DOCSLIB.ORG

Tour Highlights and Details

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tour Highlights and Details Tour Highlights and Details Overnight stays: London* (3 ) Yorkshire (1 ) Stratford Region (2 ) Nottingham (pending availability) (1 ) Manchester (pending availability) (1 ) London* (2 ) * Denotes Central Location. EF defines Central Location to be within 30 minutes of the city center via public transportation. Comprehensive sightseeing tours led by an expert local guide of the following: London Stratford Windsor Globe Theatre Stonehenge and Bath Entrances included to the following sites: Canterbury Tales Museum Royal Shakespeare Theatre Performance Canterbury Cathedral Snowdonia National Park (free) Richborough Roman Fort Llechwedd Slate Caverns Dover Castle Harlech Castle Windsor Castle and St. George Chapel York Minster St. Paul’s Cathedral York Castle Museum London Eye Jorvik Viking Museum Stonehenge Nottingham Castle Roman Baths, Bath Charles Dickens Museum Warwick Castle Globe Theatre Shakespeare’s Birthplace Globe Theatre Performance Ann Hathaway’s House Westminster Abbey Holy Trinity Church Tower of London Hall’s Coft Included in the Program Fee: • Round trip airfare • Transfers to and from the airport and hotel and between destination cities (as per program itinerary) • Overnight in hotels with private bathrooms • Continental breakfast daily • Dinner daily • Full-time services of an EF Tour Director Not included in the Program Fee: • Customary gratuities for your tour director, local guides and driver • Porterage • Personal Insurance • Beverages and lunches • Public transportation to free time activities TAP and Crumpets: Minooka Invades England A private tour designed by Mike Curtis, in conjunction with EF Customized Tours Requested departure date: Sunday, June 9, 2013 (Dates below are subject to change. Required date flexibility of 4 days on either side of requested departure date) Day 1 Sunda y, June 9, 2013 Board your overnight flight to London! Day 2 Monday, June 10, 2013 Arrival in London “Sound drums and trumpets and to London all”—(Shakespeare , King Henry VI part II ). Ranging from the North Sea in the east to the playing fields of Eton in the west, London covers an area of some 620 square miles and is home to over 8 million people. Prepare to observe the stunning architecture, vibrant street life and royal majesty of this bustling metropolis. Guided sightseeing of London (time permitting) A local guide leads you on a tour of London. At bustling Piccadilly Circus, the intersection of five busy streets, check out the bright lights and big city displays, before heading to Trafalgar Square, site of Nelson’s Column, built to commemorate his 1805 victory in the Battle of Trafalgar. Snap a photo of the Houses of Parliament and continue along London’s South Bank for views of the famous Tower of London and London Bridge. View St. Paul’s Cathedral, the magnificent 17th-century Baroque church designed by Sir Christopher Wren. Finally, witness a London tradition-the Changing of the Guard (subject to scheduling and season). Overnight in London Day 3 Tuesday, June 11, 2013 Excursion to Canterbury and Dover Travel back in time to the 14 th century at the Canterbury Tales Museum. Here you will experience the pilgrimage of Chaucer’s famous characters as you listen to the Knight, the Miller, the Wife of Bath, the Pardoner and the Nun’s Priest tell their tales. Wind your way through the streets, beginning at London’s Tabard Inn and ending at the breathtaking reconstruction of the shrine of Thomas a Becket. Visit the Canterbury Cathedral The foundation of Canterbury Cathedral dates back to 597, but most of the present building was built in the 12 th century. Here, you will learn of Thomas à Beckett’s bloody fate, and see the garbs of Edward Plantagenate (the Black Prince) as well as the tomb of Henry IV. Visit Richborough Roman Fort Take some time to visit this important Roman site. It was here that the Romans began their invasion of England. Visit Dover Castle Visit the remains of Dover Castle, perched near the white cliffs of Dover. This 400-year-old castle is one of the oldest in England, but the site of the castle is even older—Romans placed a lighthouse there in 55 BC. Overnight in London Day 4 Wednesday, June 12, 2013 