Water Quality Standards Map Kahawaikolono Paiaha‘A Bay Kai‘Ole Bay Kalaepaakai Ka‘Alu‘Alu Bay Halii

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Water Quality Standards Map Kahawaikolono Paiaha‘A Bay Kai‘Ole Bay Kalaepaakai Ka‘Alu‘Alu Bay Halii Pacific Ocean 0 5001,000 Meters KOHALA HISTORICAL SITES STATE MONUMENT Hualua Lipoa Gl Mahukona Harbor Mahukona Keawaeli Bay Hawi Ohanaula Gl Hapuu Bay Holana Bay Kapaau Hapahapai Gl Kapana Bay Kukuipahu Keokea Bay Upolu Kapua Gl Hanaula Gl Neue Bay Alealea KOHALA HISTORICAL SITES STATE MONUMENT PaliAkamoa Gl Halelua Gl Waikama Gl Puhi Bay Aamakao Gl Kumakua Gl Waiania Gl Niulii PAOKALANI ISLET Kauilii Kauilii SEA BIRD SANCTUARY Lapakahi Lapakahi Halawa Gl Mahukona Kalalau Mahukona Harbor Pololu Halawa Gl Lapakahi Pololu Lapakahi Hapahapai Gl Pololu Kolealiilii Hilo Bay LAPAKAHI STATE Honokane Nui Kuhio Bay Honopue Waiania Gl Waipahi Kukui HISTORICAL PARK Waipahi Pukihae Pololu Waimaile Wawaionu Ohiahuea Nakookoo Kaupalaoa Kailikaula Honokane Iki Honokane Nui Waiaalala Waimanu Bay Nakookoo Ahulua Waikaloa Aamakao Gl Pae Gl Honokane Nui Waiapuka Pukoa Gl Ohiahuea LAPAKAHI STATE Pololu Kaimu Makeahua Honokane Iki Punalulu Waimanu Paopao Waimanu Manuwaikaalio Gl Honokea Reeds Bay Keawanui HISTORICAL PARK Kahoopuu Puanui Honopue Waipio Bay Honokane Nui Hilo Wailoa Waimanu Kawaiaholehole G Wailuku R Waialeale Gl Pohakuloa Gl Waimanu Naluea Keawewai Gl Wailoa Waikoekoe Gl Honokane Nui Waipunahoe Gl Wailoa Kapulena Gl Wailuku R Keawanui Bay Pohakuluaahula Honokane Nui Waipahoehoe Wailoa Honokoa Gl Kawaikalia Gl Kawela Gl Wailoa Malanahae Gl Kaluahine Falls Kaluahine Kalala Ahualoa Gl Wailoa PUU O UMI NATURAL AREA RESERVE Ouli Wailoa Keaakaukau Gl Keanahalululu Gl Papuaa Kapole Gl Honokoa Gl Wailoa Honokoa Gl Waiulili Ouli Kamilo Gl Nienie Gl Wailoa Kukuiaonanipahu Honokoa Gl Wailoa R Waiulaula Kaiopae Gl Kapulena Gl Papuaa Waiakailio Bay Honokoa Gl Keahua Gl Wailoa Wailoa Honokoa Gl Wailoa Keanahalululu Gl Kemau Waiulaula Waikahalulu Gl Waiulaula Kaunamano Gl Kawaihae Kawaihae Waiulaula WAILOA RIVER Kawaihae Wailoa Waipunahoe Gl Kawaihae Kawaihae Kawaihae Puu Kamalii Alilipali Gl Lamimaumau Waiulaula Haloa Keahua Gl STATE RECREATION AREA Kawaihae KOAIA TREE SANCTUARY Pa‘auilo Kainapahoa Gl Pohakuhaku Gl Aamanu Waiulaula Haloa Paauilo Gl Kawaihae Waikoloa Waiulaula Kukuilamalamahii PUUKOHOLA HEIAU Waiulaula Wailoa R Wailoa R NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE Kaawikiwiki Gl Kawaihae Nienie Gl Waipunahina Gl Maonakomalie Kahaupuu Gl Kaiwiki Lamimaumau Kukaiau Gl Kukui Alaialoa Gl Keehia Gl Kealakaha Kalehua Gl Waiulaula Waipunahoe Gl Kaula Gl Kaohaoha Kauna‘oa Bay Waiulaula Waipunalei HAPUNA BEACH STATE Kupapaulua Gl Laupahoehoe Waipunalau Gl RECREATION AREA Kilau Hapuna Bay Pualaea Papa‘aloa Hapuna Manowaiopae HAPUNA BEACH STATE Kaawalii Gl Waialea Bay RECREATION AREA Holoholoku Puuulaula Kuwaikahi Honokaia Gl Lauhala Gl 0 500 1,000 Meters Puako Bay Kahawailiilii Gl Laupahoehoe Waialea Weloka Maulua Bay Kihalani Paeohe Kaula Gl Kaiwilahilahi Pahale Kalapahapuu Gl Puuulaula Kaawalii Gl Waikoloa Waikoloa Kaumoali Gl Kilau Kapehu Kaihuiki Haakoa Pauoa Bay Kaawalii Gl Kapehu Kaaheiki Poupou Waikolu Puuulaula Makaiwa Bay Waikoloa Kaala Pauoa Kaawalii Gl Waikaumalo Kalopa Gl Waiulili Maulua Maulua Waikolu Ahole LAUPAHOEHOE NATURAL