Data for an Archaeozoological Analysis of Marine Resource Use in Two New Zealand Study Areas (Revised Edition)

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Data for an Archaeozoological Analysis of Marine Resource Use in Two New Zealand Study Areas (Revised edition)

Ian Smith and Tiffany James-Lee

December 2010 Otago Archaeological Laboratory Report: Number 7

Otago Archaeological Laboratory, Anthropology Department, University of Otago www.otago.ac.nz/anthropology/anth/publications/OALR/ Preface

This is a revised edition of Otago Archaeological Laboratory Report No 6, which corrects several errors in the data compiled in the Appendices. It also clarified some aspects of the protocols used in data compilation, and updates data reporting by incorporating the most recent revisions in taxonomic nomenclature. Contents Introduction ��1 Study Areas and Time Frames ��2 Method ��3 Greater Hauraki Sites ��4 Otago-Catlins Sites �� 17 Data Summaries �� 24 References Cited �� 25 Appendix 1: Radiocarbon dates from the study sites �� 30 Appendix 2: Shellfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages �� 43 2.1 Early Period �� 43 2.2 Early/Middle Period �� 46 2.3 Middle Period �� 49 2.4 Middle/Late Period �� 52 2.5 Late Period �� 55 Appendix 3: Finfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages �� 57 3.1 Early Period �� 57 3.2 Early/Middle Period �� 58 3.3 Middle Period �� 59 3.4 Middle/Late Period �� 60 3.5 Late Period �� 61 Appendix 4: Birds from Greater Hauraki study assemblages �� 62 4.1 Early period �� 62 4.2 Early/Middle Period �� 64 4.3 Middle, Middle/Late, and Late Periods �� 65 Appendix 5: Mammals in Greater Hauraki study assemblages �� 66 Appendix 6: Shellfish from Otago-Catlins Study Assemblages �� 67 6.1 Early Period �� 67 6.2 Early/Middle Period �� 69 6.3 Middle and Middle/Late Periods �� 71 6.4 Late Period �� 72 Appendix 7: Finfish from Otago-Catlins study assemblages �� 73 7.1 Early Period �� 73 7.2 Early/Middle Period �� 73 7.3 Middle and Middle/Late Periods �� 74 7.4 Late Period �� 74 Appendix 8: Birds from Otago-Catlins study assemblages �� 75 8.1 Early Period �� 75 8.2 Early/Middle Period �� 78 8.3 Middle, and Middle/Late Periods �� 80 8.4 Late Period �� 82 Appendix 9: Mammals from Otago-Catlins study assemblages �� 83 9.1 Early Period �� 83 9.2 Early/Middle Period �� 84 9.3 Middle, and Middle/Late Periods �� 85 9.4 Late Period �� 85 1 Introduction

This report compiles data for a review of archaeozoological evidence of human use of marine resources in two New Zealand study areas. The review is intended to assist in understanding the nature and causes of changes in coastal and marine shelf ecosystems over the timescale of human occupation. It is part of a broader collaborative project that is attempting to use knowledge of the past to improve future fisheries management. Led by Alison McDiarmid of NIWA, the scope of this project is summarised by its title — Taking Stock : Long-term effects of climate variation and human impacts on the structure and functioning of New Zealand marine shelf ecosystems (McDiarmid n.d.: 8-9). This sets out to build mass balance models of current coastal and marine shelf ecosystems in two study areas, and then for ca 60 years ago (before modern industrial fishing), 250ya (before European whaling and sealing), 450 ya (about the middle of the Maori period of occupation), 600ya (soon after Maori arrival in New Zealand) and 1000 ya (before human settlement) (Figure 1). Archaeological data are of particular relevance for reconstructing the latter four.

Taking Stock time slices Marine Harvesting Modes Archaeological periods

subsistence commercial industrial current c AD 2008

preindustrial c AD 1940 Historical

1800

late Maori c AD 1750 Late

1650

middle Maori c AD 1550 Middle

1450

early Maori c AD 1400

Early

1250

prehuman c AD1000

Figure 1 Time slices for the Taking Stock project, marine harvesting modes and terminology for archaeological periods

The purpose of this report is to present the primary archaeological data collated for the project. The manner in which data were selected is outlined and the archaeological contexts from which it derives are described, before summaries of the archaeozoological data are presented. Detailed consideration of the potential and limitations of archaeological data in reconstructing past ecosystems will be presented elsewhere, along with analysis and interpretation of the data compiled here. Those analyses are being undertaken in two stages. First, an overview of marine resource utilisation is being constructed for each study area based upon the presence/absence of marine taxa in archaeozoological assemblages and, where suitable data was available, their relative abundance (Smith n.d.-a). Then subsets of the archaeozoological data are being used in estimating the magnitude of marine biomass removals through human exploitation in each study area. This is undertaken using estimates of the size of human populations, their energy requirements and the relative contributions of marine foods to their diet (Smith n.d.-b, n.d.-c). 2 Study Areas and Time Frames

The study areas for the Taking Stock project were selected to best utilise available data on past and present marine shelf ecology, human impacts and climate. The Greater Hauraki Gulf study area extends from just south of Whananaki to Waihi Beach on the east coast of the North Island, while the Otago- Catlins study area extends from just north of Oamaru to Slope Point on the east coast of the South Island (Figure 2). While the marine shelf environments that are the focus of the Taking Stock project extend from mean high water out to a depth of 200m, it is the archaeological sites on the adjacent coasts that are of concern here. Both study areas have large numbers of recorded pre-European sites, although there are significantly more in the Greater Hauraki area, reflecting the marked concentration of Maori population in the northern third of the country. However only a small proportion of these sites have been investigated by archaeological excavation.

Sites were selected for detailed analysis on the basis of two criteria: the availability of data on fauna suitable for the methodology described below; and the availability of reliable chronological information enabling the sites, or specific assemblages from them to be placed securely in time. In the latter regard the primary concern was to identify assemblages relevant to Taking Stock’s ca. 1400AD, ca. 1550AD and ca. 1750AD time slices (Figure 1). In order to compile data from a broad range of sites in each region, and in view of the uncertainties inherent in radiocarbon dating, data were compiled in terms of three broader period designations: Early (ca 1250-1450AD); Middle (1450-1650AD); and Late (1650- 1800AD). Assemblages were assigned to periods using protocols set out below and elsewhere (Smith 2010). In practice the radiocarbon data for more than a third (37%) of the assemblages overlap these period boundaries, and these were classified as eitherEarly/Middle or Middle/Late.

Greater Hauraki (see Fig. 3)

Otago Catlins (see Fig. 4)

Figure 2 Study areas for the Taking Stock project 3 Method

A thorough review was undertaken of published archaeological literature, student theses and reports lodged in the N.Z. Historic Places Trust Digital Library for excavated sites in each study area that met the selection criteria. With regard to chronology, the primary requirement was for radiocarbon determinations that closely dated formation of the occupation deposit from which the faunal sample under analysis derived. All dates reported in publications were checked against the N.Z. Radiocarbon Database (www.waikato.ac.nz//waikato/nzcd) or in some cases with the laboratory concerned to ensure accuracy of the Laboratory number, Conventional Radiocarbon Age (CRA), error, delta 13C, sample material identification and provenance. Those that did not meet sample suitability criteria listed by Anderson (1991), Petchey (1999) and Schmidt (2000) were excluded, although in several cases dates that would normally be dismissed because they were on unidentified charcoal were admitted as evidence for a maximum age of the deposit. All determinations from the sites examined in this study are reported in Appendix 1, along with assessment of their suitability for use in dating the faunal assemblages under analysis.

Before assigning assemblages to the chronological periods defined above the radiocarbon determinations were calibrated, using the SH04 calibration curve (McCormac, et al. 2004) for terrestrial samples, and for marine samples the Marine 04 calibration curve (Hughen, et al. 2004) with delta R set at -7±45, as recommended by the Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory (Petchey pers. com.). Multiple determinations on the same material type for any assemblage were tested for significance of difference, and if indistinguishable a pooled mean age was calculated (Ward and Wilson 1978) and this was used rather than the individual determinations. Both 1σ and 2σ calibrated age ranges were examined in assigning assemblages to period. Where both ranges fell entirely within a single period, or when the 2σ range extended beyond a period boundary by <50yrs the assemblage was assigned to that period. Where both ranges overlap a period boundary, or the 2σ range crossed one by ≥50yrs the assemblage was assigned to an ‘overlap’ period (i.e. Early/Middle, Middle/Late). The only exceptions to this were some of the most recent assemblages where calibrated age ranges typically extend well into the historic period. For most of these, historical and traditional information, along with the absence of European artefacts allows secure placement within the late period. Data used to assign each assemblage to time period are summarised in Tables 1 and 2.

Data on faunal remains in each of the study assemblages was extracted from published and unpublished sources, with care being taken to incorporate revisions where collections had subsequently been re- examined (e.g. Millener 1981; Leach & Boocock 1993; Smith 1985; Worthy 1998, pers.comm.). Taxonomic identifications were checked against subsequent revisions of nomenclature and, where necessary, updated. Summaries of data were compiled for four broad classes of fauna, with the taxonomic terminology in each case following the indicated sources: for shellfish, Spencer et al. (2009); finfish, Froese & Pauly (2010); birds, Checklist Committee (OSNZ) (2010); and mammals, King (1995) and Baker et al (2010). At the simplest level data summaries involved recording the number of assemblages in which each species was represented and, in order to assess changes over time, the proportion of assemblages that they occurred in within each time period. For most assemblages data was also available on the frequency with which each taxon was represented, usually reported as the minimum number of individuals (MNI): the smallest number of individual animals necessary to account for all the remains of a taxon in an archaeological assemblage (Reitz and Wing 1999). These data were used to determine which species regularly made up a significant proportion of the animals harvested within each faunal class.