Guided excursion to Windsor Founded by William the Conqueror in 1070, the castle has undergone many renovations over the last 800 years, as each new monarch has added a tower here and a wing there. Legend holds that the castle’s Round Tower was built on the site where King Arthur sat with his Knights of the Round Table. Priceless objects reside in the State Apartments, ranging from paintings by Rubens and Holbein to Henry VIII’s sword and suit of armor. Also visit Queen Mary’s Dolls’ House and St. George’s Chapel, final resting place of many monarchs including Henry VIII and Charles I. Visit St. Paul’s Cathedral With its predecessor damaged beyond repair in the great fire of London (1666), this is the fifth church to stand on the site atop Ludgate Hill. One of over 50 churches commissioned by the crown to architect Christopher Wren, this is without doubt his masterpiece. You will see the decorated chancel and interior of the dome before descending to the crypt. Here lie memorials to military figures, most famously Wellington and Nelson. The London Eye Board the London Eye-Built to celebrate the millennium, the world’s largest Ferris wheel offers you the chance to take it all in at once. In its short existence the London Eye has become the most popular UK visitor attraction, with over 3.5 million visitors a year. Overnight in London Day 5 Thursday, June 13, 2013 Transfer to Stratford via Stonehenge and Bath Arguably, nowhere in Britain has created more debate than the simple ring of stones that dominate the gentle chalk plains of Wiltshire. Archaeologists remain baffled as to what the stone circle means and how it appeared. Ponder the mysteries of the past as you walk around the stones; imagine them in their entirety surrounded by a countryside that remains unchanged over millennia as you try to unravel the mystery. Guided sightseeing of Bath Continue on to the Georgian splendor of Bath. Settled by the Romans over 2,000 years ago, the city underwent a renaissance during the 18 th century. Today is truly an opportunity to observe the character of English life while contemplating the ancient secrets of her past. Arrive in Stratford Arrive in Stratford-Upon-Avon, the famous birthplace of Shakespeare. Overnight in Stratford Region Day 6 Friday, June 14, 2013 Excursion to Warwick Castle Former home of Richard the Kingmaker, a pivotal figure during the War of the Roses, Warwick is considered by many to be the finest medieval castle in England. Climb the towers and ramparts, view the treasures in the Great Hall, or descend deep into the castle’s bowels for a look at the dungeon and torture chamber. But tread softly as you go, the castle is reputedly haunted by the ghost of Sir Fulke Greville, who was stabbed to death here by a servant in 1628. Guided sightseeing of Stratford Begin your tour by the statue of Shakespeare’s jester. From here you will enter the Shakespeare museum and birthplace to learn more about the works of England’s most famed writer. This half-timbered Tudor building offers detailed insight into life 500 years ago. Leaving the house, you will head towards the River Avon to see fine examples of the houseboats that still journey along England’s intricate canal ways. Then visit Anne Hathaway’s House, the famous cottage of Shakespeare’s wife where she lived before she married him. Visit Holy Trinity Church and Hall’s Croft The Holy Trinity Church, located on the banks of the River Avon, is probably England's most visited Parish Church. William Shakespeare was buried and baptized here! Then, visit Hall’s Croft, where it is believed that Shakespeare’s daughter and her husband, Dr. Hall. Evening Stratford Theater Stratford is home to three Shakespearean theaters. You might enjoy the majesty of the Royal Shakespeare Theater, the traditional in-the-round experience of the Swan Theater or the intimacy of ‘The Other Place.’ Wherever it might be, the play’s the thing and there can be no finer group than the Royal Shakespeare Company, whose members have included Sir Ian McKellan, Dame Judy Dench and Kenneth Branagh. Overnight in Stratford Region Day 7 Saturday, June 15, 2013 Transfer to Manchester via Wales Travel into Wales, home of Dylan Thomas, Anthony Hopkins and Catherine Zeta-Jones. With its three enormous national parks full of hiking trails and white-water rafting sites, Wales is ideal for the outdoorsman. And, with a history dating back to Roman times, there are a number of historically important sights to see. While in Wales, it is important to remember that, although Wales has been a part of Great Britain since 1282, the Welsh are still faithful to their Celtic roots. The Welsh language is used by many and it is considered a great insult to refer to a Welsh person as English. Visit Snowdonia National Park The largest and most famous of the Welsh national parks, Snowdonia covers over 800 square miles of North- western Wales. Visitors come to see Snowdonia’s mountains and waterfalls, and to tour the old mines and quarries. Take some time to visit Harlech Caslte, with its striking three-story, twin-towered gatehouse. From here there is a wonderful view across Tremadog Bay, to the peaks of Snowdownia and the Lleyn Peninsula. Today the castle is considered a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Visit Llechwedd Slate Caverns Travel down to the slate mines via the steepest funicular in the United Kingdom.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Tale of a Fish How Westminster Abbey Became a Royal Peculiar
    The Tale of a Fish How Westminster Abbey became a Royal Peculiar For Edric it had been a bad week’s fishing in the Thames for salmon and an even worse Sunday, a day on which he knew ought not to have been working but needs must. The wind and the rain howled across the river from the far banks of that dreadful and wild isle called Thorney with some justification. The little monastic church recently built on the orders of King Sebert stood forlornly waiting to be consecrated the next day by Bishop Mellitus, the first Bishop of London, who would be travelling west from the great Minster of St Paul’s in the City of London. As he drew in his empty nets and rowed to the southern bank he saw an old man dressed in strange and foreign clothing hailing him. Would Edric take him across even at this late hour to Thorney Island? Hopeful for some reward, Edric rowed across the river, moaning to the old man about the poor fishing he had suffered and received some sympathy as the old man seemed to have had some experience in the same trade. After the old man had alighted and entered the little church, suddenly the building was ablaze with dazzling lights and Edric heard chanting and singing and saw a ladder of angels leading from the sky to the ground. Edric was transfixed. Then there was silence and darkness. The old man returned and admonished Edric for fishing on a Sunday but said that if he caste his nets again the next day into the river his reward would be great.
    [Show full text]
  • Quebec House Lorraine Sencicle
    QUEBEC HOUSE LORRAINE SENCICLE ot far from Chartwell Edward Wolfe rented Nis Quebec House, the until 1738, was originally childhood home of Sir built betw een 1530 and General James Wolfe 1550. The first building (1727-1759) and now was an L-shaped timber owned by the National framed house but it was Trust. I was particularly altered in the 1630's to a interested in this part of ‘double pile' house, our trip for my interest in popular at that time. In General James Wolfe the 18th century the front stemmed from when I wall of the house was was preparing the case replaced with a parapet against a proposed fagade but by the 1880s development on Western the house was divided in Heights back in the late two. One part became 1980's, early 1990's. The Quebec House West and main thrust of my was used as a school. James Wolfe argument was about the Courtesy of the National Trust historic fortifications and The National Trust has I drew parallels with those in Quebec, recreated Quebec House in the Georgian Canada. The latter are located within a style, so that the rooms display furniture World Heritage Site, a designation given and artefacts that belonged to the Wolfe in 1985. In English history, Jam es Wolfe family. One room held particular is synonymous with Quebec and I had fascination for both Alan, my husband, every reason to believe that the General and myself, as it was a depository of was in Dover prior to the Quebec papers, pictures and maps appertaining campaign - the trip to Westerham to the events that led up to the historic confirmed this.
