DOCSLIB.ORG

Spacetimes 54-3

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Spacetimes 54-3 PageMark-Color-Comp Job Name: 515709_SpaceTimes_54_3 ❏ OK to proceed PDF Page: CVR1_R1.p1.pdf ❏ Make corrections and proceed Process Plan: VP.MultiPage.PDF Date: 15-06-03 ❏ Make corrections and show another proof Time: 11:16:59 Signed: ___________________ Date: ______ Operator: ____________________________ MAY / JUNE 2015 THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY ISSUE 3–VOLUME 54 SPACE TIMES • Sep/Oct 2014 1 PageMark-Color-Comp Job Name: 515709_SpaceTimes_54_3 ❏ OK to proceed PDF Page: 01_24_SpaceTimes54_3.p2.pdf ❏ Make corrections and proceed Process Plan: VP.MultiPage.PDF Date: 15-06-03 ❏ Make corrections and show another proof Time: 11:16:59 Signed: ___________________ Date: ______ Operator: ____________________________ AAS OFFICERS PRESIDENT Lyn D. Wigbels, RWI International Consulting Services EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENT J. Walter Faulconer, Strategic Space Solutions, LLC MAY / JUNE 2015 VICE PRESIDENT–TECHNICAL Jim McAdams, JHU/Applied Physics Laboratory ISSUE 3–VOLUME 54 VICE PRESIDENT–PROGRAMS Harley A. Thronson VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLICATIONS David B. Spencer, The Pennsylvania State University VICE PRESIDENT–STRATEGIC COMMUNICATIONS AND OUTREACH THE MAGAZINE OF THE AMERICAN ASTRONAUTICAL SOCIETY Madhurita Sengupta, Federal Aviation Administration VICE PRESIDENT–MEMBERSHIP 3 Tracy Lamm, Space Center Houston PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE VICE PRESIDENT–EDUCATION FEATURES Lance Bush, Challenger Center for Space Science Education Autonomous Mission for On-Orbit Servicing: Promoting a Sustainable Space VICE PRESIDENT–FINANCE Environment 4 Paul Eckert, Federal Aviation Administration The amount of tracked debris objects has increased by more than 50% for all Earth orbits VICE PRESIDENT–INTERNATIONAL in the past decade. Action is needed to stem the debris population increase and foster a Susan J. Irwin, Irwin Communications, Inc. VICE PRESIDENT–PUBLIC POLICY sustainable Low Earth Orbit environment. Edward Goldstein, Aerospace Industries Association by Paul Lemon, Roxanne Cote-Bigras, and Patrick Gavigan LEGAL COUNSEL Franceska O. Schroeder, Fish & Richardson P.C. My Transatlantic Teatime with Venetia: Remembering a Conversation with the EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR Girl Who Named Pluto 10 James R. Kirkpatrick, American Astronautical Society As New Horizons nears its close encounter with Pluto and provision of Earth images to millions, let us be reminded of the retired English schoolteacher who decades ago at age AAS BOARD OF DIRECTORS 11 named this distant planetary body. TERM EXPIRES 2015 by Edward Goldstein A. William Beckman, The Boeing Company Vincent C. Boles, The Aerospace Corporation Aerojet Rocketdyne Employees Bid Farewell to MESSENGER Sandy Coleman, Orbital ATK The end of NASA MESSENGER’s decade long mission is bittersweet to Aerojet Rocketdyne 14 David A. King, Dynetics, Inc. employees. Carol S. Lane Kim Luu, Air Force Research Laboratory NASA MaterialsLab Changes Materials Research on the International Space Station 15 Ian W. Pryke, Independent Consultant-Aerospace Frank A. Slazer, Aerospace Industries Association A new approach to materials science research called MaterialsLab provides an unprecedented Marcia S. Smith, Space and Technology Policy Group, LLC level of collaboration among stakeholders performing research on the International Space Station, a unique orbiting laboratory where advanced materials can be studied and used to TERM EXPIRES 2016 Stephanie Bednarek Orton, SpaceX stimulate the U.S. economy. Ronald J. Birk, Northrop Grumman Thomas F. Burns, National Oceanic and Atmospheric NOTES ON NEW BOOKS Administration Neil Armstrong: A Life of Flight 16 Peggy Finarelli, George Mason University/CAPR Rob Fulton, Valkyrie Strategic Partners, LLC Reviewed by Matt Bille Rebecca L. Griffin, Rebecca Griffin Space Hal E. Hagemeier, Eagle Ray Inc. Space Careers 17 Molly Kenna Macauley, Resources for the Future by Scott Sacknoff Kathy J. Nado John Olson, Sierra Nevada Corporation TEHNICAL CONFERENCE TERM EXPIRES 2017 26th AAS/AIAA Space Flight Mechanics Meeting 18 Gale Allen Robert H. Bishop, University of South Florida HONORS AND AWARDS AT THE ASTRONAUTS AND ROBOTS CONFERENCE 20 Mark K. Craig, SAIC Laura Delgado López, Secure World Foundation AAS CORPORATE AND INSTITUTIONAL MEMBERS 23 