Deeply Superficial«

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Deeply Superficial« Mélanie-Chantal Deiss »Deeply Superficial« Image | Band 84 2015-08-25 09-54-51 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0251406888302004|(S. 1- 4) TIT3172.p 406888302012 Mélanie-Chantal Deiss (lic. phil.), geb. 1976, hat an der Universität Zürich Ger- manistik und Anglistik studiert. Sie unterrichtet seit 2004 Deutsch und Englisch am Gymnasium. 2015-08-25 09-54-51 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0251406888302004|(S. 1- 4) TIT3172.p 406888302012 Mélanie-Chantal Deiss »Deeply Superficial« Andy Warhols Amerika-Images der 1950er und 1960er als Kulturkritik 2015-08-25 09-54-51 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 0251406888302004|(S. 1- 4) TIT3172.p 406888302012 Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde von der Philosophischen Fakultät der Universität Zürich im Herbstsemester 2013 auf Antrag von Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Bronfen und PD Dr. Christina Ljungberg als Dissertation angenommen. Publiziert mit Unterstützung des Schweizerischen Nationalfonds zur Förderung der wissenschaftlichen Forschung. Sämtliche Abbildungen zu/von Andy Warhol mit freundlicher Genehmigung von The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc./2015, ProLitteris, Zurich. Dieses Werk ist lizensiert unter der Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 DE Lizenz. Diese Lizenz erlaubt die private Nutzung, gestattet aber keine Bearbeitung und keine kommerzielle Nutzung. Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/de Bibliografische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deut- schen Nationalbibliografie; detaillierte bibliografische Daten sind im Internet über http://dnb.d-nb.de abrufbar. © 2015 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Umschlaggestaltung: Kordula Röckenhaus, Bielefeld Umschlagabbildung: Gruppe »We love Graveyards« auf www.facebook.com, 15.02.2015, Jaison Viglietta, Pittsburgh, 2014. Lektorat: Angelika Wulff, Witten Satz: Angelika Wulff, Witten und Thomas Thorwesten, Frauenfeld Printed in Germany Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-3172-2 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-3172-6 Gedruckt auf alterungsbeständigem Papier mit chlorfrei gebleichtem Zellstoff. Besuchen Sie uns im Internet: http://www.transcript-verlag.de Bitte fordern Sie unser Gesamtverzeichnis und andere Broschüren an unter: [email protected] 2016-02-25 13-30-40 --- Projekt: transcript.titeleien / Dokument: FAX ID 03d5422796124468|(S. 1- 4) TIT3172.p 422796124476 Inhalt Vorwort | 7 Warhol made in USA Amerikanische Kultur und Kunst in den 1950ern und 1960ern | 9 Amusement Amerikanischer Life-Style in den 1950ern und 1960ern | 57 Think Prosperity, Have Prosperity Amerikanische Business-Kunst | 133 Bold and Beautiful Amerikanische Star-Fabrik | 187 TROUmatic Amerikanische Tragödie | 247 USA made by Warhol Amerikanische Kunst und Kultur sowie deren Nach- und Auswirkung | 295 Bibliografie und Abbildungsverzeichnis | 317 Vorwort Bei der hier vorliegenden Untersuchung handelt es sich um die überarbeitete Fassung der Abhandlung zur Erlangung der Doktorwürde. Die Arbeit hätte ohne die Unterstützung der folgenden Personen und Institutionen nicht geschrieben und veröffentlichet werden können: In erster Linie gilt der Dank meiner hauptsächlichen Betreuungsperson, Frau Prof. Dr. Elisabeth Bronfen, die seit meinem Studium als Vorbild dafür fungiert hat, wie man Literatur-, Kultur- und Medienwissenschaften originell und über- zeugend vernetzen kann. Ihr hoher fachlicher Anspruch und ihre tatkräftige Un- terstützung durch aufmunternde Gespräche, gedankliche Anregungen und kon- struktive Rückmeldungen haben mein Dissertations-Projekt stetig vorangetrie- ben. Meiner Co-Referentin, Frau PD Dr. Christina Ljungberg, sei gedankt, weil sie meine Liebe zur englischen Literatur in meinem allerersten Proseminar an der Universität Zürich mit viel Enthusiasmus gefördert hat. Ohne Wenn und Aber hat sie sich als Zweit-Korrektorin für meine Doktorarbeit zur Verfügung gestellt. Dank gebührt auch all meinen Kolleginnen und Kollegen im Doktoranden- Kolloquium der Universität Zürich, deren fachliche Impulse fruchtbar waren. Den freundschaftlichen Austausch mit ihnen habe ich immer sehr geschätzt. Bedanken möchte ich mich zudem bei Dr. Marlis Braun für die kritische Lektüre der Einleitung sowie bei Sonja Lázaro und Tobias Tissi für deren Kom- petenz und unermüdliche Bereitschaft, die gesamte Arbeit mit Geist und Witz Korrektur zu lesen. Für das Scannen der massenhaften Warhol-Bilder sowie das Layouten der seitenlangen Dissertation danke ich Enza Gervasi und Rüdiger Thierbach für ih- re uneingeschränkte Unterstützung. 