    [Show full text]
  • Restoration of Dover Castle, the Main Room
    Restoration of Dover Castle, the main room THE DOVER SOCIETY FOUNDED IN 1988 Registered with the Civic Trust, Affiliated to the Kent Federation of Amenity Societies Registered Charity No. 299954 PRESIDENT Brigadier Maurice Atherton CBE VICE-PRESIDENTS Miss Lillian Kay, Mrs Joan Liggett Peter Marsh, Jonathan Sloggett, Tferry Sutton, Miss Christine Waterman, Jack Woolford THE COMMITTEE Chairman Derek Leach OBE, 24 Riverdale, River, Dover CT17 OGX Tfel: 01304 823926 Email: [email protected] Vice-Chairman Jeremy Cope, 53 Park Avenue, Dover CT16 1HD Tel: 01304 211348 Email: [email protected] Hon. Secretary William Naylor, "Wood End", 87 Leyburne Rd, Dover CT16 1SH Tfel: 01304 211276 Email: [email protected] Hon. Treasurer Mike Weston, 71 Castle Avenue, Dover CT16 1EZ Tfel: 01304 202059 Email: [email protected] Membership Secretary Sheila Cope, 53 Park Avenue, Dover CT16 1HD Tfel: 01304 211348 Social Secretaries Patricia Hooper-Sherratt, Castle Lea, T&swell St, Dover CT16 1SG Tfel: 01304 228129 Email: [email protected] Georgette Rapley, 29 Queen's Gardens, Dover CT17 9AH Tfel: 01304 204514 Email: [email protected] Editor Alan Lee, 8 Cherry Tree Avenue, Dover CT16 2NL Tfel: 01304 213668 Email: [email protected] Press Secretary Tferry Sutton MBE, 17 Bewsbury Cross Lane, Whitfield, Dover CT16 3HB Tfel: 01304 820122 Email: [email protected] Planning Chairman Jack Woolford, 1066 Green Lane, Tfemple Ewell, Dover CT16 3AR Tfel: 01304 330381 Email: [email protected] Committee
    [Show full text]
  • Trauma and Survival in the Contemporary Church
    Trauma and Survival in the Contemporary Church Trauma and Survival in the Contemporary Church: Historical Responses in the Anglican Tradition Edited by Jonathan S. Lofft and Thomas P. Power Trauma and Survival in the Contemporary Church: Historical Responses in the Anglican Tradition Edited by Jonathan S. Lofft and Thomas P. Power This book first published 2021 Cambridge Scholars Publishing Lady Stephenson Library, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE6 2PA, UK British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Copyright © 2021 by Jonathan S. Lofft, Thomas P. Power and contributors All rights for this book reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner. ISBN (10): 1-5275-6582-3 ISBN (13): 978-1-5275-6582-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgments .................................................................................... vii Introduction ................................................................................................ 1 Jonathan S. Lofft and Thomas P. Power Chapter One ................................................................................................ 9 Samuel Hume Blake’s Pan-Anglican Exertions: Stopping the Expansion of Residential and Industrial Schools for Canada’s Indigenous Children, 1908 William Acres Chapter Two ............................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Castleguard Service of Dover Castle
    Archaeologia Cantiana Vol. 49 1937 CASTLEGUARD SERVICE OF DOVER CASTLE. BY F. W. HARDMAN, LL.D., F.S.A. THE standard historians of Kent all narrate the early history of the office of Constable of Dover Castle and there is remark- able unanimity in their story. According to them the Conqueror, after the forfeiture and imprisonment of Bishop Odo, made a new arrangement for the ward of Dover Castle. He appointed a kinsman of his own, one John de Fiennes, to be hereditary constable and endowed him with numerous knights' fees to bear the charge of his office. John de Fiennes retained fifty-six of these fees in his own hands, but associated with himself eight other knights and bestowed on them 171 fees. This arrangement continued for some time and John de Fiennes was succeeded by his son James de Fiennes and by his grandson John de Fiennes. It was disturbed in the troubled days of Stephen but again restored and continued in the persons of Allen de Fiennes and James de Fiennes. Such in outline is the story told by Lambarde (1570, p. 157), Darell, chaplain to Queen Elizabeth (1797, p. 19), Philipott (1659, pp. 12, 16), Kilburne (1659, p. 79), Somner, Roman Ports and Forts (1693, p. 118), Harris (1719, pp. 372, 484), Jeake, Charters of the Cinque Ports (1728, p. 47), Hasted (1799, IV, 60) and Lyon, History of Dover (1814, II, 87, 192). It has been copied from these authorities by countless other writers of smaller note and is generally believed to-day. And yet the story is completely untrue.