Kathleen Karika, Lockheed Martin Space Systems Company Zigmond V. Leszczynski, VCSFA/MARS AAS SCHEDULE OF EVENTS 24 Suneel Sheikh, ASTER Labs, Inc. Patricia Grace Smith, Patti Grace Smith Consulting Dave A. Spencer, Georgia Institute of Technology Micheline Tabache, European Space Agency ON THE COVER Gregg Vane, Jet Propulsion Laboratory From the 2014 Student CanSat Competition: A view into a CanSat payload after the egg has been inserted. The egg and electronic components must survive a 7 to 9 g rocket launch and controlled SPACE TIMES EDITORIAL STAFF descent. (Source: Jamie Hartman/Naval Research Laboratory) EDITOR, Diane L. Thompson PHOTO AND GRAPHICS EDITOR, Diane L. Thompson PRODUCTION MANAGER, Diane L. Thompson Follow AAS on: SPACE TIMES is published bimonthly by the American Astronautical Society, a professional non-profit society. SPACE TIMES is free to members of the AAS. Individual subscriptions may be ordered from the AAS Business Office. © Copyright 2015 www.facebook.com/AmericanAstronauticalSociety by the American Astronautical Society, Inc. Printed in the United States of America. ISSN 1933-2793. PERIODICALS www.twitter.com/astrosociety SPACE TIMES, magazine of the American Astronautical Society, bimonthly, Volume 54, 2015—$80 domestic, $95 foreign (To order, contact the AAS at 703-866-0020.) The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences, quarterly, print and online (To order, contact Springer at 1-800-777-4643.) 6352 Rolling Mill Place, Suite 102 www.youtube.com/user/astrosociety Springfield, VA 22152-2370 USA REPRINTS Tel: 703-866-0020 ♦ Fax: 703-866-3526 Reprints are available for all articles in SPACE TIMES and all papers published in The Journal of the Astronautical Sciences. [email protected] ♦ www.astronautical.org www.slideshare.net/astrosociety 2 SPACE TIMES • May-June 2015 PageMark-Color-Comp Job Name: 515709_SpaceTimes_54_3 ❏ OK to proceed PDF Page: 01_24_SpaceTimes54_3.p3.pdf ❏ Make corrections and proceed Process Plan: VP.MultiPage.PDF Date: 15-06-03 ❏ Make corrections and show another proof Time: 11:16:59 Signed: ___________________ Date: ______ Operator: ____________________________ PRESIDENT’S MESSAGE Congressional action on the President’s Fiscal Year 2016 budget request began in April when the House Science, Space and Technology Committee met to consider and approve NASA Fiscal Year 2016 and 2017 reauthorization legislation. On April 30, AAS wrote to the senior leadership of the Committee “in support of the reauthorization of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) FY2016 budget at a funding level of $18.5 billion and $18.8 billion for FY 2017. However, we strongly believe that the budget should support all of NASA’s critical exploration, science, technology, and aeronautics activities. We commend members of the Committee for recognizing that NASA, which does so much to expand the boundaries of exploration and scientific en- deavor, develop technologies that help millions of people, and address tangible threats to life and property, needs a budget increase. If NASA funding had remained constant relative to inflation from a generation ago, our space program budget would be roughly $24 billion today. Also, as last year’s National Research Council report Pathways to Exploration stated, a modest increase of two to three percent in NASA’s budget above inflation would provide the support needed to enable a human mission to Mars in the 2030’s. Given the most recent round of budget cuts under the Budget Control Act of 2011, AAS applauds the Committee for outlining a path forward in the event there is meaningful budget cap relief. We look forward to working with you to help support NASA advance all of its vital work that is so important to our Nation.” I am happy to report that our “Astronauts and Robots: Partners in Space Science and Exploration” conference at the Theodore von Kármán Auditorium in Pasadena last month was very well received. We partnered with JPL and The Planetary Society and presented an impressive lineup of speakers and relevant topics. We also were very pleased to present the Carl Sagan Memorial Award to JPL Director Charles Elachi, the Neal Armstrong Space Flight Achievement Award to the Curiosity Mars Science Laboratory Team, the Space Technology Award to Bobby Braun, Professor of Space Technology, Georgia Tech, and the Space Entrepreneurship Award to Skybox Imaging and Planet Labs. AAS had not hosted a conference with JPL in many years, and the positive