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Effects of Timing and Duration of Flooding on Phosphorus Release in Four Restored Wetlands Around Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes, Oregon

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Effects of Timing and Duration of Flooding on Phosphorus Release in Four Restored Wetlands Around Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes, Oregon AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF Carla J. Stevens for the degree of Master of Science in Environmental Sciences presented on June 19, 2008. Title: Effects of Timing and Duration of Flooding on Phosphorus Release in Four Restored Wetlands around Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes, Oregon. Abstract approved: _________________________________________ Desiree Tullos Upper Klamath Lake (UKL) and Agency Lake in south-central Oregon are hypereutrophic due to phosphorus (P) loading from both geologic and agricultural sources in the watershed. Restoring historic lake-fringe wetlands to provide P sinks around the lakes has been accepted as a favorable means of reducing lake P levels and loading. Hydrologic management strategies differ in their timing of wetland filling and draining, and they may have significantly different outcomes on P forms and concentrations released to the lakes. To evaluate the effects of hydrologic management on P loading to the lakes, we investigated the biotic and abiotic mechanisms of P release related to timing and duration of inundation of wetland soils from four restoration sites through a laboratory and field study. More specifically, we evaluated four hypotheses related to hydrologic management and P release in the restored wetlands: 1) timing (temperature) of inundation affects the concentrations and forms of P released in study wetlands, 2) the nature of P dynamics in the study wetlands releases primarily soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), as opposed to organic P, 3) abiotic factors including dissolved oxygen, pH, redox, organic matter, and bulk density levels influence P release, and 4) soil P fractions change over time with different flooding regimes. These hypotheses were investigated in a lab experiment in which dry wetland soil cores were flooded for 56 days and included sampling of total phosphorus (TP), SRP, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, redox, and CO2. Measurements were also taken on soil cores when dry, flooded for one day, after experiment flooding, and after flooding in the field for soil pH, organic matter, bulk density, total P, microbial P, and inorganic P fractions. Higher release rates of TP were found in summer temperature treatments in all wetlands while release of SRP varied more with temperature and abiotic factors. Low DO and redox levels also influenced greater release of P from soil cores. Soil solution pH upon flooding resulted in dissolution of inorganic P fractions, leading to release of SRP to the water column. After dissolution, wetlands with mineral soils had greater capacities of adsorbing SRP into P fractions than the wetlands with organic soils. Microbial P was also a factor in SRP release; saturated biological demand resulted in higher mineralization than immobilization rates in two wetlands. Our data indicate that wetlands with hydrologic connectivity to the lakes and mineral soils released the lowest concentrations of TP, while SRP was variable. Further, our data provide evidence for determining best management strategies for wetlands to lower P loading to the lakes, which should be based upon soil type, how inorganic P is held in soil fractions, microbial activity, and the effect of abiotic factors such as temperature, DO, redox, and pH. ©Copyright by Carla J. Stevens June 19, 2008 All Rights Reserved Effects of Timing and Duration of Flooding on Phosphorus Release in Four Restored Wetlands around Agency and Upper Klamath Lakes, Oregon by Carla J. Stevens A THESIS submitted to Oregon State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Presented June 19, 2008 Commencement June 2009 Master of Science thesis of Carla J. Stevens presented on June 19, 2008. APPROVED: ____________________________________________________________ Major Professor, representing Environmental Sciences ____________________________________________________________ Director of the Environmental Sciences Program ____________________________________________________________ Dean of the Graduate School I understand that my thesis will become part of the permanent collection of Oregon State University libraries. My signature below authorizes release of my thesis to any reader upon request. ____________________________________________________________ Carla J. Stevens, Author ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The last two years have provided me a wonderful learning experience, and I would like to thank the people that have made this journey possible. I will be forever grateful to my advisor, Dr. Desiree Tullos, for her ever-present guidance and support, without which none of this would have