    [Show full text]
  • Westminster World Heritage Site Management Plan Steering Group
    WESTMINSTER WORLD HERITAGE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN Illustration credits and copyright references for photographs, maps and other illustrations are under negotiation with the following organisations: Dean and Chapter of Westminster Westminster School Parliamentary Estates Directorate Westminster City Council English Heritage Greater London Authority Simmons Aerofilms / Atkins Atkins / PLB / Barry Stow 2 WESTMINSTER WORLD HERITAGE SITE MANAGEMENT PLAN The Palace of Westminster and Westminster Abbey including St. Margaret’s Church World Heritage Site Management Plan Prepared on behalf of the Westminster World Heritage Site Management Plan Steering Group, by a consortium led by Atkins, with Barry Stow, conservation architect, and tourism specialists PLB Consulting Ltd. The full steering group chaired by English Heritage comprises representatives of: ICOMOS UK DCMS The Government Office for London The Dean and Chapter of Westminster The Parliamentary Estates Directorate Transport for London The Greater London Authority Westminster School Westminster City Council The London Borough of Lambeth The Royal Parks Agency The Church Commissioners Visit London 3 4 WESTMINSTER WORLD HERITAGE S I T E M ANAGEMENT PLAN FOREWORD by David Lammy MP, Minister for Culture I am delighted to present this Management Plan for the Palace of Westminster, Westminster Abbey and St Margaret’s Church World Heritage Site. For over a thousand years, Westminster has held a unique architectural, historic and symbolic significance where the history of church, monarchy, state and law are inexorably intertwined. As a group, the iconic buildings that form part of the World Heritage Site represent masterpieces of monumental architecture from medieval times on and which draw on the best of historic construction techniques and traditional craftsmanship.
    [Show full text]
  • Memorials of Old Staffordshire, Beresford, W
    M emorials o f the C ounties of E ngland General Editor: R e v . P. H. D i t c h f i e l d , M.A., F.S.A., F.R.S.L., F.R.Hist.S. M em orials of O ld S taffordshire B e r e s f o r d D a l e . M em orials o f O ld Staffordshire EDITED BY REV. W. BERESFORD, R.D. AU THOft OF A History of the Diocese of Lichfield A History of the Manor of Beresford, &c. , E d i t o r o f North's .Church Bells of England, &■V. One of the Editorial Committee of the William Salt Archaeological Society, &c. Y v, * W ith many Illustrations LONDON GEORGE ALLEN & SONS, 44 & 45 RATHBONE PLACE, W. 1909 [All Rights Reserved] T O T H E RIGHT REVEREND THE HONOURABLE AUGUSTUS LEGGE, D.D. LORD BISHOP OF LICHFIELD THESE MEMORIALS OF HIS NATIVE COUNTY ARE BY PERMISSION DEDICATED PREFACE H ILST not professing to be a complete survey of Staffordshire this volume, we hope, will W afford Memorials both of some interesting people and of some venerable and distinctive institutions; and as most of its contributors are either genealogically linked with those persons or are officially connected with the institutions, the book ought to give forth some gleams of light which have not previously been made public. Staffordshire is supposed to have but little actual history. It has even been called the playground of great people who lived elsewhere. But this reproach will not bear investigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Roman Roads of Britain
    Roman Roads of Britain A Wikipedia Compilation by Michael A. Linton PDF generated using the open source mwlib toolkit. See http://code.pediapress.com/ for more information. PDF generated at: Thu, 04 Jul 2013 02:32:02 UTC Contents Articles Roman roads in Britain 1 Ackling Dyke 9 Akeman Street 10 Cade's Road 11 Dere Street 13 Devil's Causeway 17 Ermin Street 20 Ermine Street 21 Fen Causeway 23 Fosse Way 24 Icknield Street 27 King Street (Roman road) 33 Military Way (Hadrian's Wall) 36 Peddars Way 37 Portway 39 Pye Road 40 Stane Street (Chichester) 41 Stane Street (Colchester) 46 Stanegate 48 Watling Street 51 Via Devana 56 Wade's Causeway 57 References Article Sources and Contributors 59 Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors 61 Article Licenses License 63 Roman roads in Britain 1 Roman roads in Britain Roman roads, together with Roman aqueducts and the vast standing Roman army, constituted the three most impressive features of the Roman Empire. In Britain, as in their other provinces, the Romans constructed a comprehensive network of paved trunk roads (i.e. surfaced highways) during their nearly four centuries of occupation (43 - 410 AD). This article focuses on the ca. 2,000 mi (3,200 km) of Roman roads in Britain shown on the Ordnance Survey's Map of Roman Britain.[1] This contains the most accurate and up-to-date layout of certain and probable routes that is readily available to the general public. The pre-Roman Britons used mostly unpaved trackways for their communications, including very ancient ones running along elevated ridges of hills, such as the South Downs Way, now a public long-distance footpath.
