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Introductory Guide to Sources of Traditional Fodder and Forage And w BACKGROUND TO THE AUTHOR AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO ANTHONY FITZHERBERT, British, born 1939 UK. Lives in Cumbria, England; MSc degree Reading University. Since 1967 he has worked in countries of the Near SOURCES OF TRADITIONAL East, Central, West and South Asia. His work has been related to the rural sector, FODDER AND FORAGE including farming and pastoral systems, crop and livestock husbandry, land/ natural resource management and rural development. AND USAGE In Afghanistan, he has been involved in moving agriculture from emergency assistance to early recovery and longer Environmental Resilience term rural development and production. in Pastoral Systems in Afghanistan His working involvement in Afghanistan started in 1987 as the responsible desk officer with FAO based in Rome. In this capacity he visited Afghanistan several times between 1987 and 1988 during the Soviet occupation, on both sides of the lines of conflict. From 1989 to 1995 he managed the FAO’s Afghanistan Agricul- tural Rehabilitation Programme in the field. In 1995 he took up project manage- ment work in ex-Soviet Central Asia, being based in Kyrgyzstan until July 2001. During this time he returned to Afghanistan several times on short assign- ments for UNODC and the Aga Khan Group, working both in Taliban controlled provinces as well as those controlled by the Northern Alliance. He returned to Building Environmental Resilience Afghanistan in early 2002, as a special adviser to FAO. Since then, he has worked as a private consultant and continues to visit Afghanistan regularly on assign- SOURCES OF TRADITIONAL FODDER AND FORAGE USAGE ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺗﺎب آوری ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ ments for different agencies, including the UN (FAO & UNEP), INGOs, research bodies (AREU) and donors (EU, DFID etc). This included being attached to the Ministry of Rural Rehabilitation and Development (MRRD) as a special advisor in 2004/2005. Over the years he has taken a special interest in the traditional farming and pastoral systems practiced in different parts of Afghanistan and their contri- bution to the resilience of the rural population. He has traveled and worked in almost all parts of Afghanistan, gives regular talks to private and official audi- ences and has contributed to various papers, studies and reports. by Anthony Fitzherbert AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO AN INTRODUCTORY AN INTRODUCTORY GUIDE TO SOURCES OF TRADITIONAL FODDER AND FORAGE AND USAGE Environmental Resilience in Pastoral Systems in Afghanistan by Anthony Fitzherbert Building Environmental Resilience ﺗﻘﻮﯾﺖ ﺗﺎب آوری ﻣﺤﯿﻂ زﯾﺴﺘﯽ this publication was funded and supported by: MAP 1 TOPOGRAPHY OF AFGHANISTAN MAP 2 ECO REGIONS OF AFGHANISTAN 4 5 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .........................................................................................................................................10 FOREWORD ....................................................................................................................................................................................12 PREFACE ENVIRONMENTAL RESILIENCE IN PASTORAL SYSTEMS: BACKGROUND TO THE TRADITIONAL USE OF FORAGE FODDER CROPS AND PLANTS IN AFGHANISTAN .....................................................................................................................................................................................13 HOW TO READ THIS GUIDE ..........................................................................................................................22 INTRODUCTION TO FODDER AND FORAGE DISTRIBUTION IN FARMING SYSTEMS IN AFGHANISTAN .....................................................................................................................................................................................24 1 GRAIN AND STRAW .............................................................................................................................................28 WHEAT (GRAIN AND STRAW) ...................................................................................................................................28 BARLEY (GRAIN, STRAW AND GREEN CROP) ......................................................................................33 MAIZE (GRAIN AND STRAW)......................................................................................................................................36 RICE (STRAW) ..............................................................................................................................................................................38 MILLET .................................................................................................................................................................................................40 6 2 CULTIVATED LEGUMES AND PULSES ............................................................................41 LUCERNE (ALFALFA) 41 Medicago sativa ............................................................................................................. PERSIAN CLOVER 47 Trifolium resupinatum .................................................................................................... BERSEEM CLOVER 49 Trifolium alexandrinum ............................................................................................. MUNG BEAN 50 Vigna radiata .......................................................................................................................................... PHASEOLUS BEANS 51 Phaseolus ssp. ................................................................................................................... FIELD AND COW PEAS 52 Pisum sativum ........................................................................................................... LENTILS 54 Lens culinaris ....................................................................................................................................................... CHICKPEA 55 Cicer arietinum ............................................................................................................................................. BROAD BEAN 56 Vicia faba .................................................................................................................................................. VETCHES 57 Vicia spp. ................................................................................................................................................................ GRASS PEA 60 Lathyrus sativus ....................................................................................................................................... FENUGREEK 62 Trigonella foenum-graecum ..................................................................................................... 3 OIL SEED CROPS AND RESIDUES.........................................................................................63 MUSTARD Brassica arvensis, B. nigra; B. napus AND RAPE SEED 63 Brassica rapa ................................................................................................................................ RADISH 65 Raphanus spp. ...................................................................................................................................................... PEANUTS 65 Arachis hypogaea ......................................................................................................................................... SUNFLOWER 67 Helianthus annuus ........................................................................................................................... COTTON 68 Gossypium hirsutum ..................................................................................................................................... FLAX/LINSEED 69 Linum usitatissimum ................................................................................................................. SESAME 70 Sesamum indicum ........................................................................................................................................... SAFFLOWER 70 Carthamus tinctorius ....................................................................................................................... SOYA BEAN 72 Gycine max .................................................................................................................................................... OPIUM POPPY 73 Papaver somniferum.................................................................................................................... OLIVE 75 Olea europaea ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 CONTENTS 4 OTHER BY-PRODUCTS OF THE CROPPING SYSTEM ........................76 CROP WEEDS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... WEEDS OF WHEAT FIELDS: GRASSES AND FORBS ...............................................................76 WILD BRASSICAS (WILD MUSTARD/CHARLOCK) 78 Brassica spp. ................................. WILD WHITE CUMIN 79 Cuminum cymenum ............................................................................................ POTATO HAULM AND WASTE VEGETABLES ........................................................................................80 5 MEADOWS, FIELDS AND GARDENS .................................................................................81 MEADOWS ...............................................................................................................................................................................................
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