerle, 1952). In de dakgoot van de boerderij is onder (unfaithful suitor) Veldhoven, en schande – grote hilariteit zaterdag s’nachts een ledikant geplaatst met NL. Volksgebruiken van een pop, liggend op een strooien matras ten teken dat dit het oude Brabant. volksgericht doelt op overtredingen betreffende de moraal Nijmegen: SUN, inzake huwelijk en seksualiteit, in dit geval een minnaar die 1995. zijn meisje heeft ‘laten zitten’ door op het laatste moment de trouwbelofte te verbreken. “The Death of 273 Jacob of The Metropolitan www.metmuseum. Woodcut from Ovid. Metamorphoses. Venice, 1501. Orpheus,” Venice, Strasbourg. Museum (New org/art/collection/ 1501 York). search/354958. tomb effigy: 1603_ 44 Tudor England landoflegendslv.com/ Effigy from Elizabeth I tomb in Westminster Abbey, London. UK (Elizabeth I) (blog). 20tudoryears/05LaraC atalogue/0-gallery07. html. Vaval: 1996_ 50 Philip Corbis Images, www.corbisimages.com/ Fort-de-France, Martinique, 21 Feb 1996: Carnivalgoers watch Martinique Gould/ Seattle (WA). Search#p=4&q=effigy. flames consume the official effigy of Vaval. Vaval, the King CORBIS of Carnival, is burned in effigy every year on Ash Wednesday, the final day of the five-day celebration.

360 States of the USA

Alabama (AL); Alaska (AK); Arizona (AZ); Arkansas (AR); Colorado (CO); Connecticut (CT); Delaware (DE); Florida (FL); Georgia (GA); Hawaii (HI); Idaho (ID); Illinois (IL); Indiana (IN); Iowa (IA); Kansas (KS); Kentucky (KY); Louisiana (LA); Maine (ME); Maryland (MD); Massachussetts (MA); Michigan (MI); Minnesota (MN); Mississippi (MS); Missouri (MO); Nebraska(NE); Nevada (NV); New Hampshire (NH); New Jersey (NJ); New Mexico (NM); New York (NY); North Carolina (NC); North Dakota (ND); Ohio (OH); Oklahoma (OK); Oregon(OR); Pennsylvania (PA); Rhode Island (RI); South Carolina (SC), South Dakota (SD); Texas (TX); Tennessee (TN); Utah (UT); Vermont (VT); Virginia (VA); Washington (WA); West Virginia (WV); Wisconsin (WI); Wyoming (WY).

Bold: the 13 original states of the 1776 Union (North and South Carolina were one state at that time). Italic: the states of the Confederacy from 1861-65.

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370 INDEX

This index contains references to the main body text of the dissertation. The information contained in the footnotes and the appendices has not bee indexed.

abolition of slavery, 131-34, 139 private, 39–40, 55, 139, 227–28, 250, 290 adaptation, 99–103, 105–6, 151, 229–30, 299 public, 39–40, 55, 227–28, 250 affinity, 26, 32 social, 39–40 Agamben, Giorgio, 29-30, 101–2 substitute, 55, 65, 227–28 , 248 agency of images, 12–14, 84, 233 the king’s double body, 45 animation, 14, 84–85, 227–28, 233, 238–42 Bois, Yves-Alain, 264–65 appropriation, 35, 54, 108, 111–13, 127, 164–5, 177, Bredekamp, Horst, 45–46 192, 208, 230, 286, 297 Buck-Morss, Susan, 29, 46, 226–29 Arab Spring, 6, 155, 200–7, 212 Brückner, Wolfgang, 11, 46–49 Arab Uprisings. See Arab Spring Butler, Judith, 39, 58, 63–64, 97–98, 209, 250, 279, archive, 15–16, 17–18, 99–100 282–83, 287, 289–91 Arendt, Hannah, 39, 270, 290 carnival, 50–52, 124, 177, 270, 287–91 artistic research, 10, 295 charivari. See rough music assemblage. See image assemblage cross-cultural communication, 198–99, 213–14, close reading, 14, 26–27, 32 229–30, 299 collection, 15–21, 26–28, 156 communitas. See also ritual, 63 association. See also resemblance, 26, 30–31, 32, 230, contagion, 237, 250, 258–59, 264–65. See also 235, 250, 257–59, 264–65 resemblance Austin, J. L., 279 damnatio memoriae. See also image practice and Aydin, Cemil, 157–159 memory, 42 Ayrault, Pierre, 239 debasement. See also grotesque, 86–87, 248–53, Azoulay, Ariella, 8–10, 24–25, 94–95, 156 287–88 Bakhtin, Mikhail, 230, 260–61, 263, 265, 270, 287–89 declassification.See also grotesque, 14, 260, 264–67 Balibar, Etienne, 275–77, 283, 287, 302 deformation. See also grotesque, 248–50, 260–63 Bataille, Georges, 29–30, 262–63 dehumanisation. See also grotesque, 252–53, 260–63 Belli, Mériam N., 11, 163–65 democracy, 147–49, 151–53, 208, 209–12 Belting, Hans, 40–41, 45–46, 227–28 democractic paradox, 147–49 Benjamin, Walter, 27–30, 276 demonization. See also grotesque, 254–57, 260–63 Bilderfahrzeug, 296 dialogic, 157, 213, 229–30 body Didi-Huberman, Georges, 29–30, 103–4, 235–36, body politic, 45, 47, 226 263–64 material, 55, 72, 227–28 dissemblance. See also resemblance, 263–64 political, 39–40, 227–28, 290 Eder, Jens and Charlotte Klonk, 12–13