    [Show full text]
  • The College and Canons of St Stephen's, Westminster, 1348
    The College and Canons of St Stephen’s, Westminster, 1348 - 1548 Volume I of II Elizabeth Biggs PhD University of York History October 2016 Abstract This thesis is concerned with the college founded by Edward III in his principal palace of Westminster in 1348 and dissolved by Edward VI in 1548 in order to examine issues of royal patronage, the relationships of the Church to the Crown, and institutional networks across the later Middle Ages. As no internal archive survives from St Stephen’s College, this thesis depends on comparison with and reconstruction from royal records and the archives of other institutions, including those of its sister college, St George’s, Windsor. In so doing, it has two main aims: to place St Stephen’s College back into its place at the heart of Westminster’s political, religious and administrative life; and to develop a method for institutional history that is concerned more with connections than solely with the internal workings of a single institution. As there has been no full scholarly study of St Stephen’s College, this thesis provides a complete institutional history of the college from foundation to dissolution before turning to thematic consideration of its place in royal administration, music and worship, and the manor of Westminster. The circumstances and processes surrounding its foundation are compared with other such colleges to understand the multiple agencies that formed St Stephen’s, including that of the canons themselves. Kings and their relatives used St Stephen’s for their private worship and as a site of visible royal piety.
    [Show full text]
  • St M Newsletter No 9
    the church on Parliament Square by kind permission of Clare Weatherill NEWS No 9 Summer 2018 news and features from St Margaret’s ORDINARY TIME PILGRIMAGE PREVIEW We have had much to celebrate recently: a Congregational group to visit Rochester in August royal wedding, the opening of the Queen’s Diamond Jubilee Galleries, the St Margaret’s Founded in AD 604 by Bishop Justus, Rochester Cathedral is England’s second oldest cathedral Deanery school leavers’ service. And in the and the seat of the Bishop of Rochester. The present building is the work of the French Church’s year we have partied: Christmas, Benedictine monk, Gundulf, and dates to AD 1080. The glorious Norman architecture of the Easter and Pentecost have marked turning nave, the crypt and the fine Romanesque facade, make this an inspirational destination for the St th points in the life of Jesus, and of the Church. Margaret’s pilgrimage to Rochester on Saturday 18 August, led by Priest Vicar the Reverend But isn’t it good, after any party, to clear up, Ralph Godsall, former Canon Residenciary and Precentor there. and to sit down with a cup of Rochester tea and relax for a while? Cathedral Ordinary time – marked by became a major the Sundays after Trinity place of Sunday – is the Church’s time pilgrimage in the to return to normality, and to 13th century, walk with Christ in the when miracles everyday. There is a calm were reported at healing rhythm to our worship the shrine of in Ordinary Time. All are William of Perth, welcome to rest in the simple, a Scottish baker unfussy grace of God in our who had been midst.
