International Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics Volume 116 No. 13 2017, 299-305 ISSN: 1311-8080 (printed version); ISSN: 1314-3395 (on-line version) url: http://www.ijpam.eu Special Issue ijpam.eu
EVALUATION OF FLUORIDE CONCENTRATION OF GROUNDWATER IN MADURAVOYAL, CHENNAI
1A.Ambica,2B.Saritha, 3R. Anbarasan Assistant Professor 1,2 Student 3,4 Department of Civil Engineering, BIST, BIHER, Bharath University, Chennai. [email protected]
Abstract : The most important natural source of water 2. Study Area supply to the people all over the world is the groundwater. This study aims to evaluate the The samples were collected at Maduravoyal it is located concentration of fluoride in the groundwater in at west of Chennai, India. Maduravoyal is located at Maduravoyal. The public are not aware of the fluoride latitude of 13°3'40"N and Longitude of 80°9'50“E. content in water. They are worried only about salt content According to census 2011, Maduravoyal had the and that, too, is measured only by taste. There is no valid population of 86,195 and it is situated about 12.87 or recommended cost-effective household method to kilometers from Chennai harbor and 3 Km from the west reduce the additional fluoride content. So it is a need to of Koyambedu area in Chennai city. The neighbouring check the overall water quality and the level of fluoride areas include Nerkundram, Mogappair, Vanagaram, concentration in the groundwater for drinking purpose. Valasaravakkam, Alapakkam and Porur.[13-15]. The collected twenty water samples were tested for physical-chemical parameters like pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Hardness, Alkalinity, Phosphate, Iron, Nitrates, Chloride and Fluoride . It was found that fluoride concentration ranged from 1 -2 mg/l in the study area. This study aims to create the awareness to the public about the level of fluoride in the drinking water for taking the protective measure.
1. Introduction
Nowadays the growth rate of urbanization and industrialization in the metropolitan cities such as Chennai are too fast. This will lead to demand of many natural resources. Groundwater is one of the most important resource affected by the increasing rate of 3. Insitute data urbanization and industrialization .The pollution keeps on increasing every day due to the increase of population. The water samples are collected from fifteen different The parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, locations from the study area during the year 2014. total hardness, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, Intense care was taken while collecting the samples as total alkalinity, sodium, chlorides and iron are most prescribed in the standard procedures of measurement important to determine the quality of the water. If the (APHA 1994). Ten groundwater parameters such as pH, groundwater parameters may increase or decrease from total hardness, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, the standard limit will lead to be severe health problems chlorides, fluorides, nitrates, phosphate and iron were to human beings. Therefore, the goal of this study to analyzed to determine the water quality in the study analyse the water quality in the study area to create area[17-19]. awareness on the drinking water quality by using standard methods[1-5].
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4. Results water study are in the within limit and the station 6 have high value of nitrate value greater than the permissible The frequently used most important parameter to limit. The fluoride concentration in the study area ranges determine the water quality is the pH. The anlaysed between 1 to 2 mg/l. Stations 5, 7 and 10 exceeded the samples in the study are indicated the value of pH varies desirable amount of fluoride for drinking purposes[20- from 6.5 to 7.5. Also it was noticed the pH is not only the 21]. parameter to fix the quality of the drinking water, many other parameters also taken into an account to fix the 5. Conclusion water quality for drinking purpose. The figure 3 shows the different concentrations of pH in the study area. The The fluoride concentration in the study area was ranged analyzed samples show the hardness ranges from 220 from 1-2 mg/l. The public are not aware of the fluoride mg/l to 800 mg/l. All other stations are in the moderate content in water. They are worried only about salt content range of 590, 670, 700, 600, 470, 650, 550, 750, 380, and that, too, is measured only by taste. There is no valid 400, 450 and 350 mg/l respectively. The figure 4 shows nor recommended cost-effective household method to the different ranges of hardness in the study area. The reduce the additional fluoride content. There are some desirable limit of TDS as per Indian standard is 500 mg/l. expensive portable water cleaning systems, like reverse TDS in the study are falling in the range of 948 to 2112 osmosis, deionizers and activated alumina-based water mg/l. All Stations has the high TDS content that are not treatment, but their efficacy has not been studied. If the within the range. In this current study the alkalinity varies people will drink the non treated high fluoride content from 190 to 540 mg/l whereas the stations 2, 3, 8 and are water they may be suffer from various dental and bone found to have high alkaline nature .The stations 4, 5 ,7, 9, diseases and the high level of fluoride will affect the 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 10 are moderate and ranges kidney and thyroid glands of the people. So it is a need to between 190 to 390 mg/l. It is noticed from the study that thoroughly study the groundwater before its use for the chlorides too have high range of values and are domestic purposes and accordingly a suitable method can greater than the existing permissible limit (250 mg/l). be chosen for its treatment. The stations 5 and 15 are falls under normal and whereas The study says that some of the parameters analysed the other stations vary from 290 to 500 mg/l. The figure 5 in the study area are higher and abnormal exceeding its shows the different levels of chlorides in the study area. permissible limit. The exceeding permissible limit may The desirable limit of iron content as per the drinking cause severe water quality problems within the study water standard is 0.3 mg/l. The study region is having area. It shows that the water quality in the Maduravoyal very low amount of iron content and all the stations area is very poor and completely unfit for drinking except 7 and 8, they are under the verge limit of 0.3 mg/l. purpose and needs strong treatment before use The desirable limit of nitrate content in the drinking
Table 1. Indian standards for drinking water parameters
Desirable Permissible S. NO Parameter limit limits No 1 pH 6.5-8.5 relaxation 2 Total hardness(mg/l) 300 600 3 Chlorides (mg/l) 250 1000 4 TDS(mg/l) 500 1000 5 Nitrate(mg/l) 45 100 6 Total alkaline(mg/l) 200 350 7 Fluorides(mg/l) 0.6 to 1.2 1.5 8 Iron(mg/l) 0.3 1
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Table 2. Physico-chemical analysis of Ground water in Maduravoyal, Chennai (2014)
Sample pH Total Total Chlorides TDS Nitrate Iron Fluoride Phosphat stations Alkalinity Hardnes s e s 1 7 360 590 310 1512 20 0 1.5 1 2 7 540 670 400 1932 45 0 1 2 3 7.5 500 700 400 1920 45 0.3 1.5 0 4 7 250 600 280 1356 45 0.3 1 1 5 7 270 470 250 1188 45 0 2 0.5 6 7 400 650 290 1608 75 0 1.5 2 7 7.5 190 550 360 1320 20 2 2 0.5 8 7.5 590 750 420 2112 45 1 1.5 2 9 7 340 220 320 1056 20 0 1 0.5 10 7.5 350 380 370 1320 45 0 2 0.5 11 7 500 800 500 2160 45 0 1 5 12 7 390 400 310 1320 20 0 1.5 2 13 7 350 400 330 1926 20 0.3 1 2 14 7 330 450 310 1188 20 0.3 1.5 0.5 15 6.5 200 350 240 948 45 0 1 0
pH -No Unit, For all other parameters are assigned mg/l
Table 3. Permissible limits of Fluoride in drinking water.
Serial Name of the Organization Permissible Limit of No. Fluoride (mg/l) 1 World Health Organization (WHO) 1.5 2 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) 1 3 Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) 1
Figure 2. Alkalinity at different stations
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Figure 3. pH concentration at different stations
Figure 4. Total Hardness at different stations
Figure 5. Levels of Chlorides at different stations
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Figure 6. Total Dissolved Solids at different stations
Figure 7. Iron Level at different stations
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