281

INDEX

2-amino-5-phosphono valeric acid audiogenic seizures, 3, 116, 117, 119, 121, (APV),66 122, 123, 124, 125, 126 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid augmentation, 157 (2-APH), 131, 135 augmenting rhythms, 10 2-aminophosphonovaleric acid, 139 aura, 258 4-aminopyridine, 170 auto-spectral, 39 AAMI analysis, 53 average amount of mutual information, 49 absence seizures, 74, 80, 103, 113,240 axonal block, 224 absinthe, 240 accommodation, 65,66 beta-receptor, 66 acetylcholine, 59, 65 backfiring, 60 ACh,60,170 baclofen, 64 acidosis, 214 -picrotoxin receptors, 172 active zones, 158 , 234 adenosine diphosphate (ADP), 214 basal ganglia, 128 adenosine triphosphate (ATP), 205, bemegride, 121 208,211,212 benign rolandic epilepsy, 24 afterdischarge, 5, 85, 86 receptor, 172 afterhyperpolarizations, 59, 222, 232 , 172, 177,234 albutoin, 242 bicuculline, 66, 93, 103, 112, 113, 115, 128, alumina focus, 3, 21, 200 130, 131, 134, 135, 137, 138, 139, 140, 170, Ammon's horn, 32 206,211,212,213,214,215,216 amygdala, 23, 32, 85, 96, 124, 126, 140, bilateral onset, 31 142,257,265,267,268 bioequivalence requirements, 243 amygdala kindled seizures, 116, 119, brain stem, 102 123, 126, 128, 134, 138 Bravais-Jacksonian seizures, 272 amygdalo-hippocampectomy, 32 bromine,239 angular bundle, 91 bulbospinal system, 105 anterior commissure, 79 burst-generating behavior, 58 anterior medial thalamus, 104 bursts, 21 anterior neocortex, 86 anterior thalamic nuclei, 103, 127 cadmium, 188 antiabsence drugs, 4 calcium, 156, 157, 158 Antiepileptic Drug Development calcium activated K currents, 57, 65, 66, 171, (ADD),243 175 archicortex, 31, 259, 260 calcium binding, 157 area tempestas (AT), 134, 135, 137, 138, calcium channels, 155,222,234 139, 142, 143 calcium conductance, 232, 234 arsenazo III, 157 calcium diffusion, 157 artifact rejection, 52 calcium entry blocker, 248 aspartate, 80, 90, 92, 134 calcium influx, 157 association cortex, 259 calcium uptake, 234 atypical absences, 6 callosal pathway, 258 282 Index calmodulin, 159 dendritic domains, 10 calpain, 159 dendritic spines, 10, 159 carbachol, 86, 134 dentate gyrus, 124 ,95,224,234,242,244 2-deoxyglucose(2CK;),4, 93, 103, 128,206, caudal medial hypothalamus, 104 256 caudate nudeus, 125 F-deoxyglucose uptake, 207 caudate putamen, 86 depolarizing shift, 170, 184 centrencephalic, 73, 101 depression, 153, 154 cerebellum, 86, 102, 103, 119 depth electrodes, 19, 258 cerebral glucose consumption, 206 desensitization, 62, 64, 155, 173, 177 cerebral oxygen utilization, 207 , 240 cerebral acidosis, 213, 214 diencephalon, 102 cerebral blood flow, 205, 206 digital filtering, 39, 52 cerebral phosphocreatine (PCr), disinhibition, 132 205,212 dopamine, 102 CGS-9896, 249 DPH, 224, 225, 227, 229 cholecystokinin, 172 dual synaptic hypothesis, 177 chronic epileptic focus, 176 dynorphin, 131 cingulate gyrus, 19,32,257 CI,76 electroconvulsive shock treatment, 7 Cl channels, 171 electrocorticography, 262 Cl conductance, 64 electrogenic ion pumps, 57 Cl equilibrium potential, 173 electrogenic Na/K pumping, 194, 200 Cl gradient, 59 electroshock seizure, 93, 101, 112, 113, 114, Cl transport, 62 206 donazepam, 242 electroshock seizure threshold, 114,240 donic convulsions, 85, 93, 112, 113, 115, electrotonic coupling, 189, 191 119,123,134 energetic change, 44 dorazepate dipotassium, 242 energetic change detection, 40 cobalt focus, 3, 21, 60, 120,200 entorhinal