371 Edwards, Justin and Rune Graulund, 260–62 The Leviathan, 45–46 Elkins, James, 31 lieu de memoire, 180–82, 213, 245 embodiment, 33, 39, 45, 57–58, 63–64, 97, 99–103 liminality. See also ritual, 63, 260, 288, 291 Endres, Johannes, 234–36 lynching, 126, 134–35, 139, 245 excess, 24, 54, 114, 246, 249–50, 264–65, 274, 276, 288 magic, 49–50 exclusion, 35, 48, 55, 148–51, 266–67, 269–70, 281– mediation, 14, 22–23, 94–98, 99–103, 22–28, 259 82, 286–87, 301–302 memory, social, 28–29, 42, 57, 62–67, 99–104, 167, Foucault, Michel, 233–35, 246–47, 265, 302 180–83 formless (l’informe). See also grotesque, 262–65 memorialization, 167, 180, 213 Fraser, Nancy, 98, 158–59 meta-picture, 27 Freund, Gisele, 101 Michaud, Michel-Alain, 29 Galt-Harpham, Geoffrey, 260–62 Mitchell, W. J. T., 26–27, 102 genealogy, 32, 40, 156, 172, 183, 208 Mnemosyne Atlas, 29–30, 103 grotesque. See also debasement, declassification, mock trial, 6, 49, 64–66 127–29, 201–3 deformation, dehumanisation, demonization, Mondzain, Marie-José, 43–44 formless, 13, 35, 237, 248–53, 260–267, 269, 284, Morey, Peter and Amina Yaqin, 157–59 288, 292, 300–304 montage. See also assemblage, 29–30 Guy Fawkes Day. See also Pope Day, 50–54, 111, Mouffe, Chantal, 147–49 162–66, 298 Muzaffar, Chandra, 209 Habermans, Jürgen, 149, 158 Nora, Pierre, 180 Härter, Karl, 47 objectification, 274, 282–83 Hobbes, Thomas, 45–46 performance 57–58, 62–67 honor, 39–40, 47, 238–39 Pascal, Blaise, 276 Horlacher, Stefan, 269–70 pathos formula, 29, 33, 101–4, 274, 296 image performativity, 57, 139, 264, 279, 282, 287, 290–91 agency of images, 12–14, 84, 233 repertoire, 33, 99–100, 103 Bilderfahrzeug, 296 presence, 42, 58, 77, 82, 140, 214–15, 225–28, 235, damnatio memoriae. See also memory, 42 239, 289–90 image assemblage, 14, 29–30, 32, 296 the political, 36, 39, 148–49, 269, 277–78, 301–305 image operation, 12–15, 35, 233, 235–37, 239, Pope Day. See also Guy Fawkes Day, 59, 105, 111–13, 260, 262–65, 300–1 114 image practice, 12–15, 22, 31 public sphere, 94, 105, 299–300 meta-picture, 27 transnational, 35, 98, 158–59, 199, 210–12, pathos formula, 29, 33, 101–4, 274, 296 300, 304–5 tableau vivant, 22, 300 Rabelais, François, 288 incarnation, 42–43 resemblance as knowledge operation 26, 32, 233– incongruence, 260–61 37, 245, 259, 263–65 incongruity theory of humor, 236–37, 261 contagion, 237, 250, 258–59, 264–65 l’informe. See formless association, 26, 30–31, 32, 230, 235, 250, injustice, 5, 68, 178, 206, 209–10, 257, 275–76, 257–59, 264–65 301–305 resemblance, visual, 169, 234–37, 245–47, 261 inversion. See also reversal, 151, 295 dissemblance, 263–65 justice, 66, 106, 126–30, 158, 206–7, 208–9, 211, likeness, 74, 227–28, 235, 239 275–78, 301 lifelikeness, 45, 240–45, 246–47 formal, 46–47, 65–66, 126–30, 246–47 resistance, 65, 104, 157–58, 166, 176–77, 180, 269, popular, 48–49, 59, 108, 114, 118, 126–30, 277–79, 282–83, 286–87, 292–93, 295, 299–304 134–35, 245, 301 reversal, 82, 86, 140, 153, 228, 286–89, 301–305 Kayser, Wolfgang, 260–62 revolution knowledge, 99, 233–34 American Revolution (1765-83), 107–9, established through images, 13, 27–30, 264–65 112–15, 129, 147–48, 151–53 Koschnik, Albrecht, 115–16 Islamic Revolution, Iran (1979), 156–57, Krauss, Rosalind, 101 174–82, 224 laughter, 236–37, 261, 265, 269–73 Saur Revolution, Afghanistan (1978), 189 as resistance, 270, 286–90, 292–93, 302–5 First Egyptian Revolution (1919), 162–63 carnival laughter, 270, 287–90, Second Egyptian Revolution (1952), 166–67 oppressive laughter, 282–84 Arab Revolution (2011). See Arab Spring law, 46–47, 108, 126–27, 129–30, 134–35, 246, rights 275–78 civil, 34, 106, 136–42, 147–51, 152–53, 245, rule of, 65–66, 147–49, 151, 276 286-87

