The Church of the East

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

The Church of the East THE CHURCH OF THE EAST The Church of the East is currently the only complete history in English of the East Syriac Church. It covers the periods of the Sas- sanians, Arabs, Mongols, Ottomans, and the twentieth century, with information about the Syriac, Iranian, and Chinese documentation of this unique and almost forgotten part of Christendom. “This is an important book. It tells the story concisely of the ‘Church of the East’ . established in east Syria but principally in Parthia beyond Rome’s eastern frontier.... It was associated with the doctrinal view of the deposed patriarch of Constantinople, Nestorius, and was known as the Nestorian Church.... Today, it has survived as a small minority in parts of Persia and Iraq, and it has more adherents in the US than in its ancient homeland.... This is the best short history of the Church of the East to date . a fine, scholarly work, bringing to the notice of students the wealth of the spiritual and theological legacy as well as the sheer missionary drive of this now half-forgotten Church. As a book it will not easily be replaced, and it is a credit to its authors and publishers alike.” W. H. C. Frend, University of Cambridge “There has long been a need for a reliable book in English on the history of the Church of the East which also gives good coverage to the position of this ancient Syriac Church in the context of modern ecumenical discussion. It is most welcome that this need is now met by Baum and Winkler in this translation of their German book.” Sebastian Brock, University of Oxford “Baum and Winkler have done us good service in providing this easily accessible account of the Church of the East ... the first full history of the Church of the East since the work of Cardinal Tisserant.” Stuart Munro-Hay The authors Wilhelm Baum is Associate Professor and teaches Medieval History at the Universities of Graz and Klagenfurt, Austria. He is the author of The Transformation of the Myth of Prester John (1999) and Ethiopia and Europe in the Middle Ages (2001). Dietmar W. Winkler is Associate Professor and teaches Patristics and Ecumenical Theology at the University of Graz and the Cister- cian School of Theology Heiligenkreuz, Austria. THE CHURCH OF THE EAST A concise history Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar W. Winkler First published 2000 as Die Apostolische Kirche des Ostens by Verlag Kitab, Klagenfurt English translation published 2003 by RoutledgeCurzon 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by RoutledgeCurzon 29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001 This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003. RoutledgeCurzon is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group © 2000 Verlag Kitab Klagenfurt English translation © 2003 Verlag Kitab Klagenfurt English translation by Miranda G. Henry Produced with the support of the Foundation Pro Oriente (Austria) All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Baum, Wilhelm The Church of the East: a concise history/Wilhelm Baum & Dietmar W. Winkler. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nestorian Church–History. 2. Nestorians. I. Winkler, Dietmar W. II. Title. BX153.3 .B38 2003 281′.8′09–dc21 2002036712 ISBN 0-203-42309-7 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 0-203-42483-2 (Adobe eReader Format) ISBN 0–415–29770–2 (Print Edition) CONTENTS List of illustrations ix Preface xi The “Apostolic Church of the East”: a brief introduction to the writing of church history and to terminology 1 DIETMAR W. WINKLER 1 The age of the Sassanians: until 651 7 DIETMAR W. WINKLER The beginnings of Christianity in Persia 7 The question of apostolic foundation 11 The centralization of the Church and the reception of the faith of Nicaea 14 The acceptance of other Western synods (420) 17 Declaration of independence of the Church of the East in 424? 19 The school of the Persians in Edessa and the Council of Ephesus (431) 21 The school of Nisibis 26 Acceptance of Nestorianism at the synods of 484 and 486? 