For the Greater Hauraki area a total of 75 assemblages from 48 sites were analysed (see Figure 3), and 32 assemblages from 19 sites in the Otago-Catlins area (see Figure 4). Further information about the sites, their chronology and sources of data are summarised below. In this discussion the number preceeding each site name provides a reference to its location in Figure 3 or Figure 4, and is also used as an assemblage number in data tables provided in the Appendices. Where there are multiple assemblages from a single site they are distinguished by a letter after the assemblage number. Alpha-numerics given in brackets e.g. 4

(Q07/58) are site numbers in the N.Z. Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme, and those in square brackets e.g. [NHB] are site codes applied here to assist recognition of assemblages in the data tables and Appendices.

Greater Hauraki Sites

1. Northland Harbour Board, Whangarei (Q07/58) [NHB]

Also known as Kioreroa, this shell midden overlooking the intertidal mudflats on the upper Whangarei Harbour was excavated in 1976 (Nichol 1977; Walton 1977). The site had been damaged by a bulldozer road cutting below the midden, causing the midden to slump. A single trench was excavated through the in situ midden, and bulk samples taken for faunal analysis. There are radiocarbon dates on shell samples from midden-bearing layers 3A and 3B which give a pooled mean age that places the formation of this midden in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 1). Faunal data from the excavation are presented by Nichol (Nichol 1988: 132-139). Shellfish, fish, bird and mammal remains were present, with data for fish reported as MNI, shellfish, birds and mammals as presence-only. For this analysis, the samples have been combined to give total MNI values.

2. Waipu South 513 (Q08/513) [WPU-513]

This small midden, located on a knoll about 3km inland from Waipu Cove, was excavated in 2006 (Baquie, et al. 2007). A single radiocarbon date on shell places this in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 2). The midden sample was comprised of shell, with no fish, bird or mammal bone (Baquie, et al. 2007:22- 23).

3. Waipu South 515 (Q08/515) [WPU-515]

Approximately 300m south of Waipu South 513, this site was a cooking area on a ridge spur and may relate to occupation of a nearby fortified pa (Q08/516) (Baquie, et al. 2007).Two shell samples were radiocarbon dated placing occupation within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 3). The midden sample included shell, and non-diagnostic fish bone, but no birds or mammals (Baquie, et al. 2007: 22- 23).

4. Bream Tail Farm (R08/132) [BTF-132]

This was a small habitation site with midden, firescoops and postholes on a low ridge less than 200m from the sea and ca 1km north of Mangawhai heads (Bickler, et al. 2007). A single shell sample was dated placing it in the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 4). Ten samples of midden material were analysed (Bickler, et al. 2007: 9-15) and the results combined for total MNI numbers. These included shellfish and diagnostic fishbone, but did not include bird or mammal bone.

5. Mangawahi Sand Spit (R08/30) [MGW-30]

Excavation of this eroding remnant of midden on the Mangawhai sandspit in 1978 was reported in 2001 (Pearce 2001). Radiocarbon dates on shell samples from the top of ca. 1m depth of midden were indistinguishable and place it in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 5). Quantified faunal remains included shell (Pearce 2001: 302) and fish (Hawkins 2001: 310-311) and MNI from all samples were combined for the present analysis. Mammals were noted as present (Pearce 2001: 299), but there were no bird remains.

6. Omaha Beach (R09/887, additional un-numbered sample localities) [OMH]

Archaeological investigations undertaken between 2000 and 2002 as mitigation for a large residential 5

N 2-3

0 200km 4 5 27

6 7

9 28-30 31 10-17 32-35 18 19 20 36 37 25 38 39

41-42

23-24 43 21-22 44-45 Study sites 46-48 Other Maori sites

Figure 3 Greater Hauraki Study Area, showing study sites and other recorded Maori archaeological sites

1, Northland Harbour Board; 2, Waipu South 513; 3, Waipu South 515; 4, Bream Tail Farm 132; 5, Mangawhai Spit 30; 6, Omaha Beach; 7, Tawaharanui Beach 251; 8, Maygrove; 9, Sunde; 10, Hamlins Hill; 11, Westfield; 12, Hawkins Hill; 13, Fisher Rd 887; 14, Fisher Rd 888; 15, Fisher Rd 899; 16, Tamaki River 1201; 17, Tamaki River 1506; 18, Cryers Rd; 19, Turanga Hill; 20, Owari; 21, Opita; 22, Raupa; 23, Puriri 91; 24, Puriri 86; 25, Te Mata; 26, Port Jackson; 27, Harataonga Bay East; 28, Matarangi Beach 993; 29, Matarangi Beach 983; 30, Mataranagi Beach 990; 31, Cross Creek Midden; 32, Whitianga Waterways 858; 33, Whitianga Waterways 624; 34, Whitianga Waterways 926; 35, Whitianga Club 927; 36, Hahei Beach; 37, Hot Water Beach; 38, Tairua; 39, Pauanui; 40, Whitipirorua; 41, Whangamata 959; 42, Whangamata 1044; 43, Waihi Beach 1246; 44, Anatere Pa; 45 Koutunui Rd 78; 46, Bowentown 876; 47, Bowentown 875; 48, Bowentown 874. 6

Table 1 Chronological information used for Greater Hauraki Assemblages

Assemblage date reference No Code (see Appendix 1 for details) material cal AD 1 σ cal AD 2 σ period 1 NHB NZ6957, 6976 pooled (740±41 BP) shell 1506-1630 1462-1671 Middle 2 WPU-513 Wk19936 shell 1535-1654 1478-1692 Middle 3 WPU-515 Wk19937, 20429 pooled (711±40 BP) shell 1530-1650 1474-1688 Middle 4 BTF-132 Wk19026 shell 1553-1672 1479-1721 Middle/Late 5 MGW-30 NZ4243, 4244 pooled (721±41 BP) shell 1523-1645 1470-1682 Middle 6a OMH 042 Wk11435 shell 1548-1681 1485/1763 Middle/Late 1786-1804 6b OMH 035 Wk11434 shell 1532-1659 1466-1705 Middle/Late 6c OMH 263 Wk12106 shell 1531-1652 1474-1691 Middle/Late 6d OMH 887 Wk11438 shell 1503-1633 1456-1676 Middle 6e OMH 013 Wk11432 shell 1503-1630 1458-1673 Middle 6f OMH 268 Wk12107, 12108 pooled (744±44 BP) shell 1468-1592 1443-1658 Middle 1609-1612 6g OMH 047 Wk11436 shell 1481-1600 1445-1668 Middle 1605-1617 6h OMH 215 Wk12102 shell 1468-1591 1444-1656 Middle 1610-1611 6i OMH 029 Wk11433 shell 1459-1584 1435-1655 Middle 6j OMH 219 Wk12103, 12104 pooled (809±44 BP) shell 1442-1556 1418-1645 Early/Middle 6k OMH 011 Wk11431 shell 1426-1524 1358-1367 Early/Middle 1384-1631 6l OMH 209 Wk12101 shell 1414-1520 1338-1598 Early/Middle 1606-1616 7 TWN-251 Wk14987 shell 1501-1622 1463-1664 Middle 8 MAY Wk7553, 7554, 7591 pooled (686±38 BP) shell 1546-1666 1478-1701 Middle/Late 9a SUN upper NZ6955 shell 1561-1686 1498-1761 Middle/Late 1787-1803 9b SUN lower NZ6956 shell 1309-1399 1275-1440 Early NZ1898 charcoal 1304-1363 1266-1462 1377-1422 10 HMH NZ6156 shell 1554-1681 1490-1730 Middle/Late 1735-1760 1787-1803 11a WST 1981 NZ6163, 6164, 6165 pooled (585±45 BP) shell 1657-1814 1564-1898 Middle/Late 1934-1950 11b WST 1987-8 Wk1720, 1721 pooled (680±41 BP) shell 1548-1671 1474-1724 Middle/Late 1790-1801 Wk2030 charcoal 1506-1587 1464-1654 1617-1641 12 HKH NZ6971, 7011, 7023 pooled (723±34 BP) shell 1516-1635 1470-1671 Middle 13 FRD-887 NZ7064 shell 1517-1637 1470-1673 Middle 14 FRD-888 NZ7049 shell 1495-1625 1453-1672 Middle 15 FRD-899 NZ7048, 7065 pooled (749±38 BP) shell 1497-1621 1459-1664 Middle 16 TMK-1201 Wk1946 shell 1545-1662 1484-1701 Middle/Late 17 TMK-1506 Wk1940-1945 pooled (707±25 BP) shell 1538-1648 1489-1681 Middle 18a CRD west Wk1130, 1131 pooled (550±43 BP) shell 1679-1834 1656-1910 Late 1915-1950 18b CRD A41 Wk1133, 1134 pooled (605±45 BP) shell 1639-1808 1535-1880 Middle/Late Wk1126 charcoal 1508-1584 1484-1679 1619-1668 1732-1801 1786-1793 18c CRD other Wk1127-1129, 1132 pooled (710±38 BP) shell 1532-1649 1479-1685 Middle 19 TRH Wk13718, 13894 pooled (747±38 BP) shell 1499-1622 1460-1665 Middle 20 OWA Wk17621-17629 pooled (706±18 BP) shell 1540-1647 1493-1679 Middle 21 OPI traditional & historical evidence Late 22 RAU traditional & historical evidence Late 23a PUR-91 340 Wk2643 shell 1649-1847 1549-1897 Late 1937-1950 23b PUR-91 885 Wk2645 shell 1590-1730 1549-1897 Late 1735-1760 1937-1950 1787-1803 Wk2642 charcoal 1696-1725 1672-1744 1807-1818 1756-1763 1826-1894 1771-1779 1908-1951 1796-1953 7