372 un-civil, 131–39, 147–51, 282–83, 286–87, 289 Rigney, Ann, 180 ritual, 41–42, 45, 48–55, 57–58, 62–68, 82, 92, 103, 113, 124, 167, 176–77, 180, 228, 257, 287 communitas. 63 liminality, 63, 260, 288, 291 rough music (see also popular justice), 48–49, 108–10, 114–15 Rushdie, Salman, 184–87, 285 Said, Edward, 156–59 Salvatore, Armando, 158, 199 Schechner, Richard, 62–64 Schlosser, Julius von, 41 Schmitt, Karl, 148–49 scenario, 65–69, 92, 99–103, 114, 161, 233, 297 September 11, 2001, 5, 304 slavery in the United States of America, 131-33 sovereignty, 41, 129, 167, 302 popular, 34, 147–51, 153, 274 the sovereign, 45–46, 209–10, 214–16, 220, 226–28, 246 spectacle, 96, 98, 134, 177, 218 of punishement 246–47 Stallybrass, Peter and Allon White, 288 state of emergency, 65, 209–10 tableau vivant, 22, 300 Taylor, Diana, 57, 66–68, 92, 99–100 traitor (see treason) transfer, 14–15, 34–35, 58, 99, 208, 234–37, 265, 297–98 transgression, 257, 260–67 treason, 46–47, 54–55, 112–13, 116, 164, 186, 266 Turner, Victor, 62–63 violence 36, 139, 142, 206, 245, 264–67, 269, 274– 93, 295, 300–305 voodoo. See magic Warburg, Aby, 28–31, 33, 102–4, 274–75, 296, 300 Weiss, Allen S., 290 Wells, Ida B., 135 Wilf, Steven, 129–30

373 Earlier Publications

An early outline of this study has been published under the title “Burning Effigies with Bakhtinian Laughter” in the European Journal of Humour Research in 2015. Chapter 7 forms the starting point for the article “Plaatsvervangende Lichamen: Het tragische lot van de effigie” published in the Dutch art magazine Metropolis M in 2017. An essay entitled “Of Falling Statues: Destabilizing a Media Icon” that builds on the arguments put forth in chapter 6, is about to be published in the book Decoding Dictatorial Statues by Ted Hyunhak Yoon.