AREA RESERVE Ninole Nanue Honokaope Bay Kamakoa Gl Maulua Maulua Pohakupuka Nanue Kulanakii Kaiwilahilahi Waikaumalo Nanue Lepoloa Waiulua Bay Maulua Pohakupuka Peleau Kamakoa Gl Waiehu Nanue Koholalele Gl Manoloa Umauma PUU MALI MITIGATION Maulua Waikaumalo Pahale Haakoa Nanue Hakalau Bay Anaehoomalu Bay Kalopa Gl Waikoloa Haakoa Nanue Hakalau Kalopa Gl Umauma Pohakupuka Opea Umauma Waikaumalo Waikaumalo Nanue Umauma Kalopa Gl Kaula Gl Waikaumalo Nanue Waikaumalo Nanue Pauoa Koholalele Gl Hakalauiki Anaehoomalu Umauma Wailea Bay Umauma Kaniku Kamakoa Gl Waiulili Waiulili HAKALAU FOREST NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Pueo Bay Kuhua Lauhala Gl Hopeaia Kolekole Kaula Gl Puuulaula Keawaiki Bay Umauma Honomu Kamakoa Gl Waiulili Waikaumalo Umauma Pohakumanu Bay Kalopa Gl Hakalau Kaula Gl Nanue Malamalamaiki Umauma Ohiki Bay Waiulili Nanue AKAKA FALLS Hakalau Kolekole STATE PARK Kaupakuea Kalopa Gl Honomu Auwaiakeakua Gl Umauma Umauma Kamakoa Gl Kolekole Kamakoa Gl Kamakoa Gl Kalopa Gl Kolekole Kaula Gl Laimi Makea Umauma Kolekole Kiholo Bay Kapehu Lonokaeho Auwaiakeakua Gl Umauma Alia Kamakoa Gl Umauma Paheehee Umauma Waimaauou Pauoa Kamakoa Gl Pepeekeo Kolekole Waimaauou Auwaiakeakua Gl MAUNA KEA ICE AGE Kolekole Kukuikea NATURAL AREA RESERVE Honomu Kawainui Hakalau Kawainui Kawainui Onomea Kawainui Bay KAOHE MITIGATION Kolekole Kolekole Waiaama Kawainui Kahuwai Bay Auwaiakeakua Gl Umauma Kawainui Alakahi Kolekole Kawainui Wailuku R Kolekole HAKALAU FOREST NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE WAILUKU SILVERSWORD Kolekole Onomea Bay Kapue Hanawi Kukio Bay Kapue Auwaiakeakua Gl SANCTUARY/MAUNA KEA FR Kalaoa Aleamai Waikahalulu Gl Wailuku R Wailuku R Honolii Wailuku R Kaieie Kua Bay Wailuku R Kapue Kapue Kapue Kapue Kapue Auwaiakeakua Gl Puupohakuloa Puuokalepa Wailuku R Kapue Kaapoko Kahoiawa Bay Wailuku R Kapue Papaikou Wailuku R Honolii Pahoehoe Kapue MAUNA KEA ICE AGE Wailuku R Pahoehoe Pahoehoe Wailuku R Kapue Kapue Awakee Bay NATURAL AREA RESERVE Mokihana Bay Auwaiakeakua Gl Honolii Pahoehoe Honolii Pahoehoe Wailuku R Pahoehoe PUU WAAWAA FOREST RESERVE Honolii Puu Alii Bay Auwaiakeakua Gl Wailuku R Honolii Puupohakuloa Pahoehoe Paukaa Wailuku R Honolii Pahoehoe Honolii Honolii Honolii Honolii Honolii Mahaiula Bay Honolii Honolii Honolii Honolii KEKAHA KAI Honolii STATE PARK Wailuku R Maili Maili Pohakuloa Gl Wailuku R Maili Kauhiula Wailuku R Pukihae Maili Maili Wailuku R Maili Puukoohi Wailuku R Wailuku R Alealea Kalalau Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Alealea Wailuku R Wailuku R MAUNA KEA STATE RECREATION AREA/MAUNA KEA FR Wailuku R Puhi Bay Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Hilo Bay Kuhio Bay Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Hilo Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Reeds Bay Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R WAILOA RIVER STATE Wailuku R WAILUKU RIVER Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R STATE PARK RECREATION AREA Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Hoona Bay PUU WAAWAA FOREST BIRD SANCTUARY Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailoa R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailuku R Wailoa R Wailoa R Kaahakini Kaahakini Wailoa R KALOKO-HONOKOHAU NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Honokohau