Table 1 continued Assemblage date reference No Code (see Appendix 1 for details) material cal AD 1 σ cal AD 2 σ period 23c PUR-91 886 traditional & historical evidence Late 24 PUR-86 Wk2643 shell 1649-1847 1549-1897 Late 1937-1950 Wk2640 charcoal 1699-1722 1673-1742 1809-1838 1773-1777 1844-1868 1797-1950 1877-1931 1950-1953 25 TMT WK 6146, 6147 pooled (680±45 BP) shell 1544-1672 1474-1725 Middle/Late 1740-1755 1789-1801 26 PJK NZ4883 moa bone 1319-1351 1300-1369 Early 1385-1426 1370-1442 27 HAR-E NZ1891, 1892 pooled (221±40 BP) charcoal 1652-1687 1642-1712 Late 1728-1804 1718-1813 1835-1891 1922-1951 28 MTR-993 Wk6377, 6378, 6379 pooled (645±37 BP) shell 1564-1700 1518-1810 Middle/Late 29 MTR-983 Wk8066, 8067 pooled (665±48 BP) shell 1547-1775 1491-1775 Middle/Late 1783-1805 30 MTR-990 Wk8065 shell 1454-1583 1427-1656 Middle 31a CCK L3 NZ6798 shell 1427-1510 1352-1375 Early/Middle 1380-1588 31b CCK L5 NZ6825 shell 1395-1505 1317-1566 Early/Middle 31c CCK L7 NZ6800 shell 1298-1388 1260-1430 Early 31d CCK L9 Wk21355, 21363 pooled (1050±40BP) fish bone 1285-1387 1231-1428 Early NZA576, Wk21642 pooled (746±29BP) terr. birds 1276-1302 1240-1240 1364-1376 1266-1319 1351-1385 32 WHI-858 Wk11074-11076 pooled (562±38 BP) shell 1675-1820 1642-1908 Late 33 WHI-624 Wk13352 shell 1518-1636 1471-1672 Middle 34 WHI-926 Wk13650 shell 1516-1637 1468-1674 Middle 35a WHI-927 A Wk14233 shell 1686-1831 1663-1905 Late 1920-1950 35b WHI-927 B Wk14234 shell 1484-1595 1458-1653 Middle 1608-1615 36a HHB upper NZ6642 shell 1339-1457 1289-1524 Early/Middle 36b HHB middle inclusion Early/Middle 36c HHB lower NZ6646 shell 1337-1441 1293-1485 Early 37a HWB middle NZ1297 shell 1430-1533 1395-1640 Early/Middle 37b HWB lower inclusion Early 38a TRN upper Wk5446 shell 1670-1818 1627-1910 Late 1915-1950 38b TRN lower Wk5444, 5445 pooled (1045±48 BP) shell 1286-1394 1227-1437 Early 39 PAU Wk12109, 12110 pooled (688±37 BP) shell 1546-1664 1480-1705 Middle/Late 40 WHT Wk1169, 1515 pooled (927±46 BP) shell 1352-1457 1306-1499 Early 41 WHA-959 Wk5650, 5651 pooled (599±38 BP) shell 1650-1778 1781-1805 Late 42a WHA-1044 Wk14472 shell 1545-1658 1490-1693 Middle/Late upper 42b WHA-1044 Wk14471 shell 1404-1487 1334-1524 Early/Middle lower 43 WHB-1246 Wk19035 shell 1647-1776 1544-1869 Late 1782-1805 44a ANA upper Wk3751, 3755, 4659, 4661, 11407 pooled shell 1546-1658 1490-1694 Middle/Late (693±30) 44b ANA lower NZ5184, Wk4660, 4662 pooled shell 1472-1592 1447-1657 Middle (770±40 BP) 1609-1612 45 KTR-78 Wk14285 shell 1391-1484 1325-1518 Early/Middle 46 BWT-876 Wk14412 shell 1565-1718 1525-1822 Middle/Late 47 BWT-875 Wk14413 shell 1401-1490 1329-1530 Early/Middle 48 BWT-874 Wk14414 shell 1623-1764 1532-1839 Middle/late 1785-1804 8 subdivision development on the southern half of Omaha Beach disclosed more than 200 clusters of archaeological features comprised mostly of middens and ovens (Bickler, et al. 2003; Campbell, et al. 2004). Only some of these have been recorded as discrete entries in the NZ Archaeological Association Site Recording Scheme, and they are treated here as if from a single site, but with data from each locality examined as a separate assemblage. Only those localities for which there are both quantified faunal data and acceptable radiocarbon dates are included here. Twelve assemblages meet these criteria and calibrated age ranges for these are summarised in Table 1 (assemblages 6a-6l). Faunal remains were confined to fish and shellfish, and the MNI data used here derives from Bickleret al. (2003: 113-146).

7. Tawharanui Beach Midden (R09/251) [TWN-251]

This midden on dunes adjacent to the main beach on the northwest side of the Tawharanui Peninsula was sampled during construction of a predator-proof fence in 2004 (Judge, et al. 2005). A shell sample from layer 3 of test unit 1 place this deposit in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 7). Faunal data from Layer 3 (Judge, et al. 2005:24-25) included MNI for shellfish, fish and mammals. No birds were represented.

8. Maygrove, Orewa (R10/782) [MAY]

This small shell midden adjacent to the Orewa River estuary, approximately 2.5km upstream from its mouth was excavated in 1999 (Mosen, et al. 2000). Dates on three shell samples place occupation in Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 8). Shellfish, fish, bird and mammal remains were present in the midden (Mosen, et al. 2000:40-51), but shellfish data were displayed only by proportion with no MNI listed, so are listed here as presence-only. The small numbers of bird and mammal bones are thought to have been intrusive so have not been included here.

9. Sunde Site, Motutapu Island (R10/25) [SUN]

Located on the north-west coast of Motutapu Island, this site is of considerable interest as it disclosed cultural remains underlying primary deposits of ash from the eruption of Rangitoto. The site was first excavated in 1963 (Scott 1970) and again in in 1972, 1975-76, 1981 and 1982 (Nichol 1981; Nichol 1988). These identified up to five stratigraphic layers, but only two of these yielded substantial samples of fauna: Layer 2, referred to by Nichol as the ‘Soft Shore Midden’; and Level 5, the earliest occupation sealed beneath Rangitoto Ash, and referred to by Nichol as the ‘Oyster Lens’. Although there are some other dates from the site, only one shell sample derives from Layer 2 and place it in the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 9a). The earlier occupation is dated by shell and charcoal dates that are in close agreement and place this occupation in the Early period (Table 1: assemblage 9b). Faunal data are taken from Nichol (1988: 233-246, 389-396), with bird identifications checked against Millener (1981: 798), and the marine mammal identifications drawn from Smith (1985).

10. Hamlins Hill (R11/142) [HMH]

This site occupies a small hilltop near the portage between the the Tamaki River and the Manukau Harbour, Auckland. Excavations at various times between 1969 and 1977 have revealed storage pits, postholes from houses, cooking ovens and middens (Davidson 1970; Irwin 1975; Pearce 1975; Pearce 1977). There are two radiocarbon dates from the site, but only one relates directly to the midden under analysis here and this indicates that it can be assigned to the Middle/Late overlap period Table 1: assemblage 10). Although Pearce (1977) discussed faunal remains, he reported MNI for only one shellfish species. The data used here have been compiled from Davidson (1970: 114-115) who listed MNI for shellfish by square. These have been combined for a total MNI. Bird remains were noted but not listed by species, and mammal was represented by dog and rat. Fish MNI are from Leach (2006: Appendix 1). 9

11. Westfield (R11/898) [WST]

Just over 1km from Hamlins Hill, the Westfield site is another small undefended settlement with remains of houses, storage pits, cooking and food refuse. Excavations were undertaken in 1981 (Furey 1983a; Furey 1983b; Furey 1986) and 1987-88 (Sewell 1992). Material from each excavation is treated here as a discrete assemblage. Furey’s excavations were dated by three shell samples which indicate that this part of the site belongs to the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 11a). From Sewell’s excavations there are two shell dates and one on charcoal, again suggesting a Middle/Late overlap period age (Table 1: assemblage 11b). Faunal remains include shellfish, fish, birds and mammals, and data from all areas within the Furey excavations (Furey 1983a:Appendices I and II) were combined for the present analysis, although the fish identifications and MNI have been replaced by those reported by Leach (2006: Appendix 1). For the Sewell excavations shellfish data from all areas (Sewell 1992: 28-29) were combined for the present analysis. These excavations yielded only a few non-diagnostic fish bones and no bird or mammal bones.