response received suggests that we should definitely not wait several more years before returning to Pasadena! The cover of this issue of Space Times highlights our annual Student CanSat Competition in Texas, which continues to attract new teams from colleges and universities around the world. This is the Competition’s eighth year, and it has evolved into our Society’s premier STEM event. Our partners include AIAA, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, the Naval Research Laboratory, JPL, and Kratos ISI. Over 220 students from ten countries will build CanSat payloads and compete June 12-14, 2015. In closing, I hope to see many of you July 7-9 in Boston at the 4th Annual International Space Station Research and Development Conference. The theme this year is “Gain a New Perspective.” We have a set of outstanding speakers includ- ing SpaceX
Load more

Recommended publications
  • New Horizons: Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and The
    C.T. Russell Editor New Horizons Reconnaissance of the Pluto-Charon System and the Kuiper Belt Previously published in Space Science Reviews Volume 140, Issues 1–4, 2008 C.T. Russell Institute of Geophysics & Planetary Physics University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA Cover illustration: NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft was launched on 2006 January 19, received a grav- ity assist during a close approach to Jupiter on 2007 February 28, and is now headed for a flyby with closest approach 12,500 km from the center of Pluto on 2015 July 14. This artist’s depiction shows the spacecraft shortly after passing above Pluto’s highly variegated surface, which may have black-streaked surface deposits produced from cryogenic geyser activity, and just before passing into Pluto’s shadow when solar and earth occultation experiments will probe Pluto’s tenuous, and possibly hazy, atmosphere. Sunlit crescents of Pluto’s moons Charon, Nix, and Hydra are visible in the background. After flying through the Pluto system, the New Horizons spacecraft could be re-targeted towards other Kuiper Belt Objects in an extended mission phase. This image is based on an original painting by Dan Durda. © Dan Durda 2001 All rights reserved. Back cover illustration: The New Horizons spacecraft was launched aboard an Atlas 551 rocket from the NASA Kennedy Space Center on 2008 January 19 at 19:00 UT. Library of Congress Control Number: 2008944238 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-89518-5 ISBN-978-0-387-89517-8 e-ISBN-978-0-387-89518-5 Printed on acid-free paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Measurements of the Interplanetary Dust Population by the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter on the New Horizons Mission Andrew R
    41st Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2010) 1219.pdf Measurements of the Interplanetary Dust Population by the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter on the New Horizons Mission Andrew R. Poppe1,2, David James1, Brian Jacobsmeyer1,2, and Mihaly Hor´anyi1,2, 1Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, Boulder, CO, and 2Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, ([email protected]) Introduction: The Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (SDC) on the New Horizons mission is an in- strument designed to measure the spatial density of in- terplanetary dust particles with mass, m > 10−12 g, on a radial profile throughout the solar system [1]. The instrument consists of fourteen permanently-polarized polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) detectors that register a charge when impacted by a hypervelocity(v> 1 km/sec) dust particle. PVDF-style dust detectors have previously flown on the Vega 1 and 2 [2] and Cassini spacecraft [3]. The instrument has a total surface area of 0.11 m2, a one- second time resolution and a factor of two in mass reso- lution. When impacted by a hypervelocity dust particle, the instrument records the time, charge, threshold and detector number. SDC is part of the Education and Pub- lic Outreach program of New Horizons, and as such, was designed, tested, integrated and is now operated solely by students. New Horizons was launched on January 19, 2006 and encountered Jupiter on February 28, 2007. Prior to the Jupiter encounter, SDC took measurements in two main Figure 1: The New Horizons flight path up to January 1, 2010. periods of the inner solar system: 2.66-3.55 A.U.