Bay Waiaha Wailoa R Kailua-Kona Wailoa R Paki Bay Waiaha Pawai Bay Kea‘au Waiaha Waiaha Oneo Bay Waiaha Kailua Bay KIPUKA AINAHOU NENE SANCTUARY Holualoa Kahului Bay Kurtistown KEOLONAHIHI STATE HISTORICAL PARK-KEAKEALANIWAHINE KEOLONAHIHI STATE HISTORICAL PARK Kahaluu Bay Keaau Mountain View Nanawale Bay Heeia BayKeauhou Keauhou Bay Maihi Bay Waihou PUU MAKAALA NATURAL AREA RESERVE Paaoao Bay Kealakekua Kapoho Bay Keaau Keonepoko Pahoa LAVA TREE STATE MONUMENT HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Keaau Captain Cook Keawekaheka Bay KEALAKEKUA BAY STATE HISTORICAL PARK Kealakekua Bay Pohoiki Bay MACKENZIE STATE RECREATION AREA Mokuakae Bay Volcano Honaunau Honaunau Bay PUU HONAU O HONAUNAU KAHAUALEA NATURAL AREA RESERVE NATIONAL HISTORICAL PARK Kiilae Kiilae Ki‘ilae Bay KEALAKEKUA BAY Kealia STATE HISTORICAL PARK HAKALAU FOREST NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE S.KONA SEC Kukalauula Kauhako Bay Kukalauula Kilauea Gl Kapilo Bay Waloala HAWAII VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Waloala Waloala Waloala Kahele Waloala Honokua Kipukanene Waloala Kahuku Kealakekua Bay Waloala Waloala Kaaha Waloala Kaaha Waloala Waloala Waloala Kaaha Waloala Waloala Kahele Opihinehe Kalue Hionamoa Gl Kukalauula KEAOI ISLET SEA BIRD SANCTUARY Waloala Waloala Pohakaa Moaula Gl Waloala Alika Moaula Gl Waloala Waloala Waloala Moaula Gl KIPAHOEHOE NATURAL AREA RESERVE Kipahoehoe Bay Moaula Gl Punaluu Gl Punaluu Gl Moaula Gl Moaula Gl Hionamoa Gl Punaluu Gl Punaluu Gl Alika Bay Ninole Gl Pahala Papa Bay Moaula Gl Moaula Gl Hilea Gl Ninole Gl Punaluu Gl Mahuka Bay Ninole Gl Punaluu Gl Gl Hionamoa Hilea Gl Punaluu Gl Waloala Milolii Bay Ninole Gl Hilea Gl Ninole Gl Honomalino Bay Punaluu Gl Waiapele Bay Hilea Gl Punaluu Gl Okoe Bay Ninole Punalu‘u Harbor Kaupo Bay Hilea Gl Kamaohe Bay Honuapo Kuhua Bay Kaalualu Kaluapuhi Kawa Bay MANUKA STATE WAYSIDE Honuapo Kaluapuhi Naalehu MANUKA NATURAL AREA RESERVE Hanakaulua Bay Kaalualu Kaunamano 0 500 1,000 Meters Honu‘apo Bay Puunanaia Manuka Bay Waiohinu Kumukaumaha Kaalualu Na‘alehu Mokuakae Bay Kumukaumaha Keauhou Papakolea Kaalualu Hawaii Department of Health Waiohinu Waikapuna Bay Pohue Bay Kaalualu Keliuli Bay Paea Kaalualu Waiohinu Pulehua Paea Awawaloa Kalaeohoaiku Water Quality Standards Map Kahawaikolono Paiaha‘a Bay Kai‘ole Bay Kalaepaakai Ka‘alu‘alu Bay Halii Onikipuka Haliipaakai Nakapuaiakoni Papakolea of the Mahana Mahana Bay Quality Standards Classifications Puuulaula Inland Classifications Kaulana Bay ISLAND OF HAWAI`I Class 1 streams & waterbodies 02.5 5 10 15 20 Kilometers Class 2 streams & waterbodies 0 2 4 8 12 16 20 Miles Marine Classifications A Bounded by 100-fathom contour AA June q 2014 3 Mile Boundary Line: Areas situated This map is a geographic representation of Hawaii State Water within this line but outside of the 100-fathom Quality Standards as set forth in Hawaii Administrative Rules contour are subject to Hawaii State Oceanic Chapter 11-54, but is intended for reference only, not to substitute Water Quality Standards. DRAFT for the governing language in the Water Quality Standards..
Recommended publications
  • HAWAII National Park HAWAIIAN ISLANDS