12. Hawkins Hill (R11/1394) [HKH]

Located just across the Southern motorway from Westfield, this may be part of the same settlement area. Excavations in 1984-85 disclosed food storage pits, midden and cooking areas (Coates, et al. 1996). Three shell dates from the midden area place it in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 12). Faunal data for the midden include MNI for shellfish, fish and mammals, with birds noted as present but not identifiable to species (Coates, et al. 1996: 32-33).

13. Fisher Road 887 (R11/887) [FRD-887]

This is a small undefended settlement located on a low ridge ca 700m from the Tamaki River. Excavations in 1985 disclosed remains of a house, food storage pits, cooking ovens and shell midden (Foster and Sewell 1988). A date on shell from the midden places it within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 13). Faunal data comprise MNI for shellfish and dogs, while fish were reported only as ‘species present’ (Foster and Sewell 1988: 61-63), with bird remains apparently absent.

14. Fisher Road 888 (R11/888) [FRD-888]

A second small settlement ca 100m north of 887 yielded postholes from what may have been storage structures, ovens and shell midden (Foster and Sewell 1988). A date on shell places it within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 14). Faunal data comprise MNI for shellfish while fish were reported only as ‘species present’ (Foster and Sewell 1988: 61-63), with bird and mammal remains apparently absent.

15. Fisher Road 899 (R11/899) [FRD-899]

A third small settlement less than 50m southwest of 887 yielded remains houses, storage pits, cooking ovens and shell midden (Foster and Sewell 1988). Two shell dates place it within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 15). Faunal data comprise MNI for shellfish, dogs and rats, while fish were reported only as ‘species present’ (Foster and Sewell 1988: 61-63), with bird remains apparently absent.

16. Tamaki River 1201 (R11/1201) [TMK-1201]

This small undefended settlement is located close to the Tamaki River ca 600m north of the Fisher Rd cluster of sites. Excavations in 1988 disclosed food storage pits, ovens, postholes that may be from cooking shelters, stoneworking areas and patches of shell midden (Foster and Sewell 1993). A shell sample from one of these middens places it in the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 16). Faunal data include MNI for shellfish, fish, dog and bird (Foster and Sewell 1993: Appendix 2). 10

17. Tamaki River 1506 (R11/1506) [TMK-1506]

This site is a small defended pa close to the Tamaki River about 100m north of 1201. Excavations in 1988 revealed remains of houses, storage pits, stoneworking areas and shell midden. Six shell dates place occupation within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 17). Faunal data include MNI for shellfish, fish, dog and rat (Foster and Sewell 1993: Appendix 2).

18. Cryers Road (R11/1519) [CRD]

Just over 1km from the east bank of the Tamaki River, this site comprises areas of short-term occupation amongst gardens. Excavations in 1985-86 investigated five areas each yielding shell midden, and in some cases also firescoops and ovens (Fredericksen and Visser 1988; 1991). Radiocarbon dates suggest that these features derive from discrete periods of activity, with The Western Plateau clearly from the Late period, Area A41 probably Middle/Late, and all other areas deriving from the Middle period (Table 1: assemblages 18a-c). Faunal remains have been analysed here as three discrete assemblages. Data for these include MNI for shellfish, fish, birds and mammals (Fredericksen and Visser 1988: Tables 4, 7 and 8).

19. Turanga Hill (R11/330) [TRH]

This is a small settlement, probably undefended, on a low hill about 600m from the Turanga Creek estuary at Whitford. Excavations in 2003 identified four terraces, four storage pits and two scatters of shell midden (Phillips 2004). Dates on two shell samples place occupation within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 19). Faunal remains were confined to shellfish (Phillips 2004: 42-43).

20. Owari (S11/989) [OWA]

The Owari site occupies a low hill adjacent to the shore near Clevedon. Excavations in 2005 revealed terraces, probably for houses, along with food storage pits and areas of shell midden, indicating a small settlement that may or may not have been defended (Felgate 2006). Nine dates on shell indicate a Middle period age (Table 1: assemblage 20). Faunal remains were confined to shellfish (Felgate 2006: 76-81), and data from all areas have been combined for the present analysis.

21. Opita (T13/13) [OPI]

This site occupies a low spur within the loop of a former channel of the Ohinemuri River near its junction with the Waihou, approximately 25km inland from the Firth of Thames. Excavations in 1991 showed that during its first two phases of occupation the site was a small undefended settlement, while in two later phases it was enclosed by defensive ditches (Phillips 2000: 142-146). Although not radiocarbon dated, each phase of occupation was separated by flood deposits which can be dated approximately by traditional and historical evidence, indicating the Phase I predates 1720, Phase II falls between 1720 and 1810, and subsequent occupation was during the 19th century. This places Phase II within the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 21), and it is this deposit from which the faunal sample under analysis here derives. Identifications and MNI for fish and birds were derived from Adams (n.d.: 91), while shellfish are noted as present, but not listed by species, and mammals absent (Phillips 2000: 146).

22. Raupa (T13/789) [RAU]

Located on the bank of the Waihou River opposite Opita, excavations at this site in 1983-84 and 1987-88 demonstrated that it had been a fortified pa throughout its three phases of occupation (Phillips 1985; Phillips 1986; Phillips 2000: 129-139; Prickett 1990; Prickett 1992). Only one of these, Phase II, is under consideration here, and this is estimated to date to ca 1750 (Phillips 2000: 134) placing it within the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 22). This is based on two shell dates for Phase I (Wk2039, Wk2040) that pool at 565±48BP (cal AD 1667-1828(1σ), 1625-1951(2σ)) along with traditional evidence suggesting 11 the initial occuapation was about 1690, and the presence of European artefacts and historical records indicating the Phase III was ca 1820. Faunal data for Phase II derive from Area II Layer 7, and include MNI shellfish, presence-only data for fish and mammals, and birds noted as absent (Prickett 1990: 106- 7).

23. Puriri 91 (T12/340, T12/885, T12/886) [PUR-91]

Situated on the bank of the Puriri stream almost 1km from its confluence with the Waihou River and ca 10km inland from the Firth of Thames four localities originally recorded as discrete sites (T12/340, 884, 885 and 886) have been reclassified as a single undefended settlement on the basis of traditional and historical research by Phillips (2000: 123). In 1991-92 excavations were undertaken at three of these localities, and disclosed evidence for two phases of late prehistoric occupation, followed by 19th century occupation (Bedford 1994: 84-94, 190-200; Bedford and Allen 1993; Phillips 2000: 122-125).

Three discrete sets of material are examined here, all of which are assigned to the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 23a-c). For two of the three there are radiocarbon dates and in all three both the absence of European artefacts and traditional evidence suggest a date of ca 1750 (Bedford 1994:106-7, 190-201; Phillips 2000: 123). Assemblage 23a derives from a shell midden (layers 6 & 7) in T12/340 Area D2, from which there is a radiocarbon date on shell. Faunal remains include shellfish and fish (Bedford 1994: Tables 4.70, 4.89). Assemblage 23b derives from the single shell midden layer in T12/885 which has also been dated on shell. Faunal remains include shell and fish (Bedford 1994: 174, Table 4.83).Assemblage 23c derives from the single shell midden layer in T12/886. Although undated, its proximity and similarity in form and contents suggest a similar age to the others. Faunal remains include shellfish and fish (Bedford 1994: 174, Table 4.85)

24. Puriri 86 (T12/882) [PUR-86]

Nearly 1km west of Puriri 91, closer to the Waihou river, this locality has also had multiple recorded sites (T12/881, T12/882) subsequently identified as a single undefended settlement (Phillips 2000: 123). Excavations in 1991-92 at T12/882 disclosed evidence for a single phase of occupation, perhaps as a seasonal gardening camp (Bedford 1994: 98-100, 200; Bedford and Allen 1993; Phillips 2000: 122-125). Dates on shell and charcoal , along with traditional evidence and the absence of European artefacts suggest occupation ca 1750 (Phillips 2000: 123), within the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 24). Quantified faunal data include remains of shellfish and fish (Bedford 1994: Tables 4.71, 4.79).

25. Te Mata (T11/836) [TMT]

This small undefended site occupies a spur above the beach just north of Tapu on the west coast of the Coromandel Peninsula. Excavations in1998 uncover two layers of midden on a terrace (Gumbley 1998). Radiocarbon dates from each of the layers are statistically indistinguishable and place occupation in the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 25). Faunal data (Gumbley 1998: 7-11) included MNI for fish, and absence of birds or mammals reported. A rank abundance order of shellfish was also reported, but with no numerical data reported they are used here as presence-only data.

26. Port Jackson (S09/53) [PJK]

Since the late 1960s at least three patches of midden, ovens and artefacts have been exposed sporadically by deflation of dunes at the northeast end of Port Jackson, near the northern tip of the Coromandel Peninsula at sites recorded as S09/53, 109-110 and 112 (Wilkes n.d.). Material recovered from the dunes by surface collection as well as several excavations of in situ deposits (Davidson 1979; Foley 1981; Foster 1983) has virtually all been attributed to the ‘Port Jackson archaic site’ (S09/53), but as Wilkes noted, this can be established with certainty only where the location of investigations is accurately plotted on plans and the material derives from excavation of in situ deposits. Strict application of these criteria reduces 12 both the range and abundance of identified fauna that can be attributed to the site, but it is the only justifiable way in which to extract data for the present project. Faunal data that have been included here include shellfish excavated in 1981 (Foster 1983: Tables 4.1 and 4.2, Samples 2, 3, 4 and 6 ), fish excavated in 1971 (Leach and Boocock 1993: 91-92, 236, Assemblages 305, 306 307), birds excavated in 1971 and 1981 (Foster 1983: Table 4.3, Davidson Excavated Collection, Area B; Millener 1981:797), and marine mammals excavated in 1971 and 1981 (Smith 1985: 500). There were no terrestrial mammals from the excavated collections. Also problematic is the dating of the deposit. The only available radiocarbon date is on moa bones from a deflation hollow underlying the midden, which means that it gives a maximum date for deposition of the midden (Table 1: assemblage 26). Artefacts recovered from the site suggest that occupation is likely to have been very soon after that, and on this basis it is assigned to the Early period.