    [Show full text]
  • Anticipated Scientific Investigations at the Pluto System
    Space Sci Rev (2008) 140: 93–127 DOI 10.1007/s11214-008-9462-9 New Horizons: Anticipated Scientific Investigations at the Pluto System Leslie A. Young · S. Alan Stern · Harold A. Weaver · Fran Bagenal · Richard P. Binzel · Bonnie Buratti · Andrew F. Cheng · Dale Cruikshank · G. Randall Gladstone · William M. Grundy · David P. Hinson · Mihaly Horanyi · Donald E. Jennings · Ivan R. Linscott · David J. McComas · William B. McKinnon · Ralph McNutt · Jeffery M. Moore · Scott Murchie · Catherine B. Olkin · Carolyn C. Porco · Harold Reitsema · Dennis C. Reuter · John R. Spencer · David C. Slater · Darrell Strobel · Michael E. Summers · G. Leonard Tyler Received: 5 January 2007 / Accepted: 28 October 2008 / Published online: 3 December 2008 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008 L.A. Young () · S.A. Stern · C.B. Olkin · J.R. Spencer Southwest Research Institute, Boulder, CO, USA e-mail: [email protected] H.A. Weaver · A.F. Cheng · R. McNutt · S. Murchie Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Lab., Laurel, MD, USA F. Bagenal · M. Horanyi University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA R.P. Binzel Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA B. Buratti Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, USA D. Cruikshank · J.M. Moore NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA G.R. Gladstone · D.J. McComas · D.C. Slater Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA W.M. Grundy Lowell Observatory, Flagstaff, AZ, USA D.P. Hinson · I.R. Linscott · G.L. Tyler Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA D.E. Jennings · D.C. Reuter NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA 94 L.A. Young et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Pluto-Bound CU Instrument Renamed for Girl Who Named Ninth Planet in 1930 30 June 2006
    Pluto-Bound CU Instrument Renamed For Girl Who Named Ninth Planet In 1930 30 June 2006 The University of Colorado at Boulder student-built Research Associate Mihaly Horanyi, principal science instrument on NASA's New Horizons investigator for the student instrument. The CU- mission to Pluto has been renamed to honor Boulder team should be able to infer the population another famous student -- the 11-year-old girl who of comets and other distant colliding bodies that are named the ninth planet more than 75 years ago. too small to detect with telescopes, he said. For the rest of the New Horizons spacecraft's The dust counter also could be used to search for voyage to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt beyond, the dust in the Pluto system, said Horanyi, a CU- Student Dust Counter -- the first science Boulder professor of physics. Such dust might be instrument on a NASA planetary mission to be generated by collisions of tiny impactors on Pluto designed, built and operated by students -- will be and its moons, Charon, Nix and Hydra. known as the Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter, or "Venetia," for short. The new name The device combines an 18-by-12-inch detector honors Venetia Burney Phair, now 87 and living in mounted on the outside of the spacecraft with an Epsom, England, who offered the name "Pluto" for electronics box inside the craft that determines the the newly discovered ninth planet in 1930. mass and speed of the particles that hit the detector, he said. Because no dust detector has "It's fitting that we name an instrument built by ever flown beyond 18 astronomical units from the students after Mrs.