    HAWAII National Park HAWAIIAN ISLANDS UNITED STATES RAILROAD ADMINISTRATION N AT IONAL PAR.K. SERIES n A 5 o The world-famed volcano of Kilauea, eight miles in circumference An Appreciation of the Hawaii National Park By E. M. NEWMAN, Traveler and Lecturer Written Especially for the United States Railroad Administration §HE FIRES of a visible inferno burning in the midst of an earthly paradise is a striking con­ trast, afforded only in the Hawaii National Park. It is a combination of all that is terrify­ ing and all that is beautiful, a blending of the awful with the magnificent. Lava-flows of centuries are piled high about a living volcano, which is set like a ruby in an emer­ ald bower of tropical grandeur. Picture a perfect May day, when glorious sunshine and smiling nature combine to make the heart glad; then multiply that day by three hundred and sixty-five and the result is the climate of Hawaii. Add to this the sweet odors, the luscious fruits, the luxuriant verdure, the flowers and colorful beauty of the tropics, and the Hawaii National Park becomes a dreamland that lingers in one's memory as long as memory survives. Pa ae three To the American People: Uncle Sam asks you to be his guest. He has prepared for you the choice places of this continent—places of grandeur, beauty and of wonder. He has built roads through the deep-cut canyons and beside happy streams, which will carry you into these places in comfort, and has provided lodgings and food in the most distant and inaccessible places that you might enjoy yourself and realize as little as possible the rigors of the pioneer traveler's life.
    [Show full text]
  • Raw Sewage and Solid Waste Dumps in Lava Tube Caves of Hawaii Island
    William R. Halliday - Raw sewarge and sold waste dumps in lave tube caves of Hawaii Island. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies, v. 65, n. 1, p. 68-75. RAW SEWAGE AND SOLID WASTE DUMPS IN LAVA TUBE CAVES OF HAWAII ISLAND WILLIAM R. HALLIDAY Hawaii Speleological Survey, 6530 Cornwall Court, Nashville, TN 37205 USA [email protected] Lava tubes on the island of Hawaii (and elsewhere) are possible subsurface point sources of contamina- tion in addition to more readily identifiable sources on the surface. Human and animal waste, and haz- ardous and toxic substances dumped into lava tube caves are subject to rapid transport during flood events, which are the dominant type of groundwater flow through Hawaiian lava tubes. Although these waste materials may not be a major source of pollution when compared with some surface sources, this potential hazard should be evaluated much as in the case of karstic floodwater conduits. This paper explores the interaction of water flow and solid waste dumps and sewage in lava tubes and lava tube caves of Hawaii Island, Hawaii - an island almost as large as the state of Connecticut (Fig. 1)-and resulting potential threats to groundwater quality. In recent years, Hawaiian cavers and speleologists have become increasingly concerned about these occurrences. Some of the solid waste dumps can be seen to contain partially empty containers of toxic and/or hazardous substances (Fig. 2), including automotive and agricultural waste. Stinking raw sewage speaks for itself (Fig. 3), and members of the Hawaii chapter of the National Speleological Society have been shown the top of a septic tank or cesspool near Keaau said to consist of an unlined segment of lava tube cave.
