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Universidade De Brasília Instituto De Relações Internacionais Da Universidade De Brasília Programa De Pós-Graduação Em Relações Internacionais Universidade de Brasília Instituto de Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais THIAGO DINIZ MAGNO PINTO “CALIPHATE-BUILDING”: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE O PROCESSO DE FORMAÇÃO, EXPANSÃO E CONTENÇÃO DO ESTADO ISLÂMICO. Brasília 2017 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA PINTO, Thiago Diniz Magno “CALIPHATE-BUILDING”: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE A FORMAÇÃO, A ASCENSÃO E A CONTENÇÃO DO ESTADO ISLÂMICO / Thiago Pinto – Brasília, 2017. 95 f. Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Política Internacional e Comparada. Orientadora: Dra. Maria Helena de Castro Santos. 1. Terrorismo; 2. Estado Islâmico; 3. Iraque; 4. Síria; 5. Estados Unidos da América 2 Thiago Diniz Magno Pinto “CALIPHATE-BUILDING”: UM ESTUDO DE CASO SOBRE A FORMAÇÃO, A ASCENSÃO E A CONTENÇÃO DO ESTADO ISLÂMICO Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais da Universidade de Brasília como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Mestre em Relações Internacionais. Área de concentração: Política Internacional e Comparada Aprovado em: __/__/____ ORIENTADORA _________________________________ Prof. Dra. Maria Helena de Castro Santos Instituto de Relações Internacionais – Universidade de Brasília (Orientadora) COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA ______________________________ Prof. Dr. Virgílio Caixeta Arraes Departamento de História – Universidade de Brasília ________________________________ Prof. Dr. Ulysses Tavares Teixeira Doutor em Política Internacional e Comparada (2016) pela Universidade de Brasília _______________________________________ Prof. Dr. Alcides Costa Vaz Instituto de Relações Internacionais – Universidade de Brasília (Suplente) 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Em primeiro lugar, não posso deixar de agradecer à minha orientadora, Profª. Maria Helena de Castro Santos, por toda a paciência, empenho, profissionalismo e objetividade com que sempre me orientou nessa pesquisa. Muito obrigada por me ter corrigido quando necessário sem nunca ter me desmotivado. Desejo igualmente agradecer os professores que me apoiaram nessa pesquisa, especialmente o Prof. Virgílio Caixeta Arraes e a Profª. Vânia Carvalho Pinto. Aos membros da banca examinadora, Prof. Virgílio Caixeta Arraes e Prof. Ulysses Tavares Teixeira, que tão gentilmente aceitaram participar e colaborar com esta dissertação. Por último, quero agradecer aos meus país, Maria José Diniz Magno Pinto e Gabriel Raimundo Magno Pinto, pelo apoio e amor incondicionais que me deram durante toda minha vida. 4 If everyone is thinking alike, then somebody isn't thinking. Gen. George S. Patton Jr. 5 RESUMO A organização terrorista autointitulada Estado Islâmico, originada da al-Qaeda do Iraque, conquistou um vasto território no Iraque e na Síria, entre os anos de 2014 e 2016, e declarou a instituição de um califado na região. Essa pesquisa analisa o processo de formação e de declínio dessa organização terrorista, desde sua composição inicial (al- Qaeda d Iraque) até a formação do “Califado”, com ênfase nas consequências da invasão norte-americana no Iraque, em 2003, para a formação do Estado Islâmico, assim como da prematura retirada das tropas norte-americanas do Iraque, entre 2009 e 2011, e da Guerra Civil na Síria, iniciada no contexto da Primavera Árabe. Por último, será analisada a reação militar da comunidade internacional contra essa organização terrorista. Palavras-chave: Terrorismo, Estado Islâmico, Iraque, Síria, Estados Unidos da América. ABSTRACT The so-called Islamic State, which is an offshoot of al Qaeda in Iraq, has conquered a vast territory in Iraq and Syria between 2014 and 2016 and managed to establish new a caliphate in the region. This research analyzes the process of creation and decline of that terrorist organization, from its initial composition (al-Qaeda d Iraq) to the formation of the "Caliphate", with emphasis on the consequences of the United States-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 to the formation of the “Islamic State” as well as the premature withdrawal of US troops from Iraq, between 2009 and 2011, and the Civil War in Syria, which has began in the context of the Arab Spring. Finally, the international community's military reaction against this terrorist organization will be analyzed. Keywords: Terrorism, Islamic State, Iraq, Syria, United States do America. 6 LISTA DE QUADROS Quadro 1 – Ondas terroristas segundo David C. Rapoport ............................................ 29 Quadro 2 – Tipos de terrorismo religioso ....................................................................... 31 Quadro 3– Cronologia do avanço do Estado Islâmico pelo Iraque e pela Síria ............. 