    [Show full text]
  • The Plutoed Planet 2 Read Each Source Below
    Unit The Plutoed Planet 2 Read each source below . Then complete the activities on pages 10–11 . Source 1 Tri-City Tribune May 2, 1930 Child Names Planet Pluto The astronomers of Lowell Observatory have March 24, a vote was held at Lowell Observa- voted, and it is official: our solar system’s new- tory to determine the planet’s name. In addi- est planet will be named Pluto. This name was tion to Pluto, the names Minerva and Cronus first suggested by Venetia Burney, an 11-year- were also on the ballot. Yesterday, the results old schoolgirl from Oxford, England. A fan of of the vote were announced, and they were mythology, Ms. Burney believed that the unanimous. Every member chose Pluto for planet should be named after Pluto, the Roman the planet’s name. god of the cold, dark underworld. Pluto now joins an exclusive club, as it Pluto’s journey from discovery to named becomes one of only nine planets in our solar planet has been quick. It was first observed system. Of these, Pluto is the farthest from on February 18 of this year by Clyde Tom- the Sun. Astronomers believe that it is the baugh at Lowell Observatory in Arizona. On coldest and smallest of the nine. Source 2 Tri-City Tribune September 14, 2006 Pluto Ousted! Pluto has always been the little planet that astronomers, while others believe Pluto should was a little different than all the others. Yes- have been stripped of its planet status long ago. terday, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) announced that Pluto will no longer be In 1930, Pluto was named the ninth planet in considered a planet.
    [Show full text]
  • Journey to the Edge of the Solar System
    Home / Space/ Special Reports Journey to the edge of the solar system History of a space discovery The existence of a planet beyond the orbit of Neptune had been predicted since the 1840s. Astronomers of the time, in fact, thought there was another large planet as yet unknown, situated on the edge of the Solar System, responsible for the disturbances and changes to the orbits of Uranus and Neptune. Complex mathematical calculations based on the known mass of Neptune showed, in fact, that its orbit, as well as that of nearby Uranus, did not perfectly correspond to the predictions on the motion of bodies in the Solar System. The search for the ninth planet started seriously in the twentieth century. Percival Lowell, founder astronomer (1894) and director of the Observatory in Flagstaff (Lowell Observatory), Arizona, dedicated the last eight years of his life to the search for Planet X, a phrase used to indicate a planet beyond Neptune. Lowell died in 1916, without being able to prove the existence of the missing planet. We had to wait another 14 years and more precisely 18 February 1930 to demonstrate the existence of Planet X. On that day, the twenty four year old Clyde Tombaugh was intent on observing celestial bodies with a blink comparator, an instrument that allows images of the sky obtained at different times to be compared. Clyde Tombaugh, a Kansas farmer with a great passion for astronomy, while never having carried out any formal studies on the subject, had got a job at the Lowell Observatory, thanks to drawings of Mars and Jupiter, which he had made using a telescope he had built with pieces of old farm machinery.
    [Show full text]
  • The Year of Pluto - 06-18-2015 by Kushal Bhuyan - Gonit Sora
    2015: The Year of Pluto - 06-18-2015 by Kushal Bhuyan - Gonit Sora - http://gonitsora.com 2015: The Year of Pluto by Kushal Bhuyan - Thursday, June 18, 2015 http://gonitsora.com/2015-the-year-of-pluto/ Kushal Bhuyan Clyde William Tombaugh On 13th March, 1930, the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona had something new for the scientific community, a new planet beyond Neptune. A ninth member of our Solar System was discovered by a 23 year old man named Clyde Tombaugh. The search for an extra planet beyond Neptune was started with Percival Lowell, a wealthy Bostonian who had founded the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, Arizona, in 1894. He was sure that there is another planet beyond Uranus and Neptune by analysing the perturbations in the orbits of both the planets. He started an extensive project for finding this new planet that he named as Planet X. From 1909 to 1916 until his death, Lowell searched for the probable planet, but without any success. The search for the Planet X resumed in 1929 with Clyde Tombaugh, then a graduate and new to Lowell Observatory. After a year of painstaking work, Tombaugh found something amazing in the January of 1930. After the first observation, several other observations are made to confirm the discovery of a new planet. And on March 13, 1930, they announced the discovery of the ninth planet of our solar system. The newly discovered planet was soon named as Pluto, after the god of the underworld by an 11 year old girl named Venetia Burney. As the time passed, astronomers slowly started to question about the status of planets in case of Pluto.