    [Show full text]
  • Characteristic Piezocone Penetration Responses
    Volcanic Ash Riverbank Stabilization Supporting Affordable Housing Complex Kealohi Sandefur1, P.E., M. ASCE; James Kwong, Ph.D., P.E., M. ASCE2; and Colton Takaesu3 M.S. 1Associate Geotechnical Engineer, Yogi Kwong Engineers, LLC, 677 Ala Moana Blvd., # 710, Honolulu, HI 2 Principal, Yogi Kwong Engineers, LLC, 677 Ala Moana Blvd., # 710, Honolulu, HI 3 Geotechnical Engineer, Yogi Kwong Engineers, LLC, 677 Ala Moana Blvd., # 710, Honolulu, HI ABSTRACT Deep soil erosion along a portion of Wailuku River in Hilo, whose nearly 50 foot- tall and near vertical riverbank was less than 10 feet from a non-profit Apartment building, threatened to undermine the shallow spread-footing foundation of this multistory apartment building. The design and construction to stabilize the riverbank was severely constrained by the limited construction access to the riverbank near the apartment building. Moreover, access to the riverbank via the Wailuku River was prohibited unless an Army Corps Clean Water Act Section 404 permit was obtained, a lengthy process which would have taken two years or more causing the non-profit owner of the Apartments to not qualify for highly sought after federal tax-credits, which were essential to the financial viability of slope stabilization project and continuation of the affordable housing’s operations. Utilizing investigative field data gathered by conventional exploratory drilling; geologic mapping; and geophysical surveying, an innovative design approach was developed incorporating small-diameter soil nails and rock anchors tied to a reinforced shotcrete mat. The nails, anchors, and shotcrete mat could be installed by small equipment enabling construction within the narrow access to the site.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparison of Water Quality Between Low- and High-Flow River Conditions in a Tropical Estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii
    A Comparison of Water Quality Between Low- and High-Flow River Conditions in a Tropical Estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii Tracy N. Wiegner, Lucas H. Mead & Stephanie L. Molloy Estuaries and Coasts Journal of the Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation ISSN 1559-2723 Estuaries and Coasts DOI 10.1007/s12237-012-9576-x 1 23 Your article is protected by copyright and all rights are held exclusively by Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation. This e-offprint is for personal use only and shall not be self- archived in electronic repositories. If you wish to self-archive your work, please use the accepted author’s version for posting to your own website or your institution’s repository. You may further deposit the accepted author’s version on a funder’s repository at a funder’s request, provided it is not made publicly available until 12 months after publication. 1 23 Author's personal copy Estuaries and Coasts DOI 10.1007/s12237-012-9576-x A Comparison of Water Quality Between Low- and High-Flow River Conditions in a Tropical Estuary, Hilo Bay, Hawaii Tracy N. Wiegner & Lucas H. Mead & Stephanie L. Molloy Received: 17 November 2011 /Revised: 17 May 2012 /Accepted: 20 May 2012 # Coastal and Estuarine Research Federation 2012 Abstract Effects of storms on the water quality of Hilo conditions. Soil-derived particles and fecal indicator bacteria Bay, Hawaii, were examined by sampling surface waters at increased during storms, while chlorophyll a concentrations 6 stations 10 times during low-flow and 18 times during high- and bacterial cell abundances decreased. Our results suggest flow (storms) river conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Hawaii Hilo Area Opportunity Zones Fact Sheet
    HAWAII’S OPPORTUNITY ZONES Hilo Area An overview of the potential opportunities for industrial, commercial, and residential investment What is an Opportunity Zone? INTRODUCTION TO HAWAII’S OPPORTUNITY ZONES These overviews are designed to give investors a high-level overview of the potential opportunities in each of these zones in terms of industrial, commercial, and residential investment possibilities. OPPORTUNITY ZONES Hawaii designated 25 census tracts as opportunity zones as part of the new federal community development program established by Congress in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 BENEFITS TO INVESTORS to encourage long-term investments in low-income urban A temporary tax deferral for capital gains reinvested in an and rural communities nationwide. Its stated purpose is to opportunity fund. The deferred gain must be recognized on the encourage entrepreneurship and expansion capital for earlier of the date on which the opportunity zone investment is economically distressed areas of the country. sold or December 31, 2026. A step-up in basis for capital gains reinvested in an opportunity fund. The basis of the original investment is increased by 10% if the investment in the qualified opportunity zone fund is held by the taxpayer for at least 5 years, and by an additional 5% if held for at least 7 years, excluding up to 15% of the original gain from taxation. A permanent exclusion from taxable income of capital gains from the sale or exchange of an investment in a qualified ADDITIONAL INCENTIVES opportunity zone fund, if the investment is held for at least 10 Almost all the opportunity zones in Hawaii overlay with other years.
