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Wfp Ethiopia Cfsva Report June © World Food Program Ethiopia Office and Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia All Rights reserved. Extracts may be published given source is duly acknowledged. This summary report and a report are available online: www.wfp.org and www.csa.gov.et For further information on this report please contact: World Food Program Ethiopia Office, P.O. Box 25584, code 1000: Phone: +251 115 51 51 88 Website: www.wfp.org Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia, P.O. Box 1143: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; Phone: +251 111 55 30 11 Website: www.csa.gov.et Design and Layout: Berhane Sisay Email: [email protected], bssinna@gmail. com Phone: +251 918722510 +251 913506462 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATION AGP: Agricultural Growth Project HCES: Household Consumption Expenditure Survey BMI: Body Mass Index HDDS: Household Dietary Diversity Score CARI: Consolidated Approach for Reporting on Food Security IFPRI: International Food Policy Research Indicators Institute CFSAM: Crop and Food Security IOD: Indian Ocean Dipole Assessment Mission LEAP: Livelihoods, Early Assessment and CFSVA: Comprehensive Food Security and Protection Project Vulnerability Analysis MDER: Minimum Dietary Energy CPI: Consumer Price Index Requirement CSA: Central Statistical Agency MICS: Multiple Indicators DHS: Demographic and Health Survey MT: Metric ton EA: Enumeration Area MW: Mega Watt ECX: Ethiopian Commodity Exchange NBE: National Bank of Ethiopia EDHS: Ethiopia Demographic and PAE: Per capita and Per Adult Equivalent Health Survey PCA: Principal Component Analysis EGTE: Ethiopia Grain Trade Enterprise PPP: Purchasing Power Parity ERA: Ethiopian Road Authority PSNP: Productive Safety net Programme ETBC: Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation SAM: Severe Acute Malnutrition FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization SNNPR: Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People Region FCS: Food Consumption Score TOT: Terms of Trade FCG: Food Consumption Group UNICEF: United Nations Children’s Fund FEC: Food Energy Consumption USAID : United States Agency for FED: Food Energy Deficiency International Development FEWSNET: Famine Early Warning Systems USD: United States Dollar Network WAZ: Weight for Age Z score GDP: Gross Domestic Product WHZ: Weight for Height Z-Score GHI: Global Hunger Index WI: Wealth Index GOE: Government of Ethiopia WMS: Welfare Monitoring Survey GTP: Growth and Transformation Plan WFP: World Food Program I FOREWORD Ethiopia has made tremendous socio-economic progress over the past two decades. The country has reduced the proportion of people living below the poverty line, significantly reduced the prevalence of hunger and undernourishment, and expanded access to basic services. However, poverty and food insecurity are still widespread, and millions of Ethiopians are poor and inadequately fed; a very large number of these people are outright hungry and on welfare assistance. Drought is an immediate cause of food insecurity in rural areas, since it has a serious implication for food availability and access. Consecutive droughts in many parts of the country have depleted households’ resilience to shocks and weakened coping capacity. The root causes of food insecurity in Ethiopia include structural factors such as degradation of the natural environment, population pressure that resulted in land fragmentation and land-per-capita decline, backward agricultural technology/poor performance of agricultural sector and land policy, limited opportunity for diversification of income sources, unemployment and, linked to the aforementioned, the wider economic factor of basic poverty. Understanding the factors that lead to food insecurity and households’ vulnerability to shocks is of paramount importance in informing policy and programme design and implementation. The World Food Programme (WFP), in partnership with Central Statistics Agency (CSA) of Ethiopia, conducted a Comprehensive Food Security and Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA). The aim was to understand the profile of food-insecure households in the country, the economic vulnerability which led to household food insecurity, and the geographic distribution and number of the food-insecure people. This is the second round of WFP/CSA collaboration on the CFSVA. WFP food-security, data-collection modules were incorporated into CSA’s Welfare Monitoring (WMS), and an agreement was made to use CSA’s Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) and DHS data for the analysis of household consumption expenditure and the nutrition situation which is part of this CFSVA. CSA staff were trained in food security analysis, and staff from both agencies participated in data analysis. This builds national capacity within both