374 SUMMARY + SAMENVATTING

Summary

Burning Images: Performing Effigies as Political Protest

This dissertation investigates a specific theatrical form of political protest: the hanging and burning of effigies. It is a widely known form of protest, since the production of affective images for distribution in the news media is essential to the practice. Collecting these images and reports provided me with the material for my research. Beginning with a close reading, I ordered the images according to various criteria: geography, chronology, motifs, themes and associations and arranged them into assemblages that make the relations between images visible and legible. As tools for the research, these image assemblages directed the inquiry into different disciplines (history, art history, anthropology, performance studies, photography theory, iconology, image studies, and political philosophy), bridging documentary and discursive modes of artistic research with academic research. The images assemblages— in this dissertation arranged parallel to the text—are also integral part of my argumentation. This trans-disciplinary approach, I argue, made it possible to comprehensibly assess the effigy protest practice in a single study. Effigyhanging and burning had become increasingly visible in the news media since 2001 particularly in protests against United States military operations in Afghanistan and Iraq, in US domestic politics and in the Arab Spring. Taking these recent events as points of departure, I investigated the conditions of this visual genre of protest, its roots and

375 genealogies in a number of countries, its aesthetics and politics. Hanging and burning effigies is an archaic and ritualistic form of protest, yet is effectively communicated by global news media to access trans-national public spheres. As a theatrical performance of punishment of a perpetrator by the community, effigy protests communicate communal outrage over experienced injustice. They speak viscerally through intensely affective images that emanate both violence and laughter. The grotesque inherent to effigy protests results in insult and mockery, in violence of degradation and declassification. Prone to appropriation and inversion, effigy protests can either align with and enforce the existing order or be a form of resistance. In both ways they make exclusionary violence in the constitution of the political visible. In the introduction, I analyze the protest practice of hanging and burning effigies as a layered object of research including image production, performance, and mediation. I explain the framework and methodology of this study, which combines forms of artistic research—collecting, reading, and writing with images—with academic research from the fields of history, art history, anthropology, performance studies, photography theory, iconology, image studies, and political philosophy. Chapter 2, “Double Bodies,” offers a definition of the term “effigy” through a genealogy of effigy practices. Based in ancient Roman image culture, effigies were used as substitute bodies in political rituals, formal justice, popular justice, and calendrical rituals throughout the course of European history. Effigies do not represent physical private

376 bodies, but rather their public extensions: the social and political aspects of a person, the political office and the sovereign power invested in it. Chapter 3, “Performing Protest,” takes insights from performance and ritual studies to understand how an effigy protest unfolds as a performance of punishment of a perpetrator by a community and to what effect. I describe the stages of the performance: the making and parading of effigies, setting, execution, and mediation of the performance. Staging and embodiment have strong effects on the memory and identity of participants and create alternative imaginaries for the political sphere, while news images and reports emerge as integral and intended parts of the live performances which extend their reach. As compressed descriptions of the conflicts, the media images are pathos formulas of protest, recognizable formulaic images, which enable the communication between diverse audiences across temporal and cultural distances. Moving between embodied performance and mediated report, the practice is activated from and re-inscribed into the social memory to become part of the political protest repertoire. Chapter 4, “Effigy Protests in the History of the United States,” shows the development of effigy protests in one specific country over an extended period of time, from the American Revolution in 1765 until the present day. Rooted in two traditional effigy practices, effigy protest has come to address a large variety of political conflicts with varying effects on society. It can positively affirm the existing order, it can suppress resistance through violent threat, or challenge that order and demand change. Some effigy

377 protests, staged for instance in the struggle for and against civil rights in the 1950s and ’60s, pointedly articulate the conflict that lies at the heart of modern liberal democracy, between the principles of popular sovereignty and universal human rights. Chapter 5, “Effigy Protests in Egypt, Iran, Afghanistan and Across the Middle East,” traces the genealogies of effigy protests in Egypt, Iran, and Afghanistan and the wider region, from the perspective of Western news media. Most political effigy protests in these countries were staged in protest against Western cultural, economic, and military domination. These protests hint at the apparent lack of justice and channels for redress in international conflicts. I concentrate in this chapter on different modes of transfer, with migrating people, by appropriation, and through the news media. Lastly, I elaborate on the role and limitations of the media in cross-cultural communication, contributing to emerging transnational and cross-cultural public spheres. Chapter 6, “Dialogic Communication: Effigy Protests in Iraq,” zooms in on a period in one country, Iraq, to inquire into a series of effigy protests staged against US military occupation in Baghdad between 2005 and 2009. From a Western perspective, I explore the communication between different populations through symbolic visual signs and how image practices from Islamic and Western cultural contexts interrelate. The communication via news media leads to a shared symbolic language developed dialogically across national and cultural borders, as described in chapter 5. Chapter 7, “Resemblance and the Grotesque,” fo-

