DOCSLIB.ORG

The Everyday Aesthetics of Sport Extended by Applying Traditional Art Aesthetics

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Everyday Aesthetics of Sport Extended by Applying Traditional Art Aesthetics A new interpretation of sport derived from art-related aesthetics by Danny Shorkend submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Literature and Philosophy in the subject Art History at the University of South Africa Supervisor: Professor FJ Potgieter February 2016 1 Dedicated in loving memory of my father, David Shorkend 2 SUMMARY This thesis is concerned with understanding sport theory based on art theory. In so doing, in extending their relationship, a deeper appreciation of both may result. In turn, this may enhance our lives. While postmodern theories of art somewhat devalue the rarefied status of art, at the same time art’s openness is particularly well appointed to understanding other aesthetic domains. Scholarly attention to the so-called aesthetics of the everyday of which sport is an example, is a relatively recent paradigm shift that attempts to give philosophical weight to common, ordinary experiences as aesthetic. Art as the paradigm case of aesthetic experience is therefore useful in illuminating such experiences, one of which is sport. The results of this study are: Like art, sport idealises in its desire for perfection. Like art, sport is a second-order mimetic activity that is autonomous and reflects extra-aesthetic concerns. The implications of the postmodern language turn for art, namely detotalising and/or meaninglessness can be applied to sport. Drawing from Wittgenstein, art and sport are culturally embedded within institutional frameworks and quite simply are learnt ways of thinking and doing. Expressive theories of art were introduced which, it was found, has resonance with sport, as it can be similarly described as an expression of “aesthetic ideas”, to use Kant’s phrase. The artistic formalist perspective and the realization of form led to describing sport as aesthetically beautiful in many ways. One might apply Zangwell’s moderate aesthetic formalism to sport where formal qualities, representation and content co-exist, thus somewhat combining the above conclusions. An analysis of this kind suggests that sport may derive its meaning from an artistic perspective, at least in theory. At the same time, though not the primary focus of this thesis, one might describe the relationship between art and sport as an oscillation, if at times a dialectic, in which case boundaries between them inevitably become more complex. It is conceivable that within that complexity/struggle/play there can be self- 3 realization and world-bettering. It is also conceivable that this is a result of the emergence of a new sub-discipline, namely sports art. 4 Keywords art, sport, idealism, mimesis, postmodernism, institution, expressionism, formalism, play, body, aesthetic 5 Acknowledgements I would sincerely like to thank my supervisor Professor Frikkie Potgieter for his guidance and without whom this project could not have come to fruition. He has been instrumental in helping me complete the thesis. In the struggle to work at improving this thesis, I can only hope I live up to the idea of what a scholar is meant to be. The following people have also helped me in various ways through discussions of various kinds: Dr Nombe Mpako (UNISA – art history), Athena Vahla (Rhodes University – dance), Dr Aubrey Wulfshon (Warwick University – mathematics), Dr Gregory Fried (UCT – philosophy), Professor Tim Noakes (UCT – sports science), Rashid Begg (University of Stellenbosch – social science), Hayden Proud (South African National Gallery), David Zetler (gallery owner), Albert Shorkend, Reza Omar, Barnet Momsen, Dr Sherrylle Calder (UCT – sports science), Dawie Malan (Unisa librarian), Darryn Brick, Andrew Lamprecht (UCT – art discourse), Sanford Shamon, Davin Maltz, Jason Solomons, Craig Marcus, Dr Tony Kelly, Marcelle Shamon, Rabbi Mendel Popack, Ilze Holtzhausen de Beer (Unisa – editor) and Prof X, anonymous critical reader and advisor procured by the UNISA art history department. There are also others, too numerous to mention that have helped me forge this thesis. A thank you to my wife, Niki and our daughters Hannah and Shira for their support and love. 6 Table of Contents Forword………………………………………….……………………………………1 List of illustrations……………………………………………………………………3 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………5 Chapter 1: Idealization in art and sport ................................................................... 47 1.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 47 1.2. Idealist theories of art…...…………………………………………………. 48 1.3. Idealist theories of sport ............................................................................... 61 1.4. Common-sense confluences between art and sport via the lens of idealism 72 1.5. A Kantian theory of sport ............................................................................ 75 1.6. Conclusion ..................................................................................................... 79 Chapter 2: Mimetic theories of art and sport .......................................................... 80 2.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 83 2.2. Plato’s critique of mimesis ........................................................................... 85 2.3. Four “orders” of mimesis: a hermeneutic approach ................................. 87 2.4. The “orders of mimesis” in relation to sports theory ................................ 