    [Show full text]
  • THE GIRL WHO NAMED PLUTO: the Story of Venetia Burney by Alice B
    THE GIRL WHO NAMED PLUTO: The Story of Venetia Burney By Alice B. McGinty Illustrated by Elizabeth Haidle When Venetia Burney's grandfather reads aloud from the newspaper about a new discovery--a "ninth major planet" that has yet to be named--her eleven-year-old mind starts whirring. She is studying the planets in school and loves Roman mythology. "It might be called Pluto," she says, thinking of the dark underworld. Grandfather loves the idea and contacts his friend at London's Royal Astronomical Society, who writes to scientists at the Lowell Observatory in Massachusetts, where Pluto was discovered. After a vote, the scientists agree unanimously: Pluto is the perfect name for the dark, cold planet. Available May 2019, The Girl Who Named Pluto is an empowering, inspiring, and accessible nonfiction picture book perfect for all children—particularly girls—who have ever dreamed of becoming a scientist. Already an accomplished author, Alice McGinty is the award-winning author of over forty books for children, including Darwin, an Orbis Pictus Honor Book and one of Booklist’s Top 10 Biographies for Youth. It received three starred reviews and was called “exquisite and enlightening” by Kirkus Reviews. Her most recent picture book, Rabbi Benjamin’s Buttons, was named a Sydney Taylor Notable Book. For The Girl Who Named Pluto, she is joined by Elizabeth Haidle, who serves as the creative director of and regular contributor to Illustoria magazine, as well as a collaborator at Mascot Press, an independent comics press. She has illustrated a graphic novel, I, Parrot, written by Deb Olin Unferth, and has several nonfiction comics series in the works.
    [Show full text]
  • New Horizons: First Scientific Results
    New Horizons: First Scientific Results Bonnie J. Buratti (For the New Horizons Team, Alan Stern, P.I.) Principal Scientist, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Caltech Discovery of Pluto (1930) Percival Lowell (1855-1916) Clyde Tombaugh (1906-1997) Discovery of Pluto’s main moon (1978) The discovery photograph (Pluto + Charon; Charon Is the blob) Christy & Harrington Hubble: July 2012 Styx Kerberos The origin of Charon? The clearest map of Pluto prior to New Horizons (Buie et al., 2010) The Third Zone Pluto’s orbit Neptune’s orbit Triton (Neptune moon) What we expected to see (What we didn’t see) New Horizons Finally, a mission to complete the inventory New Horizons: Mission Objectives • Map surface composition of Pluto & Charon • Characterize geology and morphology of Pluto, Charon & new satellites • Characterize the atmosphere of Pluto and its evolution • Search for an atmosphere around Charon • Map temperatures on Pluto & Charon • Search for rings and additional satellites around Pluto • PLUS... conduct similar investigations of one or more Kuiper Belt Objects New Horizons: Basics Ralph: Visible and IR spectrometer: composition and temperature of surface of Pluto, Charon, and new moons Alice: Ultraviolet spectrometer: atmospheric detection and structure LORRI: Camera to study geology; look for moons and rings REX: Radio science experiment: atmospheric temperature and composition SWAP: Solar wind studies PEPPSI: Energetic particle detector SDC: Student dust counter http://pluto.jhuapl.edu Mission profile Volatile transport The solid lines are no frost transport; the data show sublimation in the bright regions in the past few decades. Leisa spectrometer first results CO Colors of Pluto and Charon Nix and Hydra 42X36 km 55X40 km The magnetosphere of Pluto: It has a tail! Young people (postdocs especially) and women powered the New Horizons project Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter Conclusions and future work • Pluto has a complex geologic history, with evidence for seasonal volatile transport and active processes since its formation.