378 cuses on operational aspects of images and their aesthetics. I read effigy practice in relation to different notions of resemblance, in which resemblance is an operation that recognizes and at the same time constructs relationships between actors and objects. I then introduce the grotesque as an image operation equally relevant to effigy protests, but which disrupts the ordering principle of resemblance. The grotesque distorts the object and exposes it to ridicule and debasement. While based on the same mechanisms as resemblance, the grotesque appears as a form of exclusionary violence that ridicules and insults the political opponent and aims to influence the political sphere. Chapter 8, “Violence and Laughter,” explores violence and laughter, which paradoxically permeate the performance of protest effigies in regard to their effect on the social and political sphere. Yet neither violence nor laughter is reducible to one form, nor do they neatly align. With that in mind, I consider the relation between effigy protest, conflicting notions of justice and the law, and the configuration of the political. I investigate how laughter figures in these different constellations as either subjugating or liberating. Relating to current discourse in political philosophy, I differentiate between effigy protests that exert extreme subjugating violence, which destroys the possibilities of politics, and violence that is unavoidable as an aspect of resistance against an oppressive political status quo. In the conclusion, I bring together the different strands developed in this study. I evaluate the findings in relation to each other, and indicate trajectories for further productive inquiry. Finally, I evaluate the role effigy

379 practice can play in relation to the political as an indicator of injustice and violence and as a symptom of fundamental conflicts at the internal and external limits of contemporary liberal democracy.

380 Samenvatting

Brandende Beelden: Effigies als Theatraal Politiek Protest

Deze dissertatie onderzoekt een specifieke, theatrale vorm van politiek protest: het ophangen en verbranden van effigies, de vaak grof gemaakte, levensgrote poppen, speciaal gemaakt voor rituele bestraffing. De letterlijke Nederlandse vertaling “beeltenis,” mist de specifiekere connotatie van het Engelse woord “effigy,” en daarom zal in het vervolg de Engelse term worden gebruikt. Het is een bekende praktijk, die veelvuldig in kranten en nieuwsuitzendingen opduikt: essentieel onderdeel van deze vorm van het protest vormen immers de productie en verspreiding van affectieve beelden middels nieuwsmedia. Daaruit heb ik dan ook het onderzoeksmateriaal voor deze studie geput. Beginnend met een geëngageerde close reading, heb ik de vergaarde beelden gerangschikt volgens een set van criteria - geografie, chronologie, motieven, thema’s en associaties - en vervolgens geplaatst in assemblages die de onderlinge verhoudingen ertussen zichtbaar maken. Bij wijze van “onderzoeksgereedschap” sturen deze beeldassemblages het onderzoek in de richting van verschillende disciplines (geschiedenis, kunstgeschiedenis, antropologie, performance studies, fotografische theorie, iconologie, beeldstudies en politieke filosofie), waarbij tegelijk een brug wordt geslagen tussen documentaire en discursieve vormen van artistiek onderzoek enerzijds, en academisch onderzoek anderzijds. De beeldassemblages - die in de dissertatie parallel aan de tekst geplaatst zijn -