    [Show full text]
  • National Park Hawaii Hawaii
    NATIONAL PARK HAWAII HAWAII H A W A I I CONTENTS Outdoor Life in Hawaiian Islands 2 Interesting Features 2 Kilauea-Mauna Loa Section 3 Kilauea 3 Mauna Loa 9 Kipuka Puaulu 11 Volcano Observatory 11 Uwekahuna Museum 12 Hui O Pele 13 Roads 13 Trails 13 Circle Trips by Trail 14 Mauna Loa Trip 16 Haleakala Section 16 Trail Trips in Haleakala Section 18 Common Trees and Shrubs 21 Native Hawaiian Birds 24 Administration 25 Naturalist Service 25 Free Public Campgrounds 25 Army Camp 25 How to Reach the Park 26 Transportation to Kilauea-Mauna Loa Section 26 Transportation to Haleakala Section 27 Accommodations and Expenses 27 Photographic Supplies 28 Communication Service 28 References 29 Rules and Regulations 30 Important Historical Events 31 National Parks in Brief 32 Government Publications 33 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR • Harold L. Ickes, Secretary NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • Arno B. Commerer, Director UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE • 1938 OPEN ALL YEAR HAWAII NATIONAL PARK, in the Terri­ tory of Hawaii, was created by act of \JheCongress August 1, 1916, and placed under the con­ trol of the National Park Service of the Department of the Interior. It is unique in that it consists of two separate tracts of land lying on different islands. The Kilauea-Mauna Loa section is located on the island of Hawaii and the Haleakala section is on the island of Maui. The total area of the park is 245 square miles. Of this, 219 square miles are in the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section and 26 in the Haleakala section.
    [Show full text]
  • Barriers to Protect Hilo from Lava Flows'
    Barriers to Protect Hilo from Lava Flows' GORDON A. MACDONALD2 THE CITY OF HILa, on the island of Hawaii, out because it was considered not to be a lies on the flank of one of the world 's most justified function of the War Department active volcanoes, Mauna Loa. For more than (Jaggar, 1945: 340-341). a century the danger of destruction ofthe city It is the purpose of this paper to review the by lava flows has been recognized. Old docu­ need of protection for Hilo, and the methods ments recount the apprehension with which by which it might be accomplished. When I Hilo residents watched the advance of the first heard ofthe proposal to protect Hilo from lava flows of 1852 and 1855. In 1881 concern lava by means of walls to deflect the flows, I was even greater, as the flow front crawled was very doubtful whether the method could within a mile of the shore of Hilo Bay. Early be successful. However, the study of active in his studies of Hawaiian volcanoes, the late flows during 7 eruptions and of many older Dr. Thomas A. Jaggar recognized the threat flows, in the course of 17 years of experience to Hilo, and for many years the safety of the with Hawaiian volcanoes, has convinced me city and methods by which it might be in­ that such walls have an excellent probability sured were among his principal concerns of succeeding. Attempts to build diversion (Jaggar , 1931, 1949). barriers during the 1955 eruption of Kilauea In 1937, following preliminary studies by have not weakened that conviction, though the staff of the Hawaiian Volcano Observa­ they have shown that the walls must be care­ tory, Jaggar proposed the building of a bar­ fully planned, and properly placed and rier, or barriers, on the lower slopes ofMauna constructed.