    [Show full text]
  • Was a Human Who Computed, Initially Entirely by Hand, with Mechanical Calculators, and Devices for Collating Data Stored on Punched Cards, More Common from the 1920S
    Oxford’s female computing pioneers: Computing before the computer For centuries, until the 1950s, a “computer” was a human who computed, initially entirely by hand, with mechanical calculators, and devices for collating data stored on punched cards, more common from the 1920s. Records are sparse, but there are many examples where the work was done by women, often uncredited and unpaid. Florence Weldon (1858–1936), Mary Blagg FRAS (1858–1944) studied mathematics at Girton was a self-taught mathematician College Cambridge, and worked living in Cheshire, who became closely with her husband, Raphael interested in astronomy in her Weldon, Oxford’s Linacre Chair 40s, and worked, unpaid, with of Zoology, applying techniques Oxford’s Savilian Professor of developed by the statisticians Astronomy, Herbert Hall Turner, Francis Galton and Karl to analyse data on variable stars, Pearson to biological data. and to catalogue features on the moon’s surface. She noted the For example, in 1892, 23 “very considerable labour” measurements were taken from required in the reconciliation each of 1000 adult female shore of substantial conflicting data crabs from the Bay of Naples, sources. Likewise with no formal and analysed to show that 22 of qualifications,Ethel Bellamy the 23 features were normally FRAS (1881–1960) was employed distributed, and one was bimodal. at the Radcliffe Observatory for In his lifetime Weldon’s papers over 50 years, working on star did not mention his wife: catalogues. From 1913–1946 manuscripts completed by she edited the International Crystallographers and pre-digital computing devices, CalTech, 1947 Pearson after his death Seismological Summary, acknowledge “F.
    [Show full text]
  • Mission Factsheet
    INSERT FLAGSHIP/BUSINESS UNIT NAME Mission Factsheet New Horizons, Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex and Pluto New Horizons New Horizons is the first ever mission to Pluto and the Kuiper Belt. New Horizons blasted off from Cape Canaveral in Florida on the 19th January 2006 and is scheduled to make the closest approach on Tuesday 14th July at 9:49:57 pm AEST. New Horizons will have travelled 5.3 billion kilometres to reach Pluto. New Horizons is the fastest spacecraft ever launched from Earth. New Horizons has flown the furthest into space just to start its main mission. The closest New Horizons will pass above Pluto’s surface is approximately 12,500 kilometres. New Horizons will only be in range of Pluto for 5 hrs as it flies past and then heads off into deep space. The New Horizons Spacecraft’s primary structure is 0.7 m tall, 2.1 m long and 2.7 m at its widest. It has a 2.1-m diameter antenna dish that is attached to the top deck; the spacecraft measures 2.2 m tall from the payload attachment fitting on the bottom deck to the top of the dish antenna stack. The probe is powered by plutonium-238, an element named after Pluto. New Horizons required a gravity slingshot from Jupiter in 2007 to gain enough speed to get to Pluto. There are six scientific instruments mounted to New Horizons that will collect a range of information including imaging spectrometers, particle detection instruments and a passive radiometer. Their names are Alice, LORRI, Ralph, PEPSSI, SWAP and Rex.
    [Show full text]
  • Books from 1923 with US Copyright Not Renewed
    Books from 1923 with US copyright not renewed Books from 1923 with US copyright not renewed This page is intended to identify books for which there is no US copyright renewal record, and which may therefore be out of US copyright. However the information cannot be guaranteed correct, so it is the condition of use of this page that you must verify any information in it before relying on it. See here for more information on US copyright, and how to check a book's US copyright status. The books are divided into 3 categories: ● Probably in the US Public Domain - books by authors I believe to be US citizens, books by non-US citizens that I believe to have been first published or simultaneously (ie, within 30 days) published in the US, and books I believe to have been published in the US by foreign authors whose period of copyright in their native country had expired by 1996 Jan 1. ● Likely in the US Public Domain - books by authors I suspect to be US citizens, books by non-US citizens that I suspect to have been first published in the US, and books by non-US citizens that I believe were published in the US in the same year as they were published abroad & so may not have been first (ie, by at least 30 days) published abroad. ● Possibly in the US Public Domain - books by authors I believe to be non-US citizens (though may include some US citizens I have not yet identified as such) - if any of these were published in the US, the rules on works by non-US authors (see here) will apply.
    [Show full text]