    [Show full text]
  • 55.1 2 Sancho.Indd
    ISSN 1514-9927 (impresa) / ISSN 1853-1555 (en línea) Anales de Historia Antigua, Medieval y Moderna 55.1 (2021) (24-37) 24 doi.org/10.34096/ahamm.v55.1.8359 El fi n de la Britania romana. Breves consideraciones sobre la inteligencia militar a partir de dos pasajes de Amiano Marcelino y Vegecio " Miguel Pablo Sancho Gómez Universidad Católica de Murcia. Campus de los Jerónimos, s/n. Guadalupe (Murcia), 30107, España. [email protected] Recibido: 27/07/2020. Aceptado: 25/08/2020 Resumen Este trabajo se enmarca en las nuevas investigaciones en torno al fi n de la Britania romana y pretende aportar algunas consideraciones de carácter militar centradas en la vigilancia, inteligencia y exploración, elementos de vital importancia a la hora de conocer los planes de cualquier enemigo. El Imperio romano contó durante muchos años con estrategias y herramientas adecuadas para tales cometidos, como explorado- res, espías y una fl ota especial, pero su abandono propició un empeoramiento de las condiciones de seguridad que llevaron fi nalmente a la pérdida del control sobre la isla. Palabras clave: Vegecio, Amiano Marcelino, ejército romano, Britania, inteligencia militar. The end of Roman Britain. Brief considerations on military intelli- gence from two fragments by Ammianus Marcellinus and Vegetius Abstract This work is inspired by the new investigations on the end of Roman Britain with the aim to refl ect on a number of military tactics such as surveillance strategies, intelligence, and exploration, elements of vital importance to know the plans of any enemy. The Roman Empire carried out for a long time adequate strategies and coun- ted on valuable resources for such tasks, as scouts, spies and a special fl eet.
    [Show full text]
  • Rimska Fortifikacijska Arhitektura
    Sveučilište J. J. Strossmayera u Osijeku Filozofski fakultet Diplomski studij: Filozofija – povijest Josip Paulić Rimska fortifikacijska arhitektura Diplomski rad Mentorica: doc. dr. sc. Jasna Šimić Osijek, 2012. 1. Sažetak Najvažniji i temeljni element rimske fortifikacijske arhitekture svakako je vojni grad – castrum. Rimljani su bili narod vojnika, kolonizatora i osvjača, pa je rimski građanin u vojnoj obavezi bio veći dio svog života. Iz tih razloga ustroj i izgled vojnog logora pokazuje toliko zajedničkih elemenata s civilnim naseljima. Zidine grada Rima predstavljaju najreprezentativniji primjer gradske fortifikacijske arhitekture u cijelom Carstvu. Murus Servii Tulii (Servijev zid) sagrađen je u ranom 4. st. pr. n. e., a učinkovito je štitio grad do druge polovine 3. st. kad je izgrađen Murus Aurelianus (271.– 275.), zid opsega 19 km koji ipak nije spasio Rim od Alarikove pljačke i razaranja (410.), kao i one kasnije vandalske (455.). U vrijeme Republike rimski castrum (prema Polibiju) ima pravilan pravokutni, gotovo kvadratan oblik; limitiran je i orijentiran na isti način kao i grad te je omeđen jarkom i zidom. Na svakoj strani logora nalaze se jedna vrata. Istočna vrata Porta praetoria i zapadna Porta decumana povezana su decumanom (via praetoria), dok su sjeverna Porta principalis sinistra i južna vrata Porta principalis dextra spojena s via principalis (cardo). Orijentacija glavnih ulica ovisila je o položaju i usmjerenosti logora. Na križanju glavnih osi logora nalazio se praetorium – središte vojne uprave. U vojnom logoru ulica cardo (via principalis) ima veće značenje od decumana. Neki autori smatraju kako osnovne zametke rimskog urbs quadratisa treba tražiti upravo u vojnom logoru. Vojni grad – castrum - slijedi etruščansko iskustvo i kristalizira nekoliko značajnih ideja i praktičnih postavki iz političke i vojne sfere.
    [Show full text]