95 2.5. A common-sense observation: mimetic “play” ........................................ 100 2.6. Common-sense confluences between art and sport via the lens of mimesis 108 2.7. The athletic contest as a “tragic” form of art ………….…………….. 113 2.8. Conclusion. .................................................................................................. 116 Chapter 3: The postmodern “language turn” in relation to art and sport ......... 119 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................... 120 3.2. The “language turn” ................................................................................... 121 3.3. Postmodern art ............................................................................................ 124 3.4. Postmodern sport ........................................................................................ 138 3.5. The argument from “intertwining” ........................................................... 147 3.6. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 152 Chapter 4: Institutional theories of art and sport ................................................. 155 4.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 155 4.2. Institutional theories of art……………………………………………….156 4.3. The “art world” ........................................................................................... 161 4.4. The rise of the institution of sport ............................................................. 170 4.5. A Marxist critique of the institution of sport ........................................... 174 4.6. Two observations: how does this comparison enrich our understanding of both? 179 4.7. On Wittgenstein and intransitive knowledge ........................................... 188 4.8. Conclusion ................................................................................................... 192 7 Chapter 5: Expressive theories of art and sport .................................................... 195 5.1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 195 5.2. Expressive theories of art – definition and history .................................. 196 5.3. Critique of expressive theories ................................................................... 205 5.4. Comparative expressive theories of sport ................................................. 209 5.5. Critique of an “expressive” theory of sport towards multiple emotional states .................................................................................................................... 218 5.6. Two surface observations ........................................................................... 219 5.7. An extension of sport aesthetics by applying Guyer’s “Kant and philosophy of Architecture” ................................................................................. 224 5.8. Conclusion....................................................................................................226 Chapter 6: Formalist theories of art and sport ...................................................... 229 6.1. Introduction……………………………………………………………….229 6.2. Defining formalist theories of art .............................................................. 230 6.3. Critique of formalist theories of art .......................................................... 240 6.4. Formalism in sport ...................................................................................... 245 6.5. Critique of formalist theories of sport ...................................................... 253 6.6. An observation: The will to form .............................................................. 254 6.7. Elaborations on the “will to form” extended with reference to Nietzsche and others .............................................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Sport: a Theory of Adjudication
    SPORT: A THEORY OF ADJUDICATION DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bogdan Ciomaga, M.A. The Ohio State University 2007 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor William Morgan, Adviser Professor Donald Hubin ________________________ Adviser Professor Sarah Fields Graduate Program in Education Copyright by Bogdan Ciomaga 2007 ABSTRACT The main issue discussed in this work is the nature and structure of the process of adjudication, that is, the process by which referees make decisions in sport that possess normative import and force. The current dominant theory of adjudication in sport philosophy is interpretivism, which argues that adjudication is not primarily a matter of mechanically applying the rules of the game, but rather of applying rational principles that put the game in its best light. Most interpretivists are also realists, which means that they hold that the normative standing of adjudicative principles is independent of the beliefs and/or arguments of individuals or communities. A closer look at certain examples of sports and referees decisions supports a different approach to adjudication, called conventionalism, which claims that besides the rules of the game, referees are bound to follow certain conventions established by the athletic community. This conclusion is supported, among other things, by considerations concerning the nature of sport, and especially considerations that take into account the mutual beliefs held by the participants in the game. By following Marmor’s argument that conventions are best seen not as solutions to coordination problems but as constitutive features of autonomous practices like sport, I argue that a conventionalist theory of adjudication in sport has more explanatory force than interpretivist theories.