28 The Church of the East in the sixth century 32 From Babai the Great to the Arab conquest 37 v CONTENTS 2 The age of the Arabs: 650–1258 42 WILHELM BAUM The period of Catholicos Ishoyahb III and the dawn of Islam 42 The China mission in the seventh and eighth centuries 46 East Syriac Christianity in India 51 Timotheos I (780–823) and the Abbasid period (749–946) 58 East Syrians as cultural mediators 64 Church history and church law 69 Missionary activity in Central Asia 73 The image of the Apostolic Church of the East in thirteenth-century Europe 81 3 The age of the Mongols: thirteenth and fourteenth centuries 84 WILHELM BAUM The Church of the East and the Mongols 84 The Church of the West discovers the Church of the East 89 The era of Catholicos Yahballaha III (1281–1317) 94 The period of Catholicos Timotheos II (1318–32) 101 The dark centuries of the Church of the East 104 4 The age of the Ottomans: fifteenth to nineteenth centuries 112 WILHELM BAUM Chaldean and Indian unions 112 The “Mountain Nestorian” Catholicate and further unions with Rome 116 Russian and Western missionary activity in the nineteenth century 123 5 The twentieth century 135 DIETMAR W. WINKLER vi CONTENTS World War I 136 Postwar diplomacy and the question of an Assyrian state 139 The end of the British mandate in Iraq 142 Emigration and diaspora 144 Ecclesiastical reorganization and patriarchal schism 146 The patriarchate of Mar Dinkha IV Khnanaya and ecumenical efforts 150 Present situation and structure 154 6 Language and literature of the Church of the East 158 Syriac literature 158 DIETMAR W. WINKLER Iranian literature 165 MANFRED HUTTER Turkish, Uighur, and Chinese literature 171 WILHELM BAUM Appendices 173 List of the catholicoi of the Church of the East 173 WILHELM BAUM List of sovereigns 176 DIETMAR W. WINKLER Bibliography 178 Index 195 vii ILLUSTRATIONS 1.1 Map of the Church of the East in the Sassanian empire (around ad 500) 31 2.1 Nestorian monument of Xian/Sianfu (781) 48 2.2 Coins from Bukhara (eighth century) 50 2.3 First copper plate (the reverse is blank) of the older series from the times of King Stanu Ravi (ninth century) with privileges for the Terispalli Church in Quilon. Kottayam, Kerala (India) 55 2.4 Front and reverse of the third copper plate with Pahlavi, Kufic, and Hebrew signatures. Tiruvalla, Kerala (India) 56 2.5 Stone cross with Pahlavi inscription. Valiyapalli Church in Kottayam, Kerala (India) 57 2.6 Nestorian cross, found in Mantota, the port of the former capital of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura (destroyed in the eleventh century) 58 2.7 Front of a page from an East Syriac lectionary (Luke 16) from the Sogdian Turfan Psalter found in Bulayiq, north of the Turfan oasis (ninth/tenth century) 75 2.8 Gravestone from Kirgistan (thirteenth/fourteenth century) 77 3.1 Tombstone of Elizabeth, the wife of the Christian government official Xindu, in Yangzhou (1317) 93 3.2 Imprint of the seal which the great khan Mongke had given to the Catholicos of the Church of the East (1302/4) 95 3.3 Map of the general view of the Church of the East in the Middle Ages 98 3.4 Ruins of the former East Syriac monastery Mar Augin (Tur Abdin), founded in the early fourth century 106 ix ILLUSTRATIONS 4.1 Monastery Rabban Hormizd near Mosul (Iraq) 118 4.2 Former church of the Catholicos in Kotchannes in the mountains of Hakkari 121 4.3 Catholicos Shimun XVII Abraham (1820–60), lithograph (1852) 123 5.1 Parish Church of the East Syriac Metropolitanate of Trichur, Kerala (India) 149 5.2 Catholicos Mar Dinkha IV Khnanaya and Pope John Paul II in Rome (1994) 152 x PREFACE It is still the case that the Orient is commonly regarded as belonging to Islam. Western consciousness is not very much aware of the facts not only that Christianity has its roots in the Middle East, but that it is still alive in the various Oriental Christian churches, which have a troubled and eventful history as well as a rich theological, spiritual, and liturgical heritage. We have followed the track of one of those apostolic churches: the “Church of the East” which spread outside the Roman empire and is today the smallest among the Oriental churches. However, in the European Middle Ages, it was geographically far larger than any Western church, with followers along the Silk Road, in Central Asia, China, and of course in India. This book aims to provide a concise history of this remarkable church. It is based on the current state of research and covers the periods of the Sassanians, Arabs, Mongols, Ottomans, and the twentieth century. It also describes the Syriac, Iranian, and Chinese literature of this unique part of Christendom. However, our inten- tion was to present the history of the Church of the East in a com- prehensive manner, not only for students of church history or Syriac scholars, but also for a wider public and the general reader, in an understandable language. Those who are interested in culture, religion, and theology can gain access to an almost forgotten part of Christianity with a marvellous literary and spiritual heritage.