the CSA and WFP. The dataset from WMS, HCES and DHS makes the CFSVA analysis highly comprehensive and informative for policymakers and programme designers and implementers. WFP Food Security Analysis tools was used to classify households into different food security groups. The CSA staff, namely Hagos Haile, Kassu Gebeyehu, Kiflu Tesfaye, Salah Yousuf, Seid Jemal, and Zena Selassie Seyoum (in alphabetic order), coordinated and supervised data collection, cleaned the data and carried out primary data analysis. WFP Ethiopia Country Office VAM team – Alemtsehai Alemu, Mamo Getahun and Tsegazeab Bezabih conducted an in-depth analysis and wrote the CFSVA report. WFP and CSA duly acknowledge the contributions of above-mentioned professionals and would like to extend a sincere appreciation to all who contributed to this analysis. Thanks, are also due to the WFP Regional Bureau (RBN) Vulnerability Analysis and Mapping (VAM), and Nutrition, staff: Krishna Pahari, Geo- phrey Sikei, Aaron Wise and Jo Jacobsen, for their guidance and editing of the draft document. We would also like to thank Claude Kakule, for his technical guidance, Alexandra Priebe, for her copy editing, and Abiy Wogderes for preparing the maps in the report. Special thanks should be given to Cinzia Monetta, Food Security Analyst, OSZAF, WFP headquarters for her support in Government staff training and technical support in data analysis and editing of the draft report. WFP thanks CSA for partnering on food security analysis and trusts this kind of collaboration willcontinue to better deliver the analytical needs for better policy design and programme development. Biratu Yigezu Steven Were Omamo Director General Representative and Country Director, Central Statistical Agency WFP Ethiopia II Comprehensive FoodFood Security Security and and Vulnerability Analysis Analysis (CFSVA) (CFSVA) Ethiopia 2019 Executive Summary Central Statistical Agency III Amhara Region experienced the highest The Comprehensive Food Security and percentage of food insecure households (36.1 Vulnerability Analysis (CFSVA) is aims to explore percent), followed by Afar (26.1 percent) and the state of food and nutrition insecurity, identify Tigray (24.7 percent). Nearly 22.7 percent of rural the most vulnerable groups to food insecurity, households and 13.9 percent of urban examine the spatial distribution of food households are food insecure. Overall, rural insecurity in Ethiopia and identify the driving households are more food insecure than urban factors to vulnerability to food and nutrition households according to all indicators except insecurity. This report is based primarily on calorie deficiency. analysis of the Welfare Monitoring Survey (WMS), the Household Consumption and Expenditure The proportion of households who have Survey (HCES), and the Demographic and Health inadequate caloric consumption (<2,550 Kcals Survey (DHS) conducted in 2015/16. A food per adult equivalent per day) constitutes 31 security module was incorporated into the WMS percent of the total households in Ethiopia, with questionnaire to collect data on different food 24 percent located in urban areas and 33 security indicators, as per the agreement percent in rural areas. between Central Statistical Agency (CSA) and Additionally, mean energy consumption has World Food Programme (WFP). The data were increased 67 percent since 1996, currently collected from approximately 30,229 households standing at 3,254 Kcal per adult equivalent per across the country. During analysis, the state of day nationally (2016). household food insecurity was assessed using four approaches: 1) the Consolidated Approach The share of starchy staples in total calorie for Reporting on Food Security Indicators (CARI), consumption is very high at 71.4 percent which classifies households into food secure indicating a highly unvaried diet. and food insecure; 2) food energy consumption, On the average, adults consume 194 kg of cereals which measures quantity of food household per year, which comprises 60.4 percent of the members consumed; 3) the Dietary Diversity total calorie intake. In 2016, the average annual Score, which measures the quality/diversity of consumption of maize stood at 66.7 kg per adult Executive Summary food consumed by members of the household; equivalent, which constitutes nearly 20 percent of and 4) the Food Consumption Score (FCS), which the total calorie intake in the country. Teff, measures dietary adequacy. Economic sorghum, and wheat account for 12 percent, 10 vulnerability of household to food insecurity was percent and 9 percent of overall calories also analysed proxy indicators, such as poverty consumed, respectively. Maize remains the (food and general poverty), the Wealth Index, and primary calorie source for the poor, while teff is household food expenditure. the primary calorie source for the higher
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