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Guilbeau 2010, Vol. 1 Denis Guilbeau École Chapitre doctorale premier « Milieux, - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » cultures et sociétés du passé et du présent » Les grandes lames et les lames par pression au levier du Néolithique et de l’Énéolithique en Italie Volume 1 - Texte Thèse de Doctorat. Université Paris Ouest Sous la direction de C. Perlès 2010 1 Chapitre premier - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » 2 Chapitre premier - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » TABLE DES MATI ÈRES Remerciements…………………………………………………………………………………5 Chapitre premier - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » .................................................................. 7 Présentation générale....................................................................................................................... 7 Définition et identification des « grandes lames » ........................................................................ 8 La spécialisation, le niveau technique et l’organisation de la production................................ 15 Des productions nombreuses et diversifiées .............................................................................. 18 L’Italie : cadre géographique et culturel....................................................................................... 29 Problématiques ............................................................................................................................... 33 Reconnaissance des matières premières .................................................................................... 34 Représentativité des lames examinées ........................................................................................ 37 Chapitre II - Gargano et Italie du Sud au Néolithique : des lames de haut niveau technique.. 41 Présentation générale..................................................................................................................... 41 Une extraction du silex et un débitage de haut niveau technique............................................. 51 Une diffusion très contrastée dans le temps et dans l’espace .................................................. 59 Gestion et utilisation des lames : de profonds contrastes......................................................... 76 Conclusion : des lames exceptionnelles dans un environnement très contrasté ................... 84 Chapitre III - Les productions garganiques de l’Énéolithique moyen et la culture Gaudo...... 85 Présentation générale..................................................................................................................... 85 Extraction du silex et débitage ...................................................................................................... 87 Une diffusion très orientée............................................................................................................. 92 Gestion, utilisation et typologie des poignards sur lame........................................................... 98 Les productions lithiques associées aux poignards sur lame ................................................ 106 Le silex du Gargano et les cultures contemporaines du Gaudo.............................................. 113 Conclusion : des productions garganiques liées à la culture Gaudo ..................................... 115 Chapitre IV - Les lames d’Italie centrale : une production hétérogène et limitée.................. 117 Présentation générale................................................................................................................... 117 Les lames en silex de la Scaglia Rossa...................................................................................... 120 Les lames d’autres ateliers de débitage ..................................................................................... 124 Une diffusion limitée..................................................................................................................... 126 Gestion et utilisation des lames .................................................................................................. 128 Les foliacées.................................................................................................................................. 130 Conclusion : des lames rares et peu distinctives...................................................................... 132 3 Chapitre premier - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » Chapitre V - Les lames d’Italie du Nord : des productions marginales ................................. 133 Présentation générale................................................................................................................... 133 Des lames rares et de provenances variées .............................................................................. 138 Diffusion, attribution chronoculturelle et importance de ces productions............................. 143 Les foliacées.................................................................................................................................. 146 Conclusion : la rareté des lames et l’importance des foliacées .............................................. 149 Chapitre VI - Les lames de silex de Sardaigne et la culture Ozieri ....................................... 151 Présentation générale................................................................................................................... 151 Le silex de Perfugas et le débitage de longues lames.............................................................. 156 Un débitage assez simple ............................................................................................................ 156 Une diffusion relativement restreinte.......................................................................................... 159 Utilisation et gestion des lames .................................................................................................. 162 Des productions spécialisées en obsidienne ? ......................................................................... 166 Conclusion : le rôle des lames en silex au sein de la culture Ozieri ....................................... 167 Chapitre VII - L’aire sicilienne : une exceptionnelle continuité............................................ 169 Présentation générale................................................................................................................... 169 L’extraction du silex : des mines encore méconnues............................................................... 178 Les modalités de débitage : la prévalence de la pression........................................................ 179 Diffusion des lames par pression au levier................................................................................ 183 Utilisation et gestion des lames par pression au levier............................................................ 186 Les autres composantes des industries lithiques taillées ....................................................... 188 Conclusion : des lames par pression au levier durant au moins 3500 ans ............................ 191 Chapitre VIII - Entre liens phylétiques et différences régionales .......................................... 193 La diffusion des méthodes et des techniques de débitage à travers l’Italie........................... 193 La diffusion des différentes productions : des frontières culturelles ?.................................. 203 Utilisation et gestion des lames : des variations majeures...................................................... 209 Conclusion - Les grandes lames et les lames par pression au levier en Italie : unité technique et diversité culturelle .............................................................................................................. 219 Bibliographie…………………………….…………………………………………………..223 4 Chapitre premier - L’Italie et les « grandes lames » Remerciements Mes premiers remerciements vont à Catherine Perlès, professeur à l’Université Paris Ouest, qui a accepté de diriger ce travail. Ses conseils et remarques, toujours judicieux, ont permis de m’orienter aux moments les plus décisifs de ce travail. Le rôle de Jacques Pelegrin dans l’accomplissement de cette thèse est de premier ordre : qu’il soit remercié ici de sa très grande disponibilité. Les longues conversations que nous avons pu avoir au sujet des grandes lames et de la technologie lithique, toujours passionnantes, ont été extrêmement enrichissantes. Les recherches proprement dites auraient été impossibles sans la possibilité d’étudier le matériel en Italie dans des conditions favorables. Je tiens donc à saluer les différentes Soprintendenze per i Beni Archeologici qui m’ont donné l’autorisation d’étudier différentes séries lithiques : celles des provinces des Abruzzes, de Cagliari et Oristano, de Calabre, de Ligurie, des Marches, du Piémont, du musée Pigorini de Rome, des Pouilles, de Salerne, de Sassari et du Nuoro, et enfin les Soprintendenze archeologiche de Messine, de Palerme et de Syracuse. L’accès aux collections et l’analyse des différentes collections ont donc été possibles dans les musées d’Ancône, Arcevia, Cagliari, Chieti, Cuneo, Eboli, Foggia, Gênes, Lipari (musée Bernabò Brea), Paestum, Palerme (musée Salinas), Perfugas, Rome (musée Pigorini), Reggio di Calabria, Sassari (musée Sanna), Sulmona, Syracuse (musée Orsi) et Torre Pellice. À cette liste, doivent s’ajouter les musées civiques de Bologne et Reggio Emilia et le musée archéologique provincial de Bari. Le plus souvent, l’accueil y a été au-delà de la simple politesse
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