cortex, 86, 88, 89, 95, 123, 142,256 coherence analysis, 32, 51, 40, 53 entorhinal kindling, 96 coherence spectrum, 44 ephaptic, 61 colchicine, 88 ephaptic interactions, 57, 189, 191, 192, 193, commissural projections, 79, 142 223 complex partial seizures, 31 epidural, 19 compressed spectral array, 52 epilepsia partialis continua, 274 computer-aided methods, 52 epileptic bursts, 23 corpuscallosum,79 epileptic focus, 2 cortical mapping, 270 epileptic fowl, 3 cortical spindling, 10 epileptiform discharge, 120 cortical synaptic inhibition, 169 epileptogenic lesion, 2 corticoreticular, 73 epileptogenic zone, 2, 6, 143 creatine kinase, 214 EPSP, 76, 153 cross-spectral analysis, 39 EST, 123 current source density analysis, 40 , 249 cytosolic pH, 208 ethanol withdrawal, 128 , 103 deafferented, 5 experiential phenomena, 265 decerebrate, 121 extracellular ionic concentrations, 57 deep prepiriform cortex, 139, 143 extracellular potassium, 58, 174,222 Index 283 extracellular space, 61 genetically epilepsy prone gerbils, 128 extracranial EEG, 17 gerbil,3 globus pallidus, 86, 103, 125, 126 fa~tation, 155, 156, 157,228 glucose, 205, 216 fast Fourier transform (FFf), 44 glutamate, 59, 80, 92, 134 FDG-PET, 272 glutamate receptor, 66 feed-forward,78 glutamic acid decarboxylase, 171 , 247 glycine, 171, 173 feline generalized penicillin epilepsy glycolysis, 207 (FGPE), 73, 74, 75, 77, 79 Golgi, 5 ferric chloride, 3 granule cells, 91, 124 FFf,53 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), 4 H-fields of Forel, 126 Flunarizine,248 heteromodal association cortex, 264 flurothyl, 117, 122, 123, 124, 126, higher-order coherence analysis, 40 128,206 hippocampal cortex, 260 Fluzinamide, 247 hippocampal formation, 257 focal origin, 31 hippocampal sc1erosis, 25, 267 focal epilepsy, 169 hippocampal slice, 67, 184 focal epileptiform discharge, 120 hippocampus,61, 62, 88,89,96, 124, 140, fodrin,159 169,191 Food and Drug Administration homocysteic, 90 (FDA),241 homocysteine, 206 forced vocalization, 274 human focal epilepsy, 176 fornices,103 human hippocampus, 5, 32 frequency faciIitation, 175 5-hydroxytryptamine, 119 frequency potentiation, 170, 224 6-hydroxydopamine, 119 frontal cortex, 257 hypermetabolism, 6 furosemide, 62 hypersynchrony,52 hypoexcitabiIity, 95 y-vinyl GABA (GVG), 93, 102, 104, 116, hypolarization, 22 128,135,137,139,249 hypometabolic zones, 272 GABA, 5, 57, 60, 102, 128,132, 171 hypometabolism, 4, 6 GABA, agonists 246 hypothalamus, 127 GABA, antagonists 133 hypoxic,64 GABA, release 62 GABA-mediated synapses, 59, 92, 170, ictal EEG onsets, 10 172 ictal hypermetabolism, 8 GABA/benzodiazepine receptor, 245 infantile spasms, 4 GABAA receptors, 64, 171 inferior cerebellar pedunc1e, 122 GABAB receptors, 64, 175, 177 inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs), GABAergic drugs, 128 62,171,172 GAD,5 inhibitory mechanisms, 192 gamma hydroxybutyrate, 7 inhibitory seizures, 8 gap junctions, 191 initial foci, 51 generalized seizures, 112 initial locus, 43 genetic,23 initiation, 39 genetic animal epilepsies, 3 inorganic phosphate, 208 genetic predispositions, 7 insular, 260 genetically epilepsy prone rat, 3 interictal bursts, 188, 194 284 Index interictal spikes, 23, 183 mammillothalamic tracts, 103 intracellular pH, 205 massa intermedia, 79 intracranial EEG, 17 Mauthner ceIl, 173 intracranial electrodes, 19 maximal electroshock seizure (MES), intra laminar thalamic nuc1ei, 101, 127 