been possible. My committee members, Dr. John Baham, Dr. Mary Santelmann, and Dr. Dominique Bachelet, also provided me valuable insight which I appreciate greatly. I would also like to thank Dr. Virginia Lesser for taking the time to decipher the statistics necessary for this project. This project would not have been possible had it not been for the generosity of USGS/IWW and USFWS-ERO by providing the necessary funding. When it came time to collect my field data, numerous people volunteered their time to make the process as efficient as possible. Thank you so much to those employees at The Nature Conservancy, Bureau of Land Management, and Bureau of Reclamation in Klamath Falls who were willing to assist me even when snow and freezing rain would have deterred many others. I would like to thank my family and friends who were always supportive by reminding me that anything is possible if you put your mind to it. Lastly, I cannot express enough gratitude to my best friend and husband, Ross Wise, who understands that dreams are meant to be fulfilled regardless of the cost. Living apart for two years has not been easy, and I could not have made it without your understanding and everlasting support. I love you! TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Introduction………………………………………………………………...………….1 History of Area Wetlands and P………………………………………...……..1 Factors Controlling P Release and Sequestration……………………………...3 Research Objectives and Hypotheses……………………………………….....5 Methods………………………………………………………………………………..5 Site Description………………………………………………………………..5 Soil Core Sampling………………………………………………………….....9 Lab Experiment……………………………………………………………….10 Field Study Sampling…………………………………………………………11 Soil Characterization and Fractionation Analysis…………………………….12 Water Analysis………………………………………………………………..12 Statistical Analysis……………………………………………………………13 Results………………………………………………………………………………...13 Soil Chemistry………………………………………………………………...13 Effects of Temperature on TP………………………………………………...14 Effects of Temperature on SRP……………………………………………….17 SRP Released as Percentage of TP……………………………………………20 Abiotic Effects on P…………………………………………………………...21 Flooding on P Fractions……………………………………………………….25 Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..26 Temperature Effects on TP Release…………………………………………..26 Temperature Effects on SRP Release…………………………………………28 SRP Released as Percentage of TP……………………………………………29 Influence of Abiotic Factors…………………………………………………..30 Flooding Effects on Soil P Fractions………………………………………….32 Management Implications……………………………………………………………..35 Conclusions…………………………………………………………………………....37 References……………………………………………………………………………..41 Appendices…………………………………………………………………………. …50 Appendix A: Appendix Figures………………………………………….…….51 Appendix B: Appendix Tables………………………………………………...64 LIST OF FIGURES Figure Page 1. Flooding and draining schedule for wetland sites over the calendar year…………………………………………………………………….…5 2. Location of restoration wetlands and sampling sites…………………………........7 3. Total phosphorus release over lab experiment temperature treatments…………. .15 4. Sum of TP release for each wetland by temperature treatment over 56 days of the lab experiment………………………………………………….....16 5. Total phosphorus released by temperature treatments as percentage of total soil phosphorus…………………………………………………………...17 6. Soluble reactive phosphorus release over lab experiment temperature treatments……………………………………………………………………….. .18 7. Sum of SRP release for each wetland by temperature treatment over 56 days of the lab experiment…………………………………………………….19 8. Soluble reactive phosphorus released by temperature treatments as percentage of total soil phosphorus………………………………………….........20 9. Dissolved oxygen concentrations by temperature treatment over lab experiment (a: winter, b: fall, c: summer)……………………………………….23 10. Redox measurements by temperature treatment over lab experiment…………..24 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Soil characteristics of dry/pre-flooded, one-day flooded, post-experiment flooded, and field flooded cores from top 5cm………………………………….. .14 2. SRP released in lab experiment as percentage of TP by temperature treatment…………………………………………………………………………...21 3. ANOVA results for effect of abiotic factors on release of TP and SRP from soil cores over duration of lab experiment…………………………………..22 4. Soil phosphorus fractions between dry, one-day flooded, post-experiment flooded and field flooded cores from top 5cm…………………………………….26 LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES Figure Page A1. Soil pH in each wetland (0-15cm cores)……………………………………….51 A2. Change in site 1 soil pH between pre and post-experiment soil cores by 0-5cm and 5-15cm increments………………………………………………51 A3. Change in soil pH between dry and field flooded soil cores by 0-5cm and 5-15cm increments………………………………………………………....52 A4. Percent organic matter in each wetland (0-15cm cores)……………………..…52 A5. Change in site 1 organic matter between pre and post-experiment soil cores by 0-5cm and 5-15cm increments………………………………………..53 A6. Change
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