Contemporary Mexico's policy toward the Mexican diaspora in the United States Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Garcia-Acevedo, Maria Rosa Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 07/10/2021 03:25:03 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282198 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced fi-om the microfilm master. UMI fihns the text directly firom the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter &ce, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. 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Contact UMI directly to order. UMI A Bell & Howell Infonnadon Compaiqr 300 North Zed) Road, Ann Aibor MI 48I06-I346 USA 313/761-4700 800/521-0600 CONTEMPORARY MEXICO'S POLICY TOWARD THE MEXICAN DIASPOEIA IN THE UNITED STATES by Maria Rosa Garcla-Acevedo Copyright @ Maria Rosa Garcia Acevedo A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 19 9 6 UMI Nujnber: 9720563 Copyright 1997 by Garcia-Acevedo, Maria Rosa All rights reserved. UMI Microform 9720563 Copyright 1997, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Msria Rosa Garcia~Acevedo entitled Contemporary Mexico's Policy Toward the Mexican Diaspora in the United States and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Philosophy Date Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my di;;«r5tion and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. [T\N[M- )issertatipn Director 3 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgement of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED: ACKNOWLEDGEMENT A mis padres Leopoldo Garcia Nunez y Carmen Acevedo Moya de Garcia, analistas politicos innatos A David, extraordinario constructor de puentes entre "los dos Mexicos" TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES 8 ABSTRACT 9 1. INTRODUCTION 11 Notes 18 2. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 20 Looking at the Policy Content 21 Goals 23 Agents 28 Targets 30 Tools 32 In Search of Explanations for the Mexican Policy Toward Chicanos 34 The Evolution of Chicano Politics 35 Mexican Domestic Policy 37 Pluralism 38 Political Economy-Foreign Policy 39 Domestic Policy-Foreign Policy 40 The U.S.-Mexican Relation 41 Conclusion 45 Notes 48 3. SOME LESSONS OF HISTORY 59 Goals 59 civil Rights 62 Attainment of Political Support 65 Enhancement of Mexican Culture 66 Participation in U.S.-Mexican Relations 68 Business Links 69 Agents 70 The Presidency 70 Ministries and Other Agencies 72 Targets 76 U.S.-born Chicanos or Mexican Immigrants 76 The Portrayal of the Mexican Diaspora. 81 Tools 83 Resource Tools 83 Capacity-building Tools 86 Hortatory Tools 91 Conclusion 93 Notes 97 4. LO MEXICANO EN AZTLAN: THE SUPPORT TO CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS 109 Goals 110 Enhancement of Mexican Culture 110 Civil Rights 112 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued Attainment of Political Support 113 Participation in U.S.-Mexican Relations 114 Business Links 114 Agents 115 The Presidency 116 Ministries and Other Agencies 118 The Secretaria de Relaciones Exteriores 118 The Secretaria de Educacion Publica 126 The Secretaria de Desarrollo Social 130 State and Local Government 131 Targets 135 U.S.-born Chicanos or Mexican Immigrants 135 The Portrayal of the Mexican Diaspora. 140 Tools 143 Resource Tools 144 Capacity-building Tools 148 Hortatory Tools 155 Conclusion 159 Notes 161 PROPOSITION 187 174 Goals 178 civil Rights 178 Participation in U.S.-Mexican Relations 181 Agents 182 The Presidency 183 Ministries and Other Agencies 184 The Legislative Branch 187 State and Local Governments 190 Targets 191 U.S.-born Chicanos or Mexican Immigrants 191 The Portrayal of the Mexican Diaspora. 196 Tools 198 Authority Tools 199 Resource Tools 199 Capacity-building Tools 201 Hortatory Tools 202 Conclusion 202 Notes 205 7 TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued 6. NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 214 Goals 214 Attainment of Political Support 215 Participation in U.S.-Mexican Relations 215 Business Ties 216 Agents 217 The Presidency 218 Ministries and Other Agencies 218 State and Local Governments 224 Targets 224 U.S.-born Chicanos or Mexican Immigrants 225 The Portrayal of the Mexican Diaspora..233 Tools 234 Resource Tools 235 Capacity-building Tools 236 Hortatory Tools 237 Conclusion 238 Notes 241 7. COMPARING AND CONTRAST: THE THREE CASE STUDIES OF MEXICO'S OUTREACH POLICY TOWARD THE MEXICAN DIASPORA 248 Goals 248 Civil Rights 249 Enhancement of Mexican Culture... 252 Attainment of Political Support.. 253 Participation in U.S.-Mexican Relations 254 Business Ties 256 Political Agents 257 Chicanos as Political Targets 263 Political Tools 267 Conclusion 273 8. TOWARD A CONCLUSION: THE SEARCH FOR EXPLANATIONS OF MEXICO'S OUTREACH POLICY TOWARD THE MEXICAN-ORIGIN COMMUNITY 275 The Evolution of Chicano Politics 275 Mexican Domestic Policy 282 Pluralism 283 Political Economy-Foreign Policy. 284 Domestic Policy-Foreign Policy... 287 The U.S.-Mexican Relation 290 Conclusion 294 Notes 296 REFERENCES 299 8 1. LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Mexico's Policy Toward Chicanos (1970-1988) 60 Table 2. Principal Mexico's Governmental Institutions In Charge of Cultural and Educational Outreach Programs toward the Mexican- Origin Community in the United States, 1988-1996 117 Table 3. Contemporary Mexico's Outreach Policy Toward the Chicano Community. Goals Pursued 250 Table 4. Contemporary Mexico's Outreach Policy Toward the Chicano Community. Political Agents Involved 260 Table 5. Contemporary Mexico's Outreach Policy Toward the Chicano Community. Target Populations 265 Table 6. Contemporary Mexico's Outreach Policy Toward the Chicano Community. Tools 269 9 ABSTRACT Mexico's outreach policy toward the Mexican diaspora in the United States is an innovative aspect of its contemporary foreign policy. This dissertation focuses upon this theme. The literature on policy design provides a set of concepts that permit certain conclusions regarding the blueprint of the policy design. Various studies on Chicano-Mexico relations and Mexico's foreign policy provide specific propositions that serve as guidelines in the examination of three case-studies. Both primary and secondary sources are used in this study, including governmental reports and documents, speeches and other written statements. Important pieces of information are obtained by elite interviewing of high-ranking Mexican officials, Mexican and Chicano scholars and certain Chicano political leaders. This study is divided into eight parts. After the List of Tables and the Introduction of the subject matter, Chapter 2 reviews various bodies of literature that shed light on the contemporary links between the Mexican government and the Mexican diaspora in the United States. Chapter 3 provides an overview of the antecedents of the Mexican outreach policy prior to the late-1980s. Chapter 4 examines the educational and cultural ties that the Mexican government sponsored vis-^- 10 vis the Chicano community. Chapter 5 focuses on immigration issues, especially on the links between the Mexican government and Chicanos with reference to Proposition 187. Chapter 6 discusses the business links toward Chicanos in the framework