104,114,119,121,122,123,128,130, ion pump, 199,200 131, 134, 137,139,240 ion-sensitive microelectrodes, 58 maximal electroshock test--seizure spread, iron, 21 244 ischemic, 64 medial frontal lobes, 268 isoniazid, 133 medial temporal-limbic structures, 264 medial thalamic nuc1ei, 125 Jacksonian march, 31 memory, 154 mephobarbital, 240 [Klo accumulation, 189, 192, 193 mesial temporal seizures, 7, 19 K conductance, 64 mesocortex, 259 K outward currents, 76 metenkephalin, 131 K-sensitive electrodes, 222 mexiletine, 242 kainic acid, 103, 116, 134 Mg,66 kappa opiate receptors, 131 mid hippocampi, 268 kindling, 3, 10, 33, 47, 51, 67, 85, 101, midbrain reticular formation (MRF),115 113,122,142,224,244 midbrain tegmentum, 127 Milacemide, 249 lactate, 205, 206, 207, 212, 213, 214, 215, miniature EPSP frequency, 156 216 minimal electroshock seizures, 124 , 248 morphine sulfate, 130 lateral geniculate nuc1eus, 126 mu opiate receptors, 131 lateral temporal neocortex, 31 muscarinic receptor, 65 Lennox-Gastaut syndrome, 6 muscimol, 93, 94,102,103,125,128, 129, 133, lidocaine, 206 135, 139 limbic epilepsy, 27, 85, 94 mutual information analysis, 40 limbic structures, 31,113,259 linear coupling, 46 N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), 208 linear correlation, 51 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), 66, 92, lithium, 200 94, 126, 134, 140, 170, 173, 175, 177 local cerebral metabolie rate for glucose Na channel, 222, 224, 225, 232 (LCMRGlu),4 Na conductance, 234 locus coeruleus, 119 Na-K ATPase, 200 long term potentiation (LTP), 32, 89, 91, Na-K pump, 59, 64 153,154,158,224 Nafimidone, 247 low Ca seizures, 184 naloxone, 131 low frequency electroshock threshold, nasopharyngeal, 17 114 neocortex, 31, 103, 169 neocortical brain slice, 22 M-current, 65 neonatal seizures, 4 MI receptors, 66 new drug application (NDA), 243, 246 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy nigrostriatal, 132 (MRS), 205, 206 nigrotectal GABA neurons, 133 mammillary bodies, 103, 104, 127 nigrotectal projection, 102 mammillary pedunc1es, 103 nigrotegmental, 132 mammillary system, 105 nigrothalamic, 132 Index 285

nipecotic acid, 64 pes hippocampi, 268 non-linear interaction, 51 PET scans, 199, 270 non-NMDA receptor, 173 petit mal, 5 nonstationarity, 43 , 239 nonstationarity detection, 40 , 103, 177,224,225,227,228, no~inephrine,59,65,95,119, 170 229,240 nuclei,I04 Pi, 212 nucleus reticularis pontis oralis (RPO), picrotoxin, 92, 112, 170, 184, 240 117,143 picrotoxin receptors, 172 pilocarpine, 137, 138 occipitallobe seizures, 274 piriform, 260 occipital cortex, 19 pontine reticular formation, 117 occipital foci, 259 positive feedback, 57 olfactory sensations, 265 positron emission tomography (PET), 4, 207 olfactory area, 86 post-OS hyperpolarizing potential, 170 olfactory bulb, 86, 96, 125 postictal depression, 6 olfactory tuberc1e, 125 postsynaptic inhibition, 57 opiate, 102 postsynaptic potentials, 22 opioid,7 posttetanic potentiation (PTP), 153, 175, opioid peptides, 130 228,229,234 orbitofrontal cortex, 19, 260 potassium channels, 222 ORG-6370, 248 potassium currents, 155 ouabain,59,158 potential distribution mapping, 40 oxidative metabolism, 199 potentiation, 158 oxycarbamazepine,249 precollicular transection, 114 oxygen,205 preoptic area, 86 oxygen consumption, 216 prepiriform cortex, 134 presynaptic action of GABA, 64 pacemake~32,44 presynaptic calcium currents, 154 