    [Show full text]
  • A Philosophy of S(P)Orts a Review Essay on a Philosophy of Sport by Steven Connor
    A Philosophy of S(p)orts A review essay on A Philosophy of Sport by Steven Connor Kalle Jonasson Department of Sport Sciences, Malmö University Published on the Internet, www.idrottsforum.org/articles/jonasson/jonasson120509.html, (ISSN 1652–7224), 2012–05–09 Copyright © Kalle Jonasson 2012. All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the author. Above the door leading to the library at Christ’s Hospital School, a boarding school in West Sussex, near Horsham, is the inscription Turpe nescire, a Latin phrase meaning that it’s a disgrace to be ignorant. There’s no way of knowing what kind of impression this maxim has made on generations of students at that school since 1552, nor do we want to speculate on what young Steven Connor made of it when he came there at the age of eleven in 1966, to be expelled six years later for reasons unknown to us. In any event, after completing his schooling at the local comprehen- sive school in his hometown of Bognor Regis, Connor came to Wadham College, Oxford where he studied literature for, among others, Terry Eagleton. In 1980 he wrote his DPhil thesis on Prose Fantasy and Mythography. Later that year he was appointed lecturer at Birkbeck College, London, where he still works today, now as Professor in Modern Literature and Theory.
    [Show full text]
  • Sporting Narratives and the Deliberation of Moral Questions
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2005 Playing With Stories: Sporting Narratives and the Deliberation of Moral Questions Matthew A. Masucci University of Tennessee - Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss Part of the Education Commons Recommended Citation Masucci, Matthew A., "Playing With Stories: Sporting Narratives and the Deliberation of Moral Questions. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2005. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/2228 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Matthew A. Masucci entitled "Playing With Stories: Sporting Narratives and the Deliberation of Moral Questions." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Education. Joy T. DeSensi, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Barbara Thayer-Bacon, Leslee Fisher, John Hardwig Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Matthew A. Masucci entitled "Playing With Stories: Sporting Narratives and the Deliberation of Moral Questions." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Education.
    [Show full text]
  • The Ethics of Sport: a Reader
    Eastern Illinois University The Keep Faculty Research and Creative Activity Kinesiology, Sport & Recreation October 2001 The Ethics of Sport: A Reader Chad R. Carlson Eastern Illinois University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/kss_fac Part of the Kinesiology Commons Recommended Citation Carlson, Chad R., "The Ethics of Sport: A Reader" (2001). Faculty Research and Creative Activity. 9. https://thekeep.eiu.edu/kss_fac/9 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Kinesiology, Sport & Recreation at The Keep. It has been accepted for inclusion in Faculty Research and Creative Activity by an authorized administrator of The Keep. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVIEW ESSAYS Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 2011, 38, 273-276 © 2011 Human Kinetics, Inc. The Ethics of Sport: A Reader Edited by Mike McNamee. Published in 2010 by Routledge Press, London and New York. (xiv + 515 pp., notes and bibliography at ends of articles, index) ISBN 10: 0-415-47860-X (hbk); 10:0-415-47861-8 (pbk). Reviewed by Chad Carlson, Assistant Professor of Kinesiology, Penn State University, Altoona, PA ([email protected]) By publishing Sports Ethics: A Reader, Mike McNamee follows a path of thought-provoking anthologies on the topic his title indicates. Sport philosophers such as Parry and McNamee ( 1998); Morgan, Meier, and Schneider (200 I); Boxill (2003); Malloy, Ross, and Zakus (2003); and Morgan (2007) have compiled similar ethics-related scholarship in their collections. However, McNamee builds on this strong tradition and even raises the standard with his new anthology.