27. Eastern Midden, Harataonga Bay (T08/4) [HAR-E]

This small midden occupies a low natural terrace immediately behind the beach at the eastern end of Harataonga Bay, Great Barrier Island. Excavations here in 1962 disclosed food refuse, cooking ovens and postholes likely to be from a cooking shelter (Law 1972: 104-111). The two available radiocarbon dates from the midden are both on unidentified charcoal so can give only a maximum age (Table 1:assemblage 27). With no historic period artefacts the assemblage can be assigned safely to the Late period. Faunal MNI data for shellfish, birds and mammals are taken from Law (1972: Tables 7 and 8), while for fish the data are presence-only (Law 1972: Table 9). Note that Law’s fish fragment counts have been mistakenly reported elsewhere as MNI (Leach and Boocock 1993: Table 131).

28. Matarangi Beach 993 (T10/993) [MTR-993]

Monitoring of earthworks for a residential subdivision on the Matarangi sandpit, Coromandel Peninsula, in 1997 revealed 43 small middens, most with firescoops, which have been interpreted as the result of short-term camps for the purpose of collecting and drying shellfish for later consumption (Furey 1998). One midden was excavated, from which three shell radiocarbon dates were obtained, on which basis it is assigned to the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 28). Faunal data used here are the combined shellfish MNI values from eight T10/993 samples listed by Furey (1998: Table 3). Only a small number of fish bones were recovered, all belonging to horse or jack mackerel, Trachurus species, along with one Elasmobranch vertebra. MNI were not reported so these taxa are included as presence-only data. No bird or mammal remains were present.

29. Matarangi Beach 983 (T10/983) [MTR-983]

Further earthworks less than 300m southwest of T10/993in 1999 revealed another 34 middens and firescoops, providing further evidence of short-term encampments on the Matarangi sandspit (Sewell 2000; Sewell 2003). Of ten features sampled for midden analysis two (samples 4 and 34) were radiocrabon dated. These determinations indicate that it should be assigned to the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 29). Faunal data for samples 4 and 34 were combined for the present analysis. These consist of shellfish MNI (Sewell 2000: Appendix 3), along with a record of the presence of Trachus species fish, for which MNI were not reported.

30. Matarangi Beach 990 (T10/990) [MTR-990]

Some 900m west of T10/983, near the estuarine shore of the Matarangi sandspit another five middens were identified (Sewell 2000). Sampling of T10/990 disclosed midden which is dated by a single shell determination to the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 30). Faunal data are confined solely to shellfish (Sewell 2000: Appendix 3) 13

31. Cross Creek Midden (T10/399) [CCK]

Located at Sarah’s Gully on the Kuaotunu Peninsula, east coast of the Coromandel, this beach front site is adjacent to and probably part of the same settlement represented in the well-known Sarah’s Gully settlement site. Excavations at Cross Creek in 1983 revealed six stratigraphically separated phases of occupation (Furey, et al. 2008; Sewell 1984; Sewell 1986; Sewell 1988). The four earliest of these (layers 3 [including 3A], 5, 7 and 9) provide both the chronological and faunal data needed for the present analysis. The chronological information is summarised in Table 1 (assemblages 31a-d) which shows that layers 3 and 5 are assigned to the Early/Middle overlap period, and layers 7 and 9 to the Early period. Faunal data were collated from the following sources: shellfish (Furey, et al. 2008: Table 2), fish (Sewell 1988: Table 2), birds (Sewell 1984: Appendix I), mammals (Sewell 1984: Table 23).

32. Whitianga Waterways 858 (T11/858) [WHI-858]

This site is located close to the shore of the Whitianga Harbour estuary. Investigations in 2001 prior to residential development revealed eight small patches of midden without any accompanying evidence for structures oir cooking areas, suggesting very short-term camps, probably associated with gardening (Furey 2002) . Of five middens sampled three (a, c, d) yielded radiocarbon dates on shell, which are statistically indistinguishable and, with no historic period artefacts present, indicate that the middens derive from the Late Period (Table 1: assemblage 32). The only fauna represented were shellfish, and MNI for the three dated samples (Furey 2002: Table 1) were combined for the present analysis.

33. Whitianga Waterways 624 (T11/624) [WHI-624]

Approximately 200m north of T11/858 and inland from the estuary, this site was exposed during further residential development in 2003. Investigation indicated that it was a small midden that appeared to have been adjacent to a cooking area (Furey 2003a). A single shell date places it within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 33). Faunal remains were restricted to shellfish (Furey 2003a: Table 1).

34. Whitianga Waterways 926 (T11/926) [WHI-926]

Some 400m east of T11/624, this small midden was also investigated in 2003(Furey 2003b). A single shell date places it within the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 34). Faunal remains were again confined to shellfish (Furey 2003b: 7).

35. Whitianga Club Marina Apartments (T11/927) [WHI-927]

Located adjacent to the Whitanga Harbour, about 500m northeast of T11/926, this site yielded evidence of both prehistoric and historic period occupation during investigations in 2003 (Campbell and Gumbley 2004). Two areas were investigated and both showed that earlier features had been partially truncated by later activites. Intact prehistoric components included middens in Area B (features 40 and 44), and oven scoops containing midden in Area A (features 7 and 8). A shell sample from Area A and the absence of historic period artefacts indicates that this should be placed in the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 35a). Another shell date from Area B places use of this are in the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 35b). Faunal remains include very small quantities of fish bone which could not be identified to species, but were otherwise confined to shellfish (Campbell and Gumbley 2004: Table 3).

36. Hahei Beach (T11/242) [HHB]

Excavation of this midden in dunes at Hahei Beach, Coromandel Peninsula revealed three occupation layers (Nichol 1986), each of which is treated here as a separate assemblage. A shell date from the ‘upper’ layer places its formation in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 36a). Another shell date from the ‘lower’ layer places it securely within the Early period (Table 1: assemblage 36c). The 14 intervening ‘shell’ layer is dated by inclusion, and assigned here to the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 36b). Faunal data include MNI for both ‘economic’ and ‘incidental’ shellfish (Nichol 1986: Tables 12.2, 12.3), and identifications for fish (Nichol 1986: Table 12.5), birds and mammals (Nichol 1986: Table 12.4), with bird identifications checked against Millener (1981: 799). Both latter taxa lists included a mixture of MNI and presence-only data, and for this analysis we have treated any species noted as ‘present’ as an MNI of one.

37. Hot Water Beach (T11/115) [HWB]

Located at the southern end of Hot Water Beach, this appears to have been a small settlement with food preparation, cooking and stone working activities. Excavation of a small part of it in 1969 disclosed three main periods of occupation (Leahy 1974). Reliable radiocarbon dates are available only for the two earliest. Layer 4, the middle occupation, has a close date on shell, supported by the maximum age indicated by two dates on unidentified charcoal, indicating that this assemblage belongs to the Early/ Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 37a). Although lacking any reliable radiocarbon dates, the stratigraphically lower layer 5 is assigned here to the Early period (Table 1: assemblage 37b). MNI data for shellfish, birds and terrestrial mammals are taken from Leahy (1974: 59-68) with the birds checked against Millener (1981: 800), fish from Leach and Boocock (1993: Table 27) and marine mammals from Smith (1985: Tables 63, 64).

38. Tairua (T11/62) [TRN]

This site is located in dunes on a tombolo at the mouth of Tairua Harbour, Coromandel Peninsula. Excavations in 1958-59 and 1964 revealed two occupation layers (Jones 1973; Smart and Green 1962). The most recent (layer 6) was a concentrated shell midden, while the earlier (layer 2) included the midden, cooking areas and stone working areas typical of a small settlement. The radiocarbon chronology of the site has been considered in detail by Schmidt and Higham (1998).The upper layer has one admissable shell date which, in the absence of historic period artefacts, indicates this occupation can be assigned to the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 38a). The lower layer has two acceptable shell dates that provide clear evidence of an Early period age (Table 1: assemblage 38b). Faunal data were compiled from a variety of sources. The shellfish MNI are from Rowland (1975: Appendix A), with five samples from layer 6 summed, to give overall MNI values for that layer, and likewise five samples from layer 2. Fish MNI reported by Leach and Boocock (1993:Table 133) appear to be from the lower layer, while snapper are reported as present in the upper layer (Smart and Green 1962: 263). Bird and terrestrial mammal MNI for each layer have been calculated from the element identifications reported by Smart and Green (1962: 260-3), with the bird identifications checked against Millener (1981: 800). Marine mammal data are from Smith (Smith 1985: Table 60).

39. Pauanui (T12/1028) [PAU]

On a hillside overlooking the Pauanui sand flats and Tairua Harbour, this is an extensive occupation site including terraces and middens (Gumbley 2003). Several areas were investigated prior to residential development. Shell samples from two midden-bearing deposits were dated, placing these in the Middle/ Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 39). The faunal data utilised here are from the ‘stormwater easement’ sample, with fish MNI as listed and shellfish MNI calculated from the size-range data presented (Gumbley 2003: 3-4, Appendix 5). No bird or mammal remains were present.