pacemaker foci, 51 primary generalized seizures, 73 pacemaker locus, 43 primary generalized absence seizures, 5 paired pulse suppression, 5 primary generalized epilepsy, 169 paleocortex, 259, 260 primary olfactory cortex, 260 Papio papio, 3 probability density functions, 51 parahippocampal gyrus, 267, 268 , 246 paroxysmal depolarizing shift (POS), propagation, 24, 32, 39,46,60, 113 22,184,222 propagation pathways, 7, 54, 111 pars compacta, 94, 102, 132 protein kinase C, 159 pars reticulata, 94, 95, 96, 102, 116, 132 PTZ, 102, 103,105, 112, 113,115,117, 121, partial complex seizures, 113 122,123,124,126,127,128 PCr, 205, 212 PTZseizures,121 PCr /Pi ratio, 211, 212 pyriform cortex, 86, 96 peduncu1opontine nucleus, 102 penicillin, 2,25, 60, 75, 170, 184,200 quantal analysis, ISS, 173 penicillin-induced focus, 120 quantal size, 155 pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures,24O raphe nuc1ei, 119 pentylenetetrazol (PTZ), 102, 103, lOS, rapid display/review, 52 112,113,115,117,121,122,123,124, al-receptors, 66 126,127,128,206,244 recruiting, 10 286 Index recurrent inhibition, 23, 77, 78 substantia nigra, 93, 94, 95, 96, 102, 103, recurrent inhibitory synapses, 170 104,113,115,116,125,128,139,144, red nucleus, 103 257 reeler, 4 subthalamus, 127 reflex models, 3 sulthiame, 242 regional origin, 31 superior cerebellar peduncles, 117 residual calcium hypothesis, 155 superior collieulus, 86, 102, 104, 132, 133 reticular formation, 86, 101, 102, 103, supplementary motor seizures, 19,259, 104,114,143 274 rhythmie burst detection, 40 surgery,17 running-bouncing clonus, 114, 122 swelling, 193 synaptic facilitation, 153 scalp electrodes, 17 synaptic transmission, 153 Schaffer collaterals, 90 synchronizing influences, 10 secondary generalized epilepsy, 6 seizure detection, 44 taurine, 80 seizure induction, 113 tegmental nuclei, 103 seizure termination, 194 temporal lobe epilepsy, 25 septal area, 86, 125 temporo-parietal cortex, 31 serotonin, 119 temporopolar areas, 260 sharp waves, 19 tetanie potentiation, 153, 228, 229 signal detection, 39 tetanus, 153 slow spike and wave EEG, 6 tetraethylammonium, 58 sodium channel, 222, 224, 225, 232 tetrodotoxin, 229 sodium loading ,158 thalamic, 75 somatostatin, 170, 172 thalamic nuclei, 257 spatio-temporal mapping, 52 thalamocortical, 60 speech arrest, 274 thalamus, 102, 126, 127 sphenoidal electrodes, 17, 26 threshold electroshock, 122 spike afterpotentials, 155 tonicconvulsions, 112, 113, 114, 119 spike and wave (SW) discharges, tonic extensor center, 122 47,73 tonic flexion, 114 spike discharges, 19, 170 tonic phase, 187 spinal cord, 102 tonic seizures, 114, 120, 121, 188, 189 spontaneous motor seizures, 87 tonic-clonic convulsion, 73 status epileptieus, 211 tonic-clonie seizures, 113 stereoelectroencephalogra phy (SEEG), totterer, 4, 66 19,258,265 toxicity studies, 245 stereotaxie depth electroencepha- , 240 lography, 269 tungstic acid, 3, 25 striatum, 102, 140 strip electrodes, 270 U-fiber system, 257 strophanthidine, 59 uncal regions, 267 strychnine sulfate, 134, 170 uncus,265 subclinieal seizures, 258 unimodal association cortex, 261 subdural, 19 subdural electrode, 24, 270 , 234, 242, 244, 246 subiculum, 95, 96 ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAF), substance K, 130 125 substance P, 130 vestibular nuclei, 103, 104 Index 287

Vigabatrin, 249 voltage dependent K conductance, 57, 171 volume conduction, 41 z-score,44 , 249