381 maken integraal deel uit van het betoog. Het ophangen en verbranden van effigies is sinds het jaar 2001 steeds zichtbaarder geworden in de nieuwsmedia, tijdens protesten tegen het Amerikaanse militair optreden in Afghanistan en Irak, in de context van de Amerikaanse binnenlandse politiek en tijdens de Arabische Lente. Deze recente ontwikkelingen vormen het vertrekpunt van deze studie: van daaruit onderzoek ik de voorwaarden van dit visuele protestgenre, zijn wortels en genealogieën in verschillende landen alsmede de esthetische en de politieke aspecten ervan. Het ophangen en verbranden van effigies is een archaïsche en rituele vorm van protest, die vandaag de dag door mondiale nieuwsmedia effectief wordt overgebracht en zo transnationale publieke sferen bereikt. Als theatrale opvoering van het bestraffen van een dader door de gemeenschap, dient het gebruik van effigies in protesten om onrecht en gemeenschapswoede uit te drukken. Door sterk affectieve beelden spreken ze een rauwe taal, waarvan zowel geweld als gelach uitgaat. Hun inherent groteske karakter resulteert in belediging en spot, en in het geweld van vernedering en afwaardering. Omdat ze vatbaar zijn voor toe-eigening en omkering, kunnen effigy- protesten zich aan de zijde van de bestaande orde scharen, en deze versterken, maar even goed dienen als vorm van verzet. In beide gevallen maken ze het uitsluitende geweld zichtbaar waardoor het politieke domein zelf geconstitueerd wordt, en markeren ze de interne en externe limieten van de liberale democratie. In hoofdstuk 1, “Burning Images,” introduceer ik de protestpraktijk van het ophangen en verbranden

382 van effigies als een gelaagd voorwerp van onderzoek, met daarin inbegrepen de vervaardiging van beelden en de performatieve en media-aspecten. Ik leg het kader en de methodologie van deze studie uit, waarin vormen van artistiek onderzoek - het verzamelen, lezen en schrijven met beelden - gecombineerd wordt met academisch onderzoek op de vlakken van geschiedkunde, kunstgeschiedenis, antropologie, performance studies, fotografietheorie, iconologie, beeldstudies en politieke filosofie. Hoofdstuk 2, “Double Bodies,” geeft een definitie van de term “effigy” door middel van een genealogie van effigy- praktijken. Geworteld in de oud-Romeinse beeldcultuur, werden effigies in de loop van de Europese geschiedenis in politieke rituelen, formele rechtspraak, volksrechtspraak en kalenderrituelen gebruikt als vervangende lichamen. In die context representeren effigies niet zozeer fysieke, private lichamen, maar veeleer hun publieke gestalte: de sociale en politieke aspecten van een persoon, wiens politieke ambt en de soevereine macht daarin vervat is. Hoofdstuk 3, “Performing Protest,” borduurt voort op inzichten uit de studie van rituelen en voorstellingen, met name performance studies, om inzichtelijk te maken hoe effigy-protesten zich ontvouwen als een bestraffing van een dader door een gemeenschap, en met welk resultaat. Ik beschrijf de stadia van de performance, het maken en ronddragen van effigies, de enscenering, uitvoering en mediatisering van de performance. Enscenering en belichaming hebben een sterke impact op het geheugen van deelnemers en roepen alternatieve denkbeeldige werelden voor het politieke domein tot leven. De

383 nieuwsbeelden en persverslagen vormen een opzettelijk en integraal deel van het live gebeuren en vergroten de reikwijdte ervan. Als ingedikte “beschrijving” van een conflict, vormen beelden in de media “pathosformules van protest”: herkenbare standaardbeelden, die communicatie mogelijk maken tussen verschillende publieken die in tijd, ruimte en culturele achtergrond van elkaar verschillen. Zich bewegend tussen belichaamde performance en gemediatiseerd verslag, wordt de praktijk uit het sociale geheugen geactiveerd en daarin weer teruggeschreven, om zo deel uit te gaan maken van het repertoire van politiek protest. Hoofdstuk 4, “Effigies in United States History,” toont de ontwikkeling van effigy-protesten in één specifiek land over een langere periode, van de Amerikaanse Revolutie in 1765 tot in het heden. Geworteld in traditionele effigy- praktijken, zijn effigy-protesten een uiting geworden van een grote variëteit aan politieke conflicten met uiteenlopende maatschappelijke effecten. Ze kunnen de bestaande orde bevestigen en verzet daartegen onderdrukken door met geweld te dreigen, of die orde juist betwisten en roepen om verandering. Sommige effigy-protesten, bijvoorbeeld tijdens de strijd voor en tegen algemene burgerrechten in de jaren ‘50 en ‘60, brengen scherp tot uiting welk conflict er in het hart van de moderne liberale democratie speelt tussen de principes van volkssoevereiniteit en universele mensenrechten. Hoofdstuk 5, “Effigies in Countries in the Middle East,” volgt en bestudeert de genealogieën van effigy- protesten in Egypte, Iran en Afghanistan en de bredere