Recommended publications
  • East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (12Th 14Th Centuries)
    Orientalia biblica et christiana 18 East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China (12th–14th centuries) Bearbeitet von Li Tang 1. Auflage 2011. Buch. XVII, 169 S. Hardcover ISBN 978 3 447 06580 1 Format (B x L): 17 x 24 cm Gewicht: 550 g Weitere Fachgebiete > Religion > Christliche Kirchen & Glaubensgemeinschaften Zu Inhaltsverzeichnis schnell und portofrei erhältlich bei Die Online-Fachbuchhandlung beck-shop.de ist spezialisiert auf Fachbücher, insbesondere Recht, Steuern und Wirtschaft. Im Sortiment finden Sie alle Medien (Bücher, Zeitschriften, CDs, eBooks, etc.) aller Verlage. Ergänzt wird das Programm durch Services wie Neuerscheinungsdienst oder Zusammenstellungen von Büchern zu Sonderpreisen. Der Shop führt mehr als 8 Millionen Produkte. Li Tang East Syriac Christianity in Mongol-Yuan China 2011 Harrassowitz Verlag · Wiesbaden ISSN 09465065 ISBN 978-3-447-06580-1 III Acknowledgement This book is the outcome of my research project funded by the Austrian Science Fund (Fonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung, abbreviated as FWF) from May 2005 to April 2008. It could not be made possible without the vision of FWF in its support of researches and involvement in the international scientific community. I take this opportunity to give my heartfelt thanks, first and foremost, to Prof. Dr. Peter Hofrichter who has developed a passion for the history of East Syrian Christianity in China and who invited me to come to Austria for this research. He and his wife Hilde, through their great hospitality, made my initial settling-in in Salzburg very pleasant and smooth. My deep gratitude also goes to Prof. Dr. Dietmar W. Winkler who took over the leadership of this project and supervised the on-going process of the research out of his busy schedule and secured all the ways and means that facilitated this research project to achieve its goals.
    [Show full text]
  • Tombstone Carvings from AD 86
    Tombstone Carvings from AD 86 Did Christianity Reach China In the First Century? † Wei-Fan Wang Retired Professor Nanjing Theological Seminary 1 This study, carried out as part of the Chaire de recherche sur l’Eurasie (UCLy), will be issued in English in the volume The Acts of Thomas Judas, in context to be published in the Syro- Malabar Heritage and Research Centre collection, Kochin (Indian Federation) 2 Table of contents I. The Gospel carved on stone ......................................................................................... 5 Fig. 1 situation of Xuzhou .............................................................................................. 5 Fig. 2 : The phoenixes and the fish ................................................................................ 6 II. The Creation and the Fall ........................................................................................... 7 Fig. 3: Domestic animals ................................................................................................ 7 Fig. 4: temptation of Eve ................................................................................................ 7 Fig. 5: The cherubim and the sword ............................................................................... 8 ..................................................................................................................................... 9 Fig. 6: The exit of the Eden garden ................................................................................ 9 Fig. 7: Pillar of ferocious
    [Show full text]
  • Jingjiao Under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology
    religions Article Jingjiao under the Lenses of Chinese Political Theology Chin Ken-pa Department of Philosophy, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 24205, Taiwan; [email protected] Received: 28 May 2019; Accepted: 16 September 2019; Published: 26 September 2019 Abstract: Conflict between religion and state politics is a persistent phenomenon in human history. Hence it is not surprising that the propagation of Christianity often faces the challenge of “political theology”. When the Church of the East monk Aluoben reached China in 635 during the reign of Emperor Tang Taizong, he received the favorable invitation of the emperor to translate Christian sacred texts for the collections of Tang Imperial Library. This marks the beginning of Jingjiao (oY) mission in China. In historiographical sense, China has always been a political domineering society where the role of religion is subservient and secondary. A school of scholarship in Jingjiao studies holds that the fall of Jingjiao in China is the obvious result of its over-involvement in local politics. The flaw of such an assumption is the overlooking of the fact that in the Tang context, it is impossible for any religious establishments to avoid getting in touch with the Tang government. In the light of this notion, this article attempts to approach this issue from the perspective of “political theology” and argues that instead of over-involvement, it is rather the clashing of “ideologies” between the Jingjiao establishment and the ever-changing Tang court’s policies towards foreigners and religious bodies that caused the downfall of Jingjiao Christianity in China. This article will posit its argument based on the analysis of the Chinese Jingjiao canonical texts, especially the Xian Stele, and takes this as a point of departure to observe the political dynamics between Jingjiao and Tang court.