    [Show full text]
  • External Marginalization of Sport Philosophy
    The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Health and Human Development OVERCOMING MARGINALIZATION AND INSIGNIFICANCE: A PRAGMATIC CRITIQUE AND RECONSTRUCTION OF SPORT PHILOSOPHY A Thesis in Kinesiology by Timothy Laird Elcombe © 2005 Timothy L. Elcombe Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2005 The thesis of Timothy L. Elcombe was reviewed and approved* by the following: R. Scott Kretchmar Professor of Exercise and Sport Science Thesis Advisor Chair of Committee Mark S. Dyreson Associate Professor of Kinesiology Douglas R. Hochstetler Assistant Professor of Kinesiology Douglas R. Anderson Associate Professor of Philosophy Vincent M. Colapietro Professor of Philosophy William J. Morgan Professor of Sport and Exercise Humanities/Cultural Studies The Ohio State University Special Member Philip E. Martin Professor of Kinesiology Head of the Department of Kinesiology *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School. iii ABSTRACT In the current cultural climate, philosophy is perceived by many as an irrelevant professional enterprise. Similarly, higher education’s twenty-first century economic mindset marginalizes the value of humanistic disciplines such as philosophy. Sport philosophers must deal with both of these social realities, as well as the fact that kinesiology departments increasingly devalue the study of sport. Sport philosophers are not merely victims, however. The field’s practitioners are also complicit in sport philosophy’s current marginalized and irrelevant status by employing limited critical methods, using impoverished tools for inquiry, and adopting misguided philosophical purposes. This project seeks to overcome the academic marginalization and lack of public voice that now plagues the field of sport philosophy.
    [Show full text]
  • Internal Values of Sport and Bio-Technologized Sport
    philosophies Article Internal Values of Sport and Bio-Technologized Sport Matija Mato Škerbi´c Faculty of Croatian Studies, University of Zagreb, Borongajska cesta 83d, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; [email protected] Received: 31 August 2020; Accepted: 28 September 2020; Published: 3 October 2020 Abstract: The aim of the paper is confronting internal or intrinsic values of sport detected by different sport-philosophers, such as W. J. Morgan, J. S. Russell, R. L. Simon, N. Dixon, S. Kretchmar, to today’s bio-technologized sports in order to find the ethical guidance for (non)acceptance of new bio-technologies in sport. Thus, in the first part, I will produce an overview of the internal values of sport in the sports-philosophical literature. In the second part, I will provide my understanding of ‘bio-technologized sports’, leaning mostly on W. J. Morgan’s and S. Loland’s previous work in this regard. In the third part, I will show that the key internal value of sport is ‘excellence’ and that the perfectionist account of sport dominates high-level professional competitive sports. However, I will show that ‘excellence’ is prone to different interpretations and understandings which (could) have different implications for the ‘bio-technologized sport’. Finally, I will propose going back to Aristotle and his account of eudaimonia to build principles for the regulation of (non)acceptance of bio-technology in sport. Keywords: internal values of sport; bio-technology; excellence; Aristotle; regulations 1. Introduction In the literature of the philosophy of sport, internal values of sport were debated from the late 1980s onward by many scholars, such as W.