40. Whitipirorua (T12/16) [WHT]

The Whitipirorua site is a large occupation on beach front dunes at Onemana, Coromandel Peninsula. Although surface collecting and excavations were undertaken at various times from the late 1950s (Furey 1990), it is the investigations undertaken in 1986 and 1988 that provide the material summarised here (Furey 1991). These revealed three main occupation layers, however radiocarbon determinations on 15 shell samples from the uppermost and lowest were statistically indistinguishable and indicating that all were from the Early period (Table 1: assemblage 40). Faunal data from all assemblages (Furey 1991: 21- 24) are combined for the present analysis. These include shellfish, fish (reported as presence-only), birds and mammals.

41. Moana Park Whangamata 959 (T12/959) [WHA-959]

This site comprises a series of terraces, some within midden, on a ridge about 350m from the Whangamata Harbour estuary. Excavations on one of the terraces in 1997 revealed middens and cooking ovens, suggesting repeated use of the locality for small settlements associated with gardening on the flats below and shellfish collecting from the estuary (Phillips 1997). Two dates on shell and the absence of historic period artefacts indicate that occupation can be assigned to the Late period (Table 1: assemblage 41). Faunal remains were confined to shell and samples 1-3 (Phillips 1997: Appendix 5) have been combined for analysis here.

42. Whangamata 1044 (T12/1044) [WHA-1044]

On a ridge about 800m southeast of T12/959 this site was investigated in 2003, disclosing evidence for two phases of occupation (Gumbley 2005). During the earliest it appears to have been a substantial settlement with terraces, food storage pits and food preparation areas. The latter occupation yeilded further evidence of food preparation along with postholes from the construction of fences or perhaps other structures. Radiocarbon dates indicate that the two occupations should be analysed as separate assemblages. The later occupation has a shell date indicating that it should be assigned to the Middle/ Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 42a). A shell date from the earlier occupation places it in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 42b). Faunal remains were restricted almost entirely to shellfish, with only a few unidentifiable fragments of fish, and no birds or mammals. Shellfish data for the two main species were presented only as %MNI, while incidental species were given as raw MNI. We have no option but to follow this procedure here.

43. The Crescent, Waihi Beach (U13/1246) [WHB-1246]

Investigations at this site, about 600m behind the shore at Waihi Beach, disclosed evidence for two phases of activity (Moore 2006). The earliest was settlement, perhaps with defences, while the latter involved brief occupation associated with gardening. Only the latter is dated with a determination on shell and the absence of historic period artefacts indicating a Late period age (Table 1: assemblage 43). Faunal remains were restricted to shellfish (Moore 2006), and data for those from the later occupation (samples 1, 5, 6, 8 and 9) have been combined for the present analysis.

44. Anatere Pa, Athenree (U13/46) [ANA]

This site occupies a headland overlooking the the estuary of the Waiau River where it enters the northern end of the Tauranga Harbour at Athenree. After some preliminary investigations in the 1980s and early 1990s, substantial excavations were undertaken in 1996 (Phillips and Allen 1996). More recently, monitoring of trenches for a sewerage scheme has provided further evidence (Moore and Phillips 2002). These investigations have shown that there was initially undefended occupation at the site, followed by the construction of fortifications and relatively brief use as a settlement before abandonment. From the defended phase there are five shell dates that place this occupation in the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 44a). There are three radiocarbon dates on shell from the undefended phase indicating that it belongs to the Middle period (Table 1: assemblage 44b). Faunal remains are restricted to shellfish and fish (Phillips and Allen 1996: Appendix 4) and are almost all from the later phase. Samples from ‘Trench 4 Layer 22 Terrace foundation’ and ‘Area 4 Extension A Layer 12’ have been combined to represent the earlier phase, while all others are combined to represent the later phase. 16

45. Koutunui Road, Athenree (U13/78) [KTR-78]

Some 200m southwest of U13/46, this site is an area containing serveral small exposures of midden. Investigation of one of these in 2004 disclosed and area of midden overlying earlier cooking features (Moore 2004a). A shell date from the midden places it in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 45). Faunal data from the main midden (Moore 2004a: 7-10) are used here. These comprised shellfish, along with a very small number of fish bone that was not identified. Birds and mammals were not present.

46. Bowentown 876 (U13/876) [BWT-876]

This site comprising storage pits and midden is located on the shore of the Tauranga Harbour at Bowentown, approximately 1.5km north of the harbour mouth. It was sampled and recorded during monitoring of trenches excavated for a new water main in 2003-04 (Moore 2004b). A date on shell from infill of one of the pits places it within the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 46). Faunal data employed are the shellfish MNI from the dated pit fill context (Moore 2004b: Appendix 2, sample B5). There were no fish, birds or mammals.

47. Bowentown 875 (U13/875) [BWT-875]

Almost immediately south of U13/876 this site comprises middens, cooking features, storage pits and evidence of stone working (Moore 2004b). A radiocarbon date on shell from the base of the deposit places it within the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 47). Although the excavator argued that all or most of the overlying deposits are likely to have accumulated rapidly, only those faunal remains from the basal component (Samples B23, 25, 38, 53) have been utilised here. These include MNI for shellfish, fish and bird (Moore 2004b: Appendices 2 and 3).

48. Bowentown 874 (U13/874) [BWT-874]

Immediately south again from U13/875, this site consists of three areas midden separated by darkened soil with charcoal (Moore 2004b). A radiocarbon date on shell from the base of Midden 2 places it within the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 1: assemblage 48). Faunal remains from the basal component of this midden (Samples B87 and B91) have been combined here. These include MNI for shellfish and fish (Moore 2004b: Appendices 2 and 3). 17 Otago-Catlins Sites

49. Ototara Glen (J42/2) [OTG]

This site is adjacent to a large limestone outcrop with numerous rockshelters about 2.5km inland from the coast just north of Kakanui, North Otago. Excavations in 1962-63 revealed midden and ovens (Trotter 1965b; Trotter 1967b). There are two admissable radiocarbon dates which indicate that occupation here should be assigned to the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 49). Faunal remains include shellfish, fish, birds and mammals (Trotter 1965a; Trotter 1965b) but, with the exception of birds (Worthy 1998: Table 2), are reported as presence-only data.

50. Tai Rua (J42/1) [TRS]

Located just inland of low coastal cliffs about 4km south of Kakanui, North Otago, this site was excavated between 1956 and 1968, disclosing an extensive area of middens and ovens (Gathercole 1961a; Trotter 1959; 1979). There is only one admissable radiocarbon date placing occupation in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 50). Faunal remains include shellfish, fish, birds and mammals but, with the exception of birds (Anderson 1989: Appendix D; McGovern-Wilson 1986: Table 3.3), the available information is presence-only (Trotter 1979: 224-226).

51. Katiki Point (J42/20) [KTK-20]

This terraced and possibly defended site at the southern end of the Moeraki peninsula was excavated in 1954-56 and 1964, revealing evidence of houses, cooking ovens and food refuse (Trotter 1959; 1967a). There is one admissable date on shell which, in the absence of historic artefacts, indicates a Late period age (Table 2: assemblage 51). Faunal data include shellfish reported as %MNI, fish and mammals as presence only (Trotter 1967a), and birds as MNI (McGovern-Wilson 1986: Table 3.5).

52. Waimataitai Mouth (J42/18) [WMT]

Excavations in 1954 at this site adjacent to the Waimataitai lagoon at the northern end of Katiki Beach disclosed midden and ovens, suggesting an extensive occupation site (Trotter 1955). There is one admissable radiocarbon date, on moa bone (Table 2: assemblage 52). Although the wide error range of this determination indicates overlap with the Middle period, the assemblage is assigned here to the Early period. Faunal remains reported as presence-only include shellfish, fish, and mammals (Trotter 1955: 296-301), while MNI have been reported for birds (Anderson 1989: Appendix D; McGovern-Wilson 1986: Table 3.4).

53. Katiki Beach (J42/139) [KTK-139]

Located about 1.8km south of J42/18, in dunes adjacent to Katiki Beach was excavated during road realignment in 1999 (Petchey 2000). This revealed two occupation layers, the upper containing a scatter of historic period artefacts, and the lower a hearth and midden and no historic artefacts. It is the lower deposit that is of interest here, and a radiocarbon date on shell indicates that it belongs to the Late period (Table 2: assemblage 53). Faunal remains were confined to shellfish but are reported as presence-only data (Petchey 2000: 4).

54. Shag Point (J43/11) [SHP]

This site occupies a low rocky headland about 600m north of the mouth of the Shag River. Excavations were undertaken in 1954-57 and 1964-65 (Trotter 1970), and again from 1998-2000 (Weisler 2000). These revealed two main areas of occupation each containing middens and cooking refuse. It is the earlier excavations that are of interest here, because the radiocarbon dates and most of the faunal remains 18 from the later investigations have yet been reported. From Trotter’s excavation there is one date on shell indicating placement in the Middle period (Table 2: assemblage 54). Faunal remains include shellfish, fish, birds and mammals, but are reported as presence-only data (Trotter 1970: 482).