    [Show full text]
  • Denudation Rates of the Hawaiian Islands by Rivers and Groundwaters1
    Pacific Science (1988), vol. 42, nos. 3-4 © 1988 by the Universityof Hawaii Press. All rights reserved Denudation Rates of the Hawaiian Islands by Rivers and Groundwaters1 YUAN-HUI LIZ ABSTRACT: The carbonic acid produced by the microbial oxidation oforganic matter is the most important chemical weathering agent ofthe Hawaiian basaltic rocks. The total denudation rate of the Hawaiian Islands ranges from 11 to 50 mg/cmz /yr (or 0.04-0.19 mm /yr), The island of Hawaii has the lowest denuda­ tion rate among the Hawaiian Islands. BASED ON THE REMOVAL RATE of dissolved River at Hilo on the island of Hawaii (USGS calcium by rivers, Moberly (1963) estimated Station No. 16213000, monthly data from the total denudation rate (including both October 1979 to September 1981). One excep­ chemical and physical) of the Kaneohe Bay tion is sulfate concentration data, which are watershed on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, to quite variable and show no direct correlation be about 34 mg/cm"/yr or 0.13 mm /yr (based with runoff. Another interesting observation on a density ofbasaltic rocks in the area of2.6 is the near constancy or only slight decrease 3 g/cm ). Since the denudation rate ofany river of chloride ion concentration as the run­ drainage area is a complex function ofrainfall off increases. The chloride ion in rain and rate, river runoff, vegetation coverage, tex­ river waters is supplied mainly by the sea-salt ture and composition of parental rocks, etc. aerosols from the ocean. The [SOi-]/[Cn (Garrels and Mackenzie 1971, Sherman and weight ratio in rainwater along Saddle Road, Ikawa 1968), this paper addresses the ques­ which is almost parallel to Wailuku River, tion of how comparable Moberly's estimated ranges from 0.20 near seashore to 0.86 inland value is to other areas in the Hawaiian island at an elevation of1625 m (Eriksson 1957).
    [Show full text]
  • Kilauea Fieldguide Latest.Pdf
    2 This field trip guide borrows from similar guides written by George P.L. Walker, Jack Lockwood, Rick Hazlett, Peter Lipman, and Norm Banks Map of Hawai‘i showing post-western-contact (i.e., since 1778) lava flows, and indicating geographic locations covered in this fieldguide. (adapted from Rowland & Walker 1990). 3 HILO Hilo is built on pre- and post-contact lava flows of Mauna Loa. Most of the city is underlain by the ~1350 year-old Pana‘ewa flow, which is a large-volume, mostly tube-fed pāhoehoe oceanite picrite (Lipman & Moore 1996). The Pana‘ewa flow underlies the whole of the nearly flat land south and east of the airport. It is well-exposed in an industrial area just off HWY 11 a little past the Pana‘ewa zoo while heading south from Hilo to Volcano, as well as along the coastline near Banyon Drive. During 1880-81, tube-fed p āhoehoe erupted from ~3200 m elevation on Mauna Loa’s NE rift zone entered what is now part of Hilo (Figure 1), and it is exposed best at the Ka ūmana cave. Hilo is built in the subtle constructional valley formed by the boundary of Mauna Kea and Mauna Loa volcanoes. The cliffs to the north along the Hāmākua coast are sea cliffs cut into deeply weathered Mauna Kea pyroclastics and lavas. The constructional valley extends beneath the ocean, and along with the coastline helps to funnel tsunami directly to the city of Hilo (Figure 2). More than 150 people were killed here by a tsu- Figure 1.
    [Show full text]
  • 804 Northeast Mauna Loa Aquifer Sector Area
    804 Northeast Mauna Loa Aquifer Sector Area 804 NORTHEAST MAUNA LOA AQUIFER SECTOR AREA 804.1 SECTOR AREA PROFILE 804.1.1 General The Northeast Mauna Loa Aquifer Sector Area (ASEA) includes the Hilo [80401] and the Keeau [80402] Aquifer System Areas (ASYA). Geographically, the sector area covers a rectangular area from a western limit along the summit of Mauna Loa to the base of Mauna Kea to the coastline stretching from Hilo Bay south to Keeau. The sector includes the southern halves of the North Hilo and South Hilo districts, as well as northernmost slices of the Puna and Kau districts. The bulk of urban Hilo and Keeau fall within this sector area. Coastal areas average less than 150 inches a year in rainfall increasing to over 250 inches per year in the higher elevations of Kaumana. Near the summit of Mauna Loa, rainfall averages less than 15 inches per year. The sustainable yield (SY) of the Hilo ASYA is 347 mgd, and the SY of the Keeau ASYA is 393 mgd, combining for a total SY of 740 mgd for the entire sector area, the highest of all aquifer sector areas on the island. 804.1.2 Economy and Population 804.1.2.1 Economy Hilo is the center of business, industry and government in Hawaii County. Although visitor accommodations have steadily declined in the last 30 years, Hilo still attracts upward of 30 percent of the County’s visitors. The continued growth of the cruise ship industry, with annual expenditures in the $20 million range, has also made a significant impact on the economy.