    [Show full text]
  • Possible Historical Traces in the Doctrina Addai
    Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies, Vol. 9.1, 51-127 © 2006 [2009] by Beth Mardutho: The Syriac Institute and Gorgias Press POSSIBLE HISTORICAL TRACES IN THE DOCTRINA ADDAI ILARIA L. E. RAMELLI CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF THE SACRED HEART, MILAN 1 ABSTRACT The Teaching of Addai is a Syriac document convincingly dated by some scholars in the fourth or fifth century AD. I agree with this dating, but I think that there may be some points containing possible historical traces that go back even to the first century AD, such as the letters exchanged by king Abgar and Tiberius. Some elements in them point to the real historical context of the reign of Abgar ‘the Black’ in the first century. The author of the Doctrina might have known the tradition of some historical letters written by Abgar and Tiberius. [1] Recent scholarship often dates the Doctrina Addai, or Teaching of Addai,2 to the fourth century AD or the early fifth, a date already 1 This is a revised version of a paper delivered at the SBL International Meeting, Groningen, July 26 2004, Ancient Near East section: I wish to thank very much all those who discussed it and so helped to improve it, including the referees of the journal. 2 Extant in mss of the fifth-sixth cent. AD: Brit. Mus. 935 Add. 14654 and 936 Add. 14644. Ed. W. Cureton, Ancient Syriac Documents (London 1864; Piscataway: Gorgias, 2004 repr.), 5-23; another ms. of the sixth cent. was edited by G. Phillips, The Doctrine of Addai, the Apostle (London, 1876); G.
    [Show full text]
  • Saints from the East
    PART 1 By Fr Habib Jajou Chaldean Catholic Church London 2012 2 STARS FROM THE CHURCH OF THE EAST ‘Super-Heroes of God’ PART 1 By Fr Habib Jajou, Mr Wisam Talal Chaldean Catholic Mission Publishing 38 – 40 Cavendish Avenue, Ealing London W13 OJQ Tel - Fax : 0208 9976370 www.chaldean.org.uk [email protected] 3 4 Contents 1st 1. St Addai the apostle Century 2nd 2. St. Mari Century 3. Bishop Aphrahat the 3rd Wiseman Century 4. St Barbara 300 5. St George (Mar 303 Gorgees) 6. St Kiriakos and his 308 mother St. Youlete 7. St Kardagh 308 8. The Martyr Habib 309 9. Sultan Mahdokht & 319 her two Brothers 10. Shemon Bar Sabbae 344 11. St Behnam & his sister 350 St. Sarah 12. St Anthony the Great 356 5 6 16“Behold, I am sending you like sheep in the midst of wolves; so be shrewd as serpents and simple as doves. 17 But beware of people, for they will hand you over to courts and scourge you in their synagogues, 18and you will be led before governors and kings for my sake as a witness before them and the pagans. 19When they hand you over, do not worry about how you are to speak or what you are to say. You will be given at that moment what you are to say. 20For it will not be you who speak but the Spirit of your Father speaking through you. 21 Brother will hand over brother to death, and the father his child; children will rise up against parents and have them put to death.
    [Show full text]
  • Persian Royal Ancestry
    GRANHOLM GENEALOGY PERSIAN ROYAL ANCESTRY Achaemenid Dynasty from Greek mythical Perses, (705-550 BC) یشنماخه یهاشنهاش (Achaemenid Empire, (550-329 BC نايناساس (Sassanid Empire (224-c. 670 INTRODUCTION Persia, of which a large part was called Iran since 1935, has a well recorded history of our early royal ancestry. Two eras covered are here in two parts; the Achaemenid and Sassanian Empires, the first and last of the Pre-Islamic Persian dynasties. This ancestry begins with a connection of the Persian kings to the Greek mythology according to Plato. I have included these kind of connections between myth and history, the reader may decide if and where such a connection really takes place. Plato 428/427 BC – 348/347 BC), was a Classical Greek philosopher, mathematician, student of Socrates, writer of philosophical dialogues, and founder of the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in the Western world. King or Shah Cyrus the Great established the first dynasty of Persia about 550 BC. A special list, “Byzantine Emperors” is inserted (at page 27) after the first part showing the lineage from early Egyptian rulers to Cyrus the Great and to the last king of that dynasty, Artaxerxes II, whose daughter Rodogune became a Queen of Armenia. Their descendants tie into our lineage listed in my books about our lineage from our Byzantine, Russia and Poland. The second begins with King Ardashir I, the 59th great grandfather, reigned during 226-241 and ens with the last one, King Yazdagird III, the 43rd great grandfather, reigned during 632 – 651. He married Maria, a Byzantine Princess, which ties into our Byzantine Ancestry.