51-53

N 54-55

56 0 200km 57 58 59 60-62 63

Study sites Other Maori sites

Figure 4 Otago-Catlins Study Area, showing study sites and other recorded Maori archaeological sites

49, Ototara Glen; 50, Tai Rua; 51, Katiki Point 20; 52 Waimataitai Mouth; 53, Katiki Beach 139; 54, Shag Point; 55, Shag River Mouth; 56, Pleasant River Mouth; 57, Huriawa; 58, Ross’s Rocks; 59, Omimi; 60, Mapoutahi; 61, Purakaunui; 62, Long Beach; 63, Taiaroa Head; 64, Sandfly Bay; 65, Pounawea; 66, Papatowai; 67, Kahukura 19

Table 2 Chronological information used for Otago-Catlins Assemblages

Assemblage Date reference No Code (see Appendix 1 for details) Material cal AD 1 σ cal AD 2 σ Period 49 OTG NZ560 shell 1416-1544 1352-1375 Early/Middle 1380-1641 NZ754 moa bone 1440-1511 1419-1638 1550-1558 1573-1622 50 TRS NZ749 shell 1451-1561 1431-1643 Early/Middle 51 KTK-20 NZ697 shell 1700-1877 1670-1951 Late 52 WMT NZ5015 moa bone 1190-1192 1030-1525 Early 1202-1451 1527-1533 1535-1626 53 KTK-139 Wk7889 shell 1686-1846 1667-1910 Late 1915-1950 54 SHP NZ782 shell 1494-1633 1444-1685 Middle 55 SRM 15 dates [see note 1] pooled (999±11 BP) shell 1323-1403 1294-1436 Early 13 dates [see note 2] pooled (620±13 BP) charcoal 1327-1338 1322-1347 1390-1403 1387-1407 Wk 2416, 2417, 2604 pooled (573±26 BP) moa 1401-1424 1330-1331 eggshell 1391-1442 7 dates [see note 3] pooled (541±19 BP) moa bone 1416-1436 1408-1443 56a PLR upper Wk3508-3510 pooled (787±35 BP) shell 1458-1572 1440-1646 Early/Middle NZ7961, NZA2802, 3740 pooled charcoal 1414-1445 1396-1458 (530±39 BP) 56b PLR lower Wk2370, 2753, 2851 pooled (965±36 BP) shell 1336-1428 1299-1466 Early 7 dates [see note 4] pooled (648±15 BP) charcoal 1332-1348 1315-1357 1387-1393 1380-1399 NZ8095 charcoal 1178-1230 1155-1271 1250-1261 57a HUR 1961-3 traditional & historical evidence Late 57b HUR 1984 traditional & historical evidence Late 58a RRK upper NZ5361, 5362 pooled (691±51 BP) shell 1535-1667 1462-1724 Middle/Late 1744-1751 1790-1801 58b RRK lower NZ5363 shell 1334-1441 1287-1491 Early 59a OMI 1977 association Early/Middle 59b OMI 2004-5 Wk17977 fish bone 1391-1492 1320-1532 Early/Middle 60a MAP1966 association Late 60b MAP 1983 NZ6698, 6670, 6758 pooled (229±28 BP) charcoal 1664-1675 1643-1696 Late 1739-1798 1725-1807 1840-1840 1948-1950 61a PRK 1978 NZ4746, 4748 pooled (905±28 BP) shell 1391-1476 1328-1502 Early/Middle 61b PRK 2001-2 6 dates [see note 5] pooled (920±23) shell 1358-1367 1324-1486 Early/Middle 1384-1462 62a LOB upper NZ4702 charcoal 1499-1599 1452-1711 Middle/Late 1609-1673 1719-1812 1743-1772 1836-1881 1778-1797 1923-1951 62b LOB lower NZ4704 charcoal 1419-1498 1401-1514 Early/Middle 1601-1624 1542-1624 63a TRH 1972 NZ1935 [maximum age] charcoal 1651-1700 1643-1819 Late 1722-1809 1823-1900 1838-1845 1904-1951 1867-1878 1928-1950 63b TRH 1992 association Late 63c TRH 2005 association Late 64 SFB 3 dates [see note6] pooled (541±22 BP) charcoal/ 1415-1436 1406-1444 Early bird bone 4 dates [see note 7] pooled (696±18 BP) charcoal/ 1299-1316 1290-1323 bird bone 1356-1382 1346-1388 65a PNW upper NZ54, 7018 pooled (882±46 BP) shell 1398-1500 1320-1551 Early/Middle 65b PNW lower NZ1796-1798, 4438 pooled (665±31 BP) moa bone 1311-1359 1298-1397 Early 1379-1392 66a PPT 1971 upper NZ4270-4272 pooled (571±33 BP) charcoal 1400-1429 1325-1341 Early 1390-1445 20

Table 2 continued Assemblage Date reference No Code (see Appendix 1 for details) Material cal AD 1 σ cal AD 2 σ Period 66b PPT 1990 upper NZA 1415 charcoal 1324-1343 1296-1464 Early 1389-1446 1470-1476 66c PPT 1971 lower NZ1333 shell 1283-1390 1225-1432 Early NZ4267, 4268 pooled (799±23 BP) charcoal 1273-1294 1232-1246 1263-1309 1360-1379 66d PPT 1990 lower Wk 1761, 1762 pooled (645±32 BP) charcoal 1317-1354 1300-1368 Early 1383-1398 1373-1406 67 KHK Wk23780, 23781 pooled (799±41) shell 1450-1564 1428-1646 Middle

Notes: 1 SRM, pooled shell dates: NZA1175; NZ7805, 7806; Wk2362, 2410-12, 2440-01, 2508, 2589, 2751-52, 2856-57 2 SRM, pooled charcoal dates: NZA887-88; NZ7755-7763, 7771; Wk2589 3 SRM, pooled moa bone dates: NZA780, 781; NZ5016, 7736, 7739, 7740, 7741, 7742 4 PLR lower, pooled charcoal dates: NZ7960, 7963-64, 8096-99 5 PRK 2001-2, pooled shell dates: Wk12596, 12597, 14097, 14098, 14099, 14100 6 SFB, younger set of pooled dates: NZA22836 [charcoal], 22841, 22842 [bush bird bones] 7 SFB, older set of pooled dates: NZA22837, 22838 [charcoal], 22839, 22840 [bush bird bones]

55. Shag River Mouth (J43/2) [SRM]

Located on a sand spit on the southern side of the Shag river mouth, this large site has been investigated periodically since the mid 19th century. Extensive excavations in 1988-89 demonstrated that the site had been a substantial village (Anderson, et al. 1996a). Radiocarbon chronology has been examined in detail elsewhere (Anderson, et al. 1996b), and the pooled mean ages for admissable sets of dates taken from there are recalibrated here (Table 2: assemblage 55), clearly indicating an Early period age. MNI for fauna are derived from the following sources: shellfish (Higham 1996: Table 18.1), fish (Anderson and Smith 1996: Table 17.1), birds (Anderson, et al. 1996c: Table 14.8; McGovern-Wilson, et al. 1996: Table 16.3; with corrections from Worthy pers.comm.), mammals (Smith 1996: Table 13.3).

56. Pleasant River Mouth (J43/4) [PLR]

This site is about 10km south of J43/2 on low sandflats along the north bank of the estuary of the Pleasant River. Although excavations were undertaken in 1959-63 (Gathercole 1961b; Teal 1975), it is those in 1991-93 that provide the clearest evidence of activity at the site (Smith 1999). These showed that the site was repeatedly used for small camps, perhaps by members of a community based at a larger village such as Shag River Mouth. Two phases of occupation are represented, and radiocarbon dating of these has been discussed in detail elsewhere (Smith 1999: 45-48). For the later phase there are three dates on charcoal and another three on shell (Table 2: assemblage 56a). Although the former would allow an Early period age, the latter indicate the this phase of occupation should be assigned to the Early/Middle overlap period. For the earlier phase there are eight radiocarbon dates on charcoal of which seven are statistically indistinguishable with one older outlier, and also three shell dates, and together these determination place occupation in the Early period (Table 2: assemblage 56b). For the purposes of this analysis faunal data from Area 2/Layers 1b-2 and Areas 3-7/Layers 1-2a have been combined to represent the later occupation. Faunal data from Area 1/Layer2, Area 2/Layer 4, Areas 3-7/Layer2b-3, and Area5/Layer2 are combined to reprresent the earlier phase. All faunal data are from Smith (Smith 1999: 49-64).

57. Huriawa (I43/1) [HUR]

This defended site occupies the Huriawa penisula on the south side of the mouth of the Waikouaiti river at Karitane. Excavations were undertaken in 1956, 1961-63 and 1984 (Easdale and Jacomb 1984). These disclosed evidence for the construction of terraces and defensive works, post holes from houses and storage structures, along with cooking areas and midden scatters. Although there are no radiocarbon 21 dates, there is traditional evidence that place the occupation of the pa in the late 18th century (Easdale and Jacomb 1984: 1), allowing it to be assigned to the Late period. Two assemblages of faunal remains have been reported, and are used here as discrete assemblages. The first (assemblage 57a) combines all reported data from Areas A and B of the 1961-63 excavations. Shellfish are reported as presence-only data (Leach 1969: 54), while there are MNI for fish (Leach and Hamel 1978: Table 2), mammals (Leach 1969: 55-56) and birds (McGovern-Wilson 1986: Table 3.7). The second dataset (assemblage 57b) is from Area 1 of the 1984 excavations, and MNI for shellfish, fish, mammals and birds are derived from Easdale and Jacomb (1984: Table 5).