8 | »DEEPLY SUPERFICIAL« Ein besonderer Dank geht an Thomas Thorwesten für den moralischen Bei- stand während des gesamten Projektverlaufs, das geduldige Lösen der Compu- terfragen und für die großzügige Hilfe beim Satz. Den Mitarbeitenden des transcript Verlags, vor allem meiner Projektmanage- rin Annika Linnemann, sei für die freundliche Beratung und effiziente Koopera- tion gedankt. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. / 2015, ProLitteris, Zurich, schulde ich Dank für die Reproduktionsgenehmigung von Andy Warhols Bildern. Beim SNF (Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur wissenschaftlichen For- schung) bedanke ich mich für die spendable finanzielle Unterstützung. Ein großes Dankeschön richte ich an meine sehr versierte Lektorin Angelika Wulff aus Witten, die für mich ein Stück mütterlicher Heimat repräsentiert und die der Zufall respektive auch das Schicksal für mich erwählt hat. Sie hat mir den Kontakt zu dem aus Pittsburgh stammenden Jaison Viglietta vermittelt, der das Cover-Foto aufgenommen hat. Meinen innigsten Dank richte ich aber an meine Familie und Freunde, die mich in meinem Vorhaben immer bestärkt und mir den notwendigen Rückhalt gegeben haben. Allen voran seien meine Eltern erwähnt, denen diese Arbeit in Liebe und Dankbarkeit gewidmet ist. Warhol made in USA Amerikanische Kultur und Kunst in den 1950ern und 1960ern Jeder hat sein eigenes Amerika, und dann hat je- der Bruchstücke eines Phantasie-Amerika, von dem er glaubt, dass es irgendwo draußen exis- tiert, das er aber nicht sehen kann. […] [Diese] Phantasiewinkel von Amerika erscheinen des- halb so voller Atmosphäre, weil man sie sich aus Filmszenen, Melodien und Büchern zusammen- gestückelt hat. Und man lebt genauso in einem Traum-Amerika, das man sich aus Kunst und Kitsch und Gefühlen zurechtgeschnitten hat, wie in der Realität. 1 ANDY WARHOL AMERIKA – Mythos der Auserwähltheit, Land der unbegrenzten Möglichkei- ten, Hort der Freiheit, Hoffnung auf ein besseres Leben, Schlüssel zum Erfolg, Streben nach Glück, Garant für Prosperität, Inbegriff von Größe, Symbol für Macht; diesem magischen Amerika, das sich laut Warhol partikular wie auch universell konzipiert, das sich als assoziativ fassbar, aber faktisch nie ganz er- fassbar in der Imagination realisiert, schlägt die wahre Geburtsstunde in den 1950ern. Während das Land noch eine Dekade zuvor von keinem nationalen Be- wusstsein geprägt war, ihm sogar jeglicher kultureller Status abgesprochen und es – an europäischen Standards gemessen – als roh, vulgär und provinziell abge- 1 Warhol nach McShine, 1989: 450. 10 | »DEEPLY SUPERFICIAL« stempelt wurde,2 erlebt es in der Nachkriegszeit durch die Rückbesinnung auf den Freiheitsgedanken einen unvergleichlichen, rasanten Aufschwung. Dieser verleiht Amerika einen solchen Auftrieb, dass es sich ebenso mythisch wie Phoenix aus der Asche erhebt und sich hybrid als Führungsnation vermarktet. Die zunehmende wirtschaftliche Dominanz greift auf alle Lebensbereiche über und beeinflusst die amerikanische Kultur mit einer Nachhaltigkeit, die bis heute deutliche Spuren hinterlassen hat. Gerade der damals wieder neu implementier- ten nationalen bildlichen Kunst als Ausdruck der Blütezeit, als massenhafte Vi- sualisierung der sich verbreitenden ambivalenten Konsum- und Mediengesell- schaft ist es zu verdanken, dass der Einblick in das Nachkriegs-Amerika auch gegenwärtig gewährt ist. Den wohl bedeutendsten künstlerischen Anteil an der visuellen Bewahrung der Nachkriegsjahre beansprucht niemand geringerer als Andy Warhol, der vom Amerika der 1950er und 1960er geprägt selbst auf dessen Zeitgeist prägend ge- wirkt und ihn bildgewaltig gebündelt hat. Die tendenzielle Einschätzung, War- hols Werk als rein oberflächlich und folglich a-historisch zu betrachten, erweist sich schon als unhaltbar, wenn man mit seiner künstlerischen Vormachtstellung innerhalb der sich behauptenden Pop Art konfrontiert ist, die ihrerseits direkt von der kulturellen Dominanz des Landes abhängt. Warhols privater und berufli- cher Aufstieg folgen also demjenigen der USA und sind damit aufs Engste ver- knüpft. Deshalb mutet sein Werk auch symbolträchtig an, stellt es doch sowohl seine Biografie als auch die kulturellen Einflüsse der Nachkriegsjahre dar, die in der Wiederholung, in der permanenten bildlichen Reproduktion, gegenwärtig aufleben und sich förmlich ins aktuelle Gedächtnis einbrennen. Warhols Werk versteht sich in diesem Sinne weniger als kunstgeschichtliche Untersuchung, auch wenn sie mitunter einfließt, sondern vielmehr als eine auf die 1950er und 1960er fokussierende kulturelle Analyse. Seine Bild-Serien entfalten nämlich, wie das Zitat eingangs demonstriert, zwischen imaginärem Zugreifen und be- grifflicher Schau verschiedene – teils kongruente, teils konträre – Erzählstränge, die sich als aussagekräftige Mini-Narrative dem großen Meta-Narrativ der Nach- kriegsjahre mehr annähern als schriftliche Zeitdokumente es vermögen. Warhols
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