    [Show full text]
  • Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq
    OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES General Editors Gillian Clark Andrew Louth THE OXFORD EARLY CHRISTIAN STUDIES series includes scholarly volumes on the thought and history of the early Christian centuries. Covering a wide range of Greek, Latin, and Oriental sources, the books are of interest to theologians, ancient historians, and specialists in the classical and Jewish worlds. Titles in the series include: Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and the Transformation of Divine Simplicity Andrew Radde-Gallwitz (2009) The Asceticism of Isaac of Nineveh Patrik Hagman (2010) Palladius of Helenopolis The Origenist Advocate Demetrios S. Katos (2011) Origen and Scripture The Contours of the Exegetical Life Peter Martens (2012) Activity and Participation in Late Antique and Early Christian Thought Torstein Theodor Tollefsen (2012) Irenaeus of Lyons and the Theology of the Holy Spirit Anthony Briggman (2012) Apophasis and Pseudonymity in Dionysius the Areopagite “No Longer I” Charles M. Stang (2012) Memory in Augustine’s Theological Anthropology Paige E. Hochschild (2012) Orosius and the Rhetoric of History Peter Van Nuffelen (2012) Drama of the Divine Economy Creator and Creation in Early Christian Theology and Piety Paul M. Blowers (2012) Embodiment and Virtue in Gregory of Nyssa Hans Boersma (2013) The Chronicle of Seert Christian Historical Imagination in Late Antique Iraq PHILIP WOOD 1 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford, OX2 6DP, United Kingdom Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries # Philip Wood 2013 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First Edition published in 2013 Impression: 1 All rights reserved.
    [Show full text]
  • Survey of Recent Mariology (2000) Eamon R
    Marian Studies Volume 51 With the Mother of the Lord: On Article 10 Pilgrimage to the New Millennium 2000 Survey of Recent Mariology (2000) Eamon R. Carroll Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/marian_studies Part of the Religion Commons Recommended Citation Carroll, Eamon R. (2000) "Survey of Recent Mariology (2000)," Marian Studies: Vol. 51, Article 10. Available at: https://ecommons.udayton.edu/marian_studies/vol51/iss1/10 This Back Matter is brought to you for free and open access by the Marian Library Publications at eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Marian Studies by an authorized editor of eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Carroll: Survey of Recent Mariology (2000) A SURVEY OF RECENT MARIOLOGY (2000) Eamon R. Carroll, 0. Carm. * A year ago at our anniversary convention in Washington, I offered reflections on the half-century of the Society. That took the place of the customary Survey which began in 1967. Hence this 2000 Survey reports on two years of publications. I start in customary style with three special items. The first is the 1997 Simposio Mariologico: the second is the set of cate­ chetical addresses by John Paul II; and the third is an article on ecumenism by a professor at the Gregorian University. The initial item is a treasure-chest of Mariological riches: Maria net mistero di Cristo pienezza del tempo e campi­ menta del regno.Atti dell' XI Simposio Internazionale Mari­ ologico Roma, 7-10 ottobre 1997 (Edizioni Marianum, Rome, 1999, xiii & 662 p.). The editor is Elio Peretto, Servite.
    [Show full text]
  • The Apostolic Succession of the Right Rev. James Michael St. George
    The Apostolic Succession of The Right Rev. James Michael St. George © Copyright 2014-2015, The International Old Catholic Churches, Inc. 1 Table of Contents Certificates ....................................................................................................................................................4 ......................................................................................................................................................................5 Photos ...........................................................................................................................................................6 Lines of Succession........................................................................................................................................7 Succession from the Chaldean Catholic Church .......................................................................................7 Succession from the Syrian-Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch..............................................................10 The Coptic Orthodox Succession ............................................................................................................16 Succession from the Russian Orthodox Church......................................................................................20 Succession from the Melkite-Greek Patriarchate of Antioch and all East..............................................27 Duarte Costa Succession – Roman Catholic Succession .........................................................................34
    [Show full text]
  • Kings, Priests and Gods on Sasanian Investiture Reliefs