384 regio waar deze landen deel van uitmaken, vanuit het perspectief van de westerse nieuwsmedia. De meeste politieke effigy-protesten in deze landen werden opgevoerd als demonstraties tegen westerse culturele, economische en militaire overheersing. Deze protesten staan voor een klaarblijkelijk gebrek aan rechtvaardigheid en mogelijkheden tot herstel in internationale conflicten. Ik richt me in dit hoofdstuk op verschillende vormen van overdracht, zoals door migratie van personen, door toeëigening en door de nieuwsmedia. Vervolgens ga ik dieper in op de rol en beperkingen van de media in cultuuroverschrijdende communicatie, en die manier waarop ze bijdragen aan het ontstaan van transnationale en transculturele publieke domeinen. Hoofdstuk 6, “Dialogic Communication: Effigy Protests in Iraq,” bekijkt op gedetailleerde wijze een periode in een enkel land, Irak, om een reeks effigy-protesten te onderzoeken die in Bagdad tussen 2005 en 2009 opgevoerd werden tegen de Amerikaanse militaire bezetting. Vanuit een westers perspectief verken ik de communicatie tussen verschillende bevolkingen middels symbolische visuele tekens en hoe beeldpraktijken afkomstig uit de islamitische en westerse culturele contexten zich onderling verhouden. Communicatie middels nieuwsmedia leidt tot een gedeelde symbolische taal die in dialoog over nationale en culturele grenzen heen gevormd wordt, zoals ook in hoofdstuk 5 beschreven is. Hoofdstuk 7, “Resemblance and the Grotesque,” richt zich op operationele aspecten van beelden en hun esthetiek. Ik bezie effigy-praktijken in relatie tot

385 verschillende noties van gelijkenis, waarbij gelijkenis wordt opgevat als een handeling van herkenning die tegelijkertijd relaties tussen actoren en voorwerpen construeert. Vervolgens introduceer ik het groteske als een beeldhandeling die even relevant voor effigy-protesten is als de gelijkenis, maar tegelijk het ordenende principe van de gelijkenis verstoort. Het groteske verwringt het voorwerp en stelt het bloot aan spot en vernedering. Hoewel het op dezelfde mechanismen berust als de gelijkenis, doet het groteske zich voor als een vorm van uitsluitend geweld dat politieke tegenstanders belachelijk maakt en beledigt en zo het politieke domein poogt te beïnvloeden. Hoofdstuk 8 “Violence and Laughter,” onderzoekt geweld en gelach, twee fenomenen waarmee effigy- protesten paradoxalerwijze doordrenkt zijn, en bekijkt deze in relatie tot hun effect op het sociale en politieke domein. Geweld en gelach zijn geen van beide tot een enkele vorm te reduceren, en evenmin vallen ze op een voorspelbare manier samen. Met dat in het achterhoofd kijk ik naar de verhoudingen tussen effigy-protest, conflicterende opvattingen van rechtvaardigheid en de wet, en de inrichting van het politieke domein. Ik onderzoek bovendien hoe gelach binnen deze verschillende constellaties optreedt als iets dat een onderdrukkende, danwel een bevrijdende werking kan hebben. Verwijzend naar actuele discoursen in de politieke filosofie, maak ik onderscheid tussen extreem onderdrukkend geweld dat de mogelijkheid van politiek teniet doet, en anderzijds geweld dat onvermijdelijk is als een aspect van verzet tegen een onderdrukkende politieke status quo.

386 In de conclusie breng ik de verschillende lijnen die in deze studie ontwikkeld zijn samen. Ik evalueer de bevindingen in relatie tot elkaar en geef aan wat mogelijke paden voor toekomstig productief onderzoek kunnen zijn. Tenslotte evalueer ik de rol die effigy-protest kan spelen in verhouding tot het politieke, als een indicator van rechtvaardigheid en geweld, en als een symptoom van fundamentele conflicten rond de interne en externe grenzen van de hedendaagse liberale democratie.

387 copy-editing: Janine Armin proof-reading: Rebecca Sakoun Dutch translation: Thijs Vissia design: Florian Göttke

388 389 2010_05_12_Egypt: Governer Labeeb (b)

390