76 Quadro 4 – Número estimado de apoiadores do Estado Islâmico por país .................... 83 Quadro 5 – Estrutura geográfica do Estado Islâmico ..................................................... 84 7 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Figura 1 – Cadeias Causais ............................................................................................. 19 Figura 2 – Relação entre os conceitos de radicalismo, extremismo e salafismo-jihadista ........................................................................................................................................ 25 Figura 3 – A “guerra fria” do Oriente Médio ................................................................. 73 Figura 4 – Posições estratégicas controladas pelo Estado Islâmico ............................... 85 8 LISTA DE GRÁFICOS Gráfico 1 – Número estimado de insurgentes no Iraque (dezembro de 2003 a dezembro de 2004) .......................................................................................................................... 52 Gráfico 2 – Número de Foreign Fighters no Iraque (janeiro de 2004 e setembro de 2006) ........................................................................................................................................ 54 Gráfico 3 – Número de baixas sofridas pela Coalizão no Iraque (2003-2011) .............. 60 Gráfico 4 – Número de atentados terroristas no Iraque (2003 e 2015) .......................... 64 9 LISTA DE SIGLAS AQI – Al-Qaeda do Iraque AQC – Al-Qaeda Central CC – Carro de Combate CSNU – Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas DAESH – al-Dawla al-Islamiya fi al-Iraq wa al-Sham (EIIS) EAU – Emirados Árabes Unidos EI – Estado Islâmico EII – Estado Islâmico do Iraque EIIS – Estado Islâmico do Iraque e da Síria EUA – Estados Unidos da América FBI – Federal Bureau of Investigation FIRC – Foreign Imposed Regime Change FSA – Free Syrian Army JAN – Jabhat al-Nusra ISF – Iraqi Security Forces MANPADS – Man-portable air defence system MoD – Ministry of Defence (Reino Unido) MRAP – Mine Resistant Ambush Protected MRE – Ministério das Relações Exteriores (Brasil) OPEP – Organização dos Países Exportadores de Petróleo ONU – Organização das Nações Unidas OTAN – Organização do Tratado do Atlântico Norte START - National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism UE – União Europeia URSS – União das Repúblicas Socialistas Soviéticas VBMT - Viatura Blindada Multitarefa VBTB - Viatura Blindada para Transporte de Tropa YPG – Kurdish People’s Protection Units 10 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ......................................................................................................... 13 1. A relevância do Estado Islâmico .................................................................................. 14 2. Considerações Metodológicas .................................................................................... 17 Capítulo I - Terrorismo: o Mal do Século ................................................................. 23 1.1 Radicalismo, extremismo, jihadismo, salafismo-jihadista: como caracterizar o Estado Islâmico? ............................................................................................................ 23 1.2 Terrorismo: teorias e debates ............................................................................ 28 1.3 As ondas de terrorismo ...................................................................................... 29 1.4 Abordagens sobre o terrorismo contemporâneo ................................................ 32 1.4.2 Terrorismo Suicida ................................................................................................. 35 1.4.3 Teorias da comunicação sobre o terrorismo ......................................................... 36 1.4.4 Nível sistêmico de analise ..................................................................................... 36 1.4.5 Nivel diático de análise .......................................................................................... 40 1.5 Conclusões Parciais ............................................................................................ 40 Capítulo II - State-builder”, Insurgency-maker: como a invasão do Iraque pelos Estados Unidos, em 2003, possibilitou a formação da al-Qaeda do Iraque e do Estado Islâmico do Iraque. ................................................................................................. 44 2.1 A formação do Estado Islâmico e sua relação com a al-Qaeda ............................. 44 2.2 A construção institucional, o processo de empoderamento dos xiitas e o aprofundamento das rivalidades sectárias: .................................................................... 50 2.3 O grande expurgo do exercíto iraquiano e do partido
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