    Iranica Antiqua, vol. XLVIII, 2013 doi: 10.2143/IA.48.0.2184703 AND MAN CREATED GOD? KINGS, PRIESTS AND GODS ON SASANIAN INVESTITURE RELIEFS BY Bruno OVERLAET 1 (Royal Museums of Art and History, Brussels / Ghent University) Abstract: An inscription on the Naqsh-i Rustam I rock relief identifies the two protagonists in the investiture scene as Ardashir I and Ahura Mazda. All investing authorities on the royal Sasanian reliefs are therefore commonly identified as Ahura Mazda. In view of conflicting historic information and unexplained varia- tions in the iconography of “Ahura Mazda”, a re-interpretation of the investiture reliefs is made. The inscription on Ahura Mazda’s horse at Naqsh-i Rustam appears to have been added at the end of Ardashir’s reign or early in Shapur I’s reign and the earliest reliefs are now considered to depict an investiture by a priest, instead of by Ahura Mazda. Once the inscription had been added to the Naqsh-i Rustam I rock relief, it changed from an investiture by a priest to one by a god, Ahura Mazda. Iconographic details that conflicted with this transformation (such as the barsum, attendant and possibly the “royal” tamga) were left out of the divine image in later representations of the investiture on horseback. The late Sasanian Taq-i Bustan III investiture on foot, up to now considered to be the investiture of Khusrow II by Ahura Mazda and Anahita, is equally interpreted as an investiture by clergy, in this case by representatives of the cults of these two gods, rather than by the gods themselves.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Article (PDF)
    RECENT PUBLICATIONS ON SYRIAC TOPICS: 2018* SEBASTIAN P. BROCK, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD GRIGORY KESSEL, AUSTRIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES AND UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER SERGEY MINOV, UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Books Acharya, F., Psalmic Odes from Apostolic Times: An Indian Monk’s Meditation (Bengaluru: ATC Publishers, 2018). Adelman, S., After Saturday Comes Sunday (Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press, 2018). Alobaidi, T., and Dweik, B., Language Contact and the Syriac Language of the Assyrians in Iraq (Saarbrücken, Germany: Lambert Academic Publishing, 2018). Andrade, N.J., The Journey of Christianity to India in Late Antiquity: Networks and the Movement of Culture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018). Aravackal, R., The Mystery of the Triple Gradated Church: A Theological Analysis of the Kṯāḇā d-Massqāṯā (Book of Steps) with Particular Reference to the Writing of Aphrahat and John the Solitary (Oriental Institute of Religious Studies India Publications 437; Kottayam, India: Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, 2018). Aydin, G. (ed.), Syriac Hymnal According to the Rite of the Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch (Teaneck, New Jersey: Beth Antioch Press / Syriac Music Institute, 2018). Bacall, J., Chaldean Iraqi American Association of Michigan (Charleston, South Carolina: Arcadia Publishing, 2018). * The list of publications is based on the online Comprehensive Bibliography on Syriac Christianity, supported by the Center for the Study of Christianity at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem (http://www.csc.org.il/db/db.aspx?db=SB). Suggested additions and corrections can be sent to: [email protected] 235 236 Bibliographies Barry, S.C., Syriac Medicine and Ḥunayn ibn Isḥāq’s Arabic Translation of the Hippocratic Aphorisms (Journal of Semitic Studies Supplement 39; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
    [Show full text]
  • The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti
    Phasis 15-16, 2012-2013 Δημήτριος Μαντζίλας (Θράκη) The Behistun Inscription and the Res Gestae Divi Augusti Intertextuality between Greek and Latin texts is well known and – in recent decades – has been well studied. It seems though that common elements also appear in earlier texts, from other, mostly oriental countries, such as Egypt, Persia or Israel. In this article we intend to demonstrate the case of a Persian and a Latin text, in order to support the hypothesis of a common Indo-European literature (in addition to an Indo-European mythology and language). The Behistun Inscription,1 whose name comes from the anglicized version of Bistun or Bisutun (Bagastana in Old Persian), meaning “the place or land of gods”, is a multi-lingual inscription (being thus an equivalent of the Rosetta stone) written in three different cuneiform script extinct languages: Old Persian, Elamite (Susian), and Babylonian (Accadian).2 A fourth version is an Aramaic translation found on the 1 For the text see Adkins L., Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon, New York 2003; Rawlinson H. C., Archaeologia, 1853, vol. xxxiv, 74; Campbell Thompson R., The Rock of Behistun, In Sir J. A. Hammerton (ed.), Wonders of the Past, New York 1937, II, 760–767; Cameron G. G., Darius Carved History on Ageless Rock, National Geographic Magazine, 98 (6), December 1950, 825– 844; Rubio G., Writing in Another Tongue: Alloglottography in the Ancient Near East, in: S. Sanders (ed.), Margins of Writing, Origins of Cultures, Chicago 2007², 33–70 (= OIS, 2); Hinz W., Die Behistan-Inschrift des Darius, AMI, 7, 1974, 121-134 (translation).
    [Show full text]