    [Show full text]
  • Remote Sport: Risk, Reconnaissance, and Self-Knowledge
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by PhilPapers Published in Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, vol. 35, no. 1 (2008): 1-16 10.1080/00948705.2008.9714724 Remote Sport: Risk and Self-Knowledge in Wilder Spaces Leslie A. Howe ABSTRACT: Previous discussions on the value of sport in remote locations have concentrated on 1) environmental and process concerns, with the rejection of competition and goal-directed or use oriented activity, or 2) the value of risk and dangerous sport for self-affirmation. It is argued that the value of risk in remote sport is in self-knowledge rather than self-affirmation and that risk in remote sport, while enhancing certain kinds of experience, is not necessary. The value of remote sport is in offering the opportunity for experience that enhances the participants’ knowledge both of self and of the environment with which they interact. What benefit is to be obtained from doing sports in remote, wild, or natural environments rather than indoors or outdoors on fields or other playing surfaces deliberately constructed for the purpose and located within more or less urban environments? Why climb a frozen cliff-face rather than an indoor climbing-wall; why hike high windy hills, bug-infested forests, and muddy river valleys rather than pounding a treadmill, a familiar roadway, or a track oval? Why paddle a glacial stream or ocean fjord rather than flatwater lanes? Why ski or snowboard the backcountry rather than a resort with groomed slopes, lifts, and a spa? The
    [Show full text]
  • Defining Sport: Conceptions and Borderlines
    This is a peer-reviewed, post-print (final draft post-refereeing) version of the following published document, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00948705.2018.1454840 and is licensed under All Rights Reserved license: Piper, Steven (2018) Defining sport: conceptions and borderlines. Journal of the Philosophy of Sport, 45 (2). pp. 209-213. doi:10.1080/00948705.2018.1454840 Official URL: https://doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2018.1454840 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00948705.2018.1454840 EPrint URI: http://eprints.glos.ac.uk/id/eprint/5534 Disclaimer The University of Gloucestershire has obtained warranties from all depositors as to their title in the material deposited and as to their right to deposit such material. The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation or warranties of commercial utility, title, or fitness for a particular purpose or any other warranty, express or implied in respect of any material deposited. The University of Gloucestershire makes no representation that the use of the materials will not infringe any patent, copyright, trademark or other property or proprietary rights. The University of Gloucestershire accepts no liability for any infringement of intellectual property rights in any material deposited but will remove such material from public view pending investigation in the event of an allegation of any such infringement. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR TEXT. Book Review Defining Sport: Conceptions and Borderlines, edited by Shawn Klein, published by Lanham, Lexington Books, 2017, 278pp., £65 (hardcover), ISBN 978-1498511575 Shawn Klein states the dual aim of this book is to encourage scholars of all academic disciplines, new and old, to consider, amongst other things, the ‘…nature, importance, and qualities of sport and related activities…’.
    [Show full text]
  • Subversion and Collective Knowledge in the Ethos of Video Game Speedrunning
    Sport, Ethics and Philosophy ISSN: (Print) (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rsep20 Code is Law: Subversion and Collective Knowledge in the Ethos of Video Game Speedrunning Michael Hemmingsen To cite this article: Michael Hemmingsen (2020): Code is Law: Subversion and Collective Knowledge in the Ethos of Video Game Speedrunning, Sport, Ethics and Philosophy, DOI: 10.1080/17511321.2020.1796773 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1796773 Published online: 29 Jul 2020. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rsep20 SPORT, ETHICS AND PHILOSOPHY https://doi.org/10.1080/17511321.2020.1796773 Code is Law: Subversion and Collective Knowledge in the Ethos of Video Game Speedrunning Michael Hemmingsen College of Liberal Arts & Social Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, GU, USA ABSTRACT KEYWORDS Speedrunning is a kind of ‘metagame’ involving video games. Video games; speedrunning; Though it does not yet have the kind of profile of multiplayer e- subversion; collective sports, speedrunning is fast approaching e-sports in popularity. knowledge; metagame Aside from audience numbers, however, from the perspective of the philosophy of sport and games, speedrunning is particularly interesting. To the casual player or viewer, speedrunning appears to be a highly irreverent, even pointless, way of playing games, parti­ cularly due to the incorporation of “glitches”. For many outside the speedrunning community, the use of glitches appears to be cheat­ ing. For speedrunners, however, glitches are entirely within the bounds of acceptability.