    [Show full text]
  • Water Quality in Hilo Bay,Hawaii, USA, Under
    WATER QUALITY IN HILO BAY, HAWAII, U.S.A., UNDER BASEFLOW AND STORM CONDITIONS FINAL PROJECT REPORT APRIL 2009 Dr. Tracy Wiegner1 and Lucas Mead2 Marine Science Department1 Master’s Program in Tropical Conservation Biology and Environmental Science2 University of Hawaii at Hilo 200 W. Kawili Street, Hilo, HI 96720 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES Pg. 4 LIST OF FIGURES Pgs. 5-6 LIST OF APPENDICIES Pgs. 7-8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Pgs. 9-14 PROJECT OVERVIEW Pgs. 15-16 BACKGROUND Pgs. 16-21 METHODS Pgs. 21-26 Experimental design Pg. 21 Site description Pgs. 21-23 Sampling strategy Pgs. 23-24 Sample collection Pg. 24 Sample processing Pg. 25 Analytical methods Pgs. 25-26 River yield calculations Pg. 26 RESULTS Pgs. 26-46 Summary of river yields Pgs. 26-27 Summary of baseflow conditions Pgs. 28-32 Summary of Storm 1 Pgs. 32-36 Summary of Storm 2 Pgs. 36-40 Summary of Storm 3 Pgs. 40-42 Summary of Storm 4 Pgs. 43-46 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Pgs. 46-53 2 - - NO3 +NO2 in Hilo Bay…………………………………………….Pgs. 46-48 Turbidity in Hilo Bay……………………………………………….Pgs. 48-50 Chl a in Hilo Bay……………………………………………………Pgs. 50-53 RECOMMENDATIONS Pgs. 53-54 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Pg. 55 REFERENCES Pgs. 56-59 TABLES 1 – 10 Pgs. 60-70 FIGURES 4 – 26 Pgs. 71-93 APPENDICIES 1 – 6 Pgs. 94-135 3 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Characteristics of the Wailuku and Wailoa River watersheds Pg. 60 Table 2: Station codes and GPS coordinates Pg. 61 Table 3: Sampling event date, river discharge, and rainfall Pg.
    [Show full text]
  • Mythical Creatures, Boiling Pots and Tourist Encounters at Wailuku River in Hilo, Hawai‘I EILIN HOLTAN TORGERSEN
    7. Waters of Destruction: Mythical Creatures, Boiling Pots and Tourist Encounters at Wailuku River in Hilo, Hawai‘i EILIN HOLTAN TORGERSEN Introduction The relationships between people and the sea, or the ‘social life’ of the sea, have been extensively studied in the Pacific, yet the social lives of rivers in this region have not been given the same attention. Given the importance that rivers hold for most societies, it makes sense to ask whether rivers in the Pacific are equally as interesting and complex as the sea. Looking at large rivers on a global scale, such as the Ganges, the Amazon or the Nile—all rather striking natural features that occupy large areas within the landscape—one becomes aware of the important roles such rivers have played in world history and in the development of the societies along their banks. These rivers are roads for transportation and trade, pilgrim destinations, sources for irrigation systems and drinking water, tourist attractions and, in general, gathering places for people of different social and cultural backgrounds. 165 Island Rivers Like others in this volume (Chapters 3, 4 and 9), this chapter will focus on bodies of fresh water on a much smaller scale. Hawai‘i does not have any large-scale rivers. In fact, many of the rivers in Hawai‘i would probably be called creeks or streams in societies with large-scale rivers, or even those with mid-sized rivers that are discussed in this volume (e.g. Chapters 2 and 5). So why should we study rivers in Hawai‘i? The small scale of the rivers does not make them less important or less interesting; on the contrary, they prove to be equally as important to the local landscape, economy, culture and history as any large-scale river elsewhere.
    [Show full text]