    [Show full text]
  • The Authentic and Inauthentic Sport in the Hermeneutic and Phenomenological Perspectives
    Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae Vol. 58 No 1 2018 THE AUTHENTIC AND INAUTHENTIC SPORT IN THE HERMENEUTIC AND PHENOMENOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES Ivo Jirásek1, Josef Oborný2, Emanuel Hurych3 1Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; 2Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Komenský University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; 3Faculty of Sport Studies, Masaryk Universtiy, Brno, Czech Republic Summary: The philosophical concept of hermeneutics presents the opposite pole of human mental activities than positivism. Phenomenology, together with hermeneutics, also presents a kind of opposition to the positivistic reduction of learning the world. This paper focuses on the topic of authenticity of sport from these two (hermeneutic and phenomenological) approaches. As a basic theoretical platform Martin Heidegger´s book Time and Being is used. The authors develop a specific kind of categorization of the social groups engaged in sport events via the ancient concepts of “TECHNÉ ATHLETIKÉ” and “TECHNÉ GYMNASTIKÉ”. Two different phenomena: sport and “sport” are examined within the next part of the paper. There are some reasons mentioned in conclusions coming from the hermeneutic and phenomenological approach which help us to understand and accept the opinion that a kind of return to “techné gymnastiké” can support the authentic modes of being in human approach to sport. Keywords: Sport; “sport”; TECHNÉ GYMNASTIKÉ; TECHNÉ ATHLETIKÉ; authenticity _______________________________________________________________________ DOI 10.2478/afepuc-2018-0001 © Acta Facultatis Educationis Physicae Universitatis Comenianae 1 Introduction The philosophical concepts of hermeneutics and phenomenology radically differ from positivism. While positivism focuses on the facts which are set in the objective way (everything which can be measured, weighted and expressed in the quantitative outputs of the scientific research), hermeneutics uses qualitative approaches of the scientific research.
    [Show full text]
  • The End of Philosophy: Aesthetics and Philosophy of Sport
    Original paper UDC 101.2:[111.852+1:796] 130.2: [111.852+1:796] Received December 14th, 2013 Lev Kreft University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts, Aškerčeva 2, SI–1000 Ljubljana [email protected] The End of Philosophy: Aesthetics and Philosophy of Sport Abstract How could philosophy come to an end? Understood as love of wisdom, philosophy knew that it knew nothing. It started with examination of those who were supposed to know, and found out that they know nothing, but do not know that. Consequently, philosophy knows better because at least it knows that it does not know anything. Later, philosophy found out that people are enslaved because they do not question their own conditions. Therefore, its mission became to enable people to start thinking. When it started to believe that it knows, philosophy came to its end for the first time. The second end of philosophy may happen when it discovers that people, without philosophy’s instructions, can think, and that phi- losophy itself should rethink its position of critique: presupposed innocence of its criticism. To demonstrate this need in contemporaneity, I will present two cases of philosophical criti- cism: that of the criticism of contemporary art, and that of the radical critique of sport. Keywords end of philosophy, critique of aesthetics, critique of contemporary art, philosophy of sport, radical critique of sport, philosophical disinterest and distrust When history is wholly comprehended in “the recollection and the Golgotha of Absolute Spirit”,1 the end of philosophy which comes with it can only be a comedy.
    [Show full text]
  • Phenomenology Is Not Phenomenalism. Is There Such a Thing As Phenomenology of Sport?
    Acta Gymnica, vol. 44, no. 2, 2014, 117–129 doi: 10.5507/ag.2014.012 Phenomenology is not phenomenalism. Is there such a thing as phenomenology of sport? Jan Halák1,*, Ivo Jirásek1, and Mark Stephen Nesti2 1Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic; and 2Faculty of Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom Copyright: © 2014 J. Halák et al. This is an open access article licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Background: The application of the philosophical mode of investigation called “phenomenology” in the context of sport. Objective: The goal is to show how and why the phenomenological method is very often misused in the sport- related research. Methods: Interpretation of the key texts, explanation of their meaning. Results: The confrontation of concrete sport-related texts with the original meaning of the key phenomenological notions shows mainly three types of misuse – the confusion of phenomenology with immediacy, with an epistemologically subjectivist stance (phenomenalism), and with empirical research oriented towards objects in the world. Conclusions: Many of the discussed authors try to take over the epistemological validity of phenomenology for their research, which itself is not phenomenological, and it seems that this is because they lack such a methodological foundation. The authors believe that an authentically phenomenological analysis of sport is possible, but it must respect the fundamental distinctions that differentiate phenomenology from other styles of thinking. Keywords: philosophy of sport, phenomenology, phenomenalism Introduction meaning could be modified depending on the authors’ actual goal. This situation is, of course, unsatisfactory In the Euro-American cultural space, the term “phe- and ultimately unacceptable.
    [Show full text]