58. Ross’s Rocks (I43/22) [RRK]

Located just above the rocky shoreline about 1.5km north of Seacliff, this small site was excavated in 1979-80 (Till 1980). This revealed two areas areas of midden and cooking features with stratified deposits suggesting repeated short camps. There are two dates on shell from the the upper deposit (layer 3) which indicate that this phase of occupation belongs to the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 58a). The lower deposits (layer 3b) yielded a single shell date, placing it within the Early period (Table 2: assemblage 58b). Faunal data for both of the assemblages comprise MNI for shellfish, fish, birds and mammals (Till and Anderson n.d.).

59. Omimi (I44/1) [OMI]

About 1.8km south of Seacliff, this site occupies a hillside terrace about 30m above a boulder beach. Excavations were undertaken in 1977 (Hamel 1977b; Hamel 2006) and again in 2004-2005 (Petersen 2006), providing evidence of a small settlement with remains from food preparations and artefact manufacturing. There is a single shell date from the 2004-05 investigations indicating that occupation should be assigned to the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 59b). Data on faunal remains from the 1977 excavations (assemblage 59a) include presence-only data for shellfish (Hamel 2006: Table 3, note that Petersen 2006: 79 has misinterpreted the number of excavation units in which each taxon was present as MNI), and MNI for fish, birds and mammal (Hamel 2006: Table 2). From the 2004-05 excavations (assemblage 59b) shellfish, fish, birds and mammals were represented and MNI are reported by Petersen (2006: Tables 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 4.9).

60. Mapoutahi (I44/17) [MAP]

This pa sites occupies a precipitous headland at the western end of Purakaunui beach, northeast of Dunedin. Excavations were undertaken in 1966 (Anderson and Sutton 1973) and again in 1983 (Anderson 1983), revealing evidence of pallisades, middens and ovens. Traditional evidence places construction of the pa in the 18th century (Stevens 1976) and three radiocarbon dates on charcoal (Table 2: assemblage 60b) are in agreement with this, placing occupation in the Late period. There is a small collection of faunal remain from the 1966 excavations (assemblage 60a) and MNI for shellfish, fish, birds and mammals are taken from Anderson and Sutton (Anderson and Sutton 1973: 116-117). More substantial samples derive from the 1983 excavations (assemblage 60b) and MNI for shellfish, fish, birds and mammals are taken from Anderson (1983: 24-31).

61. Purakaunui (I44/21) [PRK]

Located on sand dunes at the eastern end of Purakaunui beach, adjacent to the entrance to a large tidal inlet. Excavations were undertaken in 1978 (Anderson 1981) and again from 2001-2003 (Barber and Walter 2001; Barber and Walter 2002a; Barber and Walter 2002b), revealed stratified midden deposits and cooking features thought to derive from repeated short camps associated with fishing and shellfish collecting. Although some of the uppermost deposits derive from the historic era, the material under analysis here derives from securely prehistoric contexts. From the 1981 excavation there are two admissable shell dates that place this set of deposits in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 61a). The 22

2001-2003 excavations yielded six shell dates which also place them in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 61b). Data on faunal remains from the 1978 excavations include MNI for shell, fish, birds (Anderson 1981) and mammals (Smith 1985). From the later excavations there are partial data for the 2001-2002 excavation seasons: MNI for fish (Latham 2005), and presence-only data for shellfish, birds and mammals (Barber and Walter 2001; Barber and Walter 2002b).

62. Long Beach (I44/23) [LOB]

There are archaeological remains over an area of ca 30ha of consolidated sand dunes ca 400-700m inland form the modern shore at Long Beach, north east of Dunedin. In 1977 an area of ca 50m² was excavated, disclosing two main phases of occupation (Hamel and Leach 1977; Hamel and Leach 1979; Leach and Hamel 1981). The upper occupation (Layer 2) contained middens associated with a house, and and date on charcoal indicates that it must be assigned to the Middle/Late overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 62a). The lower occupation (Layer 4) comprised three stratigraphic components (4a, 4b, 4c). The only admissable date is from the uppermost of these, placing it in the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 61b). Faunal material is summarised here in two assemblages: the upper being Layer 2; and lower combining all components of Layer 4. Data sources for MNI are as follows: shellfish, (Davies 1980: Table 18, calculated from number of excavation units and MNI/m2); fish (Leach, et al. 1999: Table 2); birds (McGovern-Wilson 1986: Table 3.16); and mammals (Davies 1980: Table 13; Smith 1985: Table 38).

63. Taiaroa Head (J44/4) [TRH]

This headland forming the southern side of the entrance to Otago harbour is the location of traditionally- known Pukekura Pa, and subsequently structures associated with a lighthouse and signal station, coastal defensive works, and an albatross colony visitors centre (Hamel 1994). Excavations were undertaken here in 1972 (Leach and Hamel 1978), and monitoring of ground works in 1992, 1995 and 2005 (Hamel 1992; Hamel 2005) provided further opportunities to recover stratigraphically secure samples. The 1972 excavation revealed three deposits, with historic period artefacts in the uppermost and midden in the lowest. It is the latter deposit which is of interest here, and a date on unidentified charcoal provides a maximum estimate of its age, indicating that it can be safely assigned to the Late period (Table 2: assemblage 63a). Two further assemblages of material can be safely considered to be of similar age: a ‘fish bone lens’ which lacked any of the historic period items located elsewhere in a ‘contact period’ midden excavated in 1992 (Hamel 1992: 6-9), and the ‘fish midden in main trench’ recovered in 2005, which was again without historic period items (Hamel 2005: 3-5). MNI for all classes of fauna from the 1972 excavations (assemblage 63a) are derived from Leach and Hamel (1978: Table 1). For the 1992 sample (assemblage 63b) MNI were calculated from identifications reported for the fish bone lens (Hamel 1992: Tables 1-3, samples D2, D3). For the 2005 sample (assemblage 63c) MNI are taken from Hamel (2005: Table 1).

64. Sandfly Bay (I44/68) [SFB]

Located on the south coast of the Otago Peninsula this bay has large mobile sand dunes in which archaeological deposits are frequently exposed. An area of in situ deposits under threat of deflation was investigated in 2002 revealing midden and ovens, suggesting a small settlement (Briden 2005). Three radiocarbon dates on charcoal and four on bush bird bones cluster into two sets, but both of these fall comfortably within the Early period (Table 2: assemblage 64), and as there was no stratigraphically identifiable distinction between the two apparent phases of occupation all the faunal remains are treated here as a single assemblage. Reported data from the site (Briden 2005: Tables 4, 7; Appendices 12, 20, 22, 26 27) confuses MNE and MNI, but the latter were able to be recalculated for shellfish, birds and mammals, but fish are summarised here as presence-only data. 23

65. Pounawea (H47/1) [PNW]

This site once occupied a large area on Manukau Point, a narrow peninsula in the Catlins River Estuary, Pounawea, now lost to erosion. It was investigated at various times in the 1950s providing evidence of a substantial settlement (Lockerbie 1959), and again in 1979 (Hamel 1980). It is the latter excavations that provide the material under analysis here, and these sampled deep deposits of midden which were in two distinct layers (1 and 2) except at the southern end of the excavated area where they were indistinguishable (layer 1/2). The present analysis is confined to the stratigraphically-distinct components. The only date from the upper layer of Hamel’s excavation is inadmissable through likelihood of inbuilt age, so the two shell dates from the upper deposit in Lockerbie’s excavations provide the best available evidence of age indicating that this deposit should be assigne d to the Early/Middle overlap period (Table 2: assemblage 65a). In a similar manner the lower layer can be assigned to the Early period, with the charcoal date from Hamel’s excavation inadmissable, but relying on four admissable dates on moa bone from Lockerbie’s excavations (Table 2: assemblage 65b). MNI for fauna in the two assemblages are derived from Hamel (1980: Tables 4, 7, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, p.61)

66. Papatowai (G47/50) [PPT]

Located on a sandspit at the mouth of the Tahakopa river, this large site has been the focus of excavations in the 1930s (Teviotdale 1937; Teviotdale 1938a; Teviotdale 1938b), 1950s (Lockerbie 1959), 1971 (Hamel 1977a) and 1990 (Anderson and Smith 1992). These revealed middens, cooking ovens and a range of artefactual evidence from two stratigraphically separated components that may have been parts of a single settlement, or two discrete phases of occupation (Anderson and Smith 1992: 151). The upper component is represented in the 1971 excavations by the ‘Upper Shell’ layer in Area TT1, from which there are three charcoal dates (Table 2: assemblage 66a). These appear to comprise high proportions of potentially long- lived species, and are admitted here only on the grounds that they are indistinguishable in age from dates on demonstrably short life-span materials in comparable stratigraphic position in adajacent excavation areas confirming an Early period age. This supporting evidence derives from the upper component in 1990 area PPT layer 3 (Table 2: assemblage 66b). The lower component is represented in the 1971 excavation by the ‘Black’ layer in TT1, which is dated securely to the Early period by shell, alongside two provisionally-admitted charcoal dates that may also have significant inbuilt age (Table 3:assemblage 66c). In the 1990 excavation the lower component is represented in Layer 5 of area THK which also dates to the Early period (Table 2: assemblage 66d). MNI for fauna from the 1971 excavations are derived from Hamel (1977a: Table 4.8) except for marine mammals (Smith 1985: Table 26), and for the 1990

67. Kahukura (G47/128) [KHK]

This site occupies eroding dunes on an east-facing beach about 7.5km east of Waikawa harbour. Excavations in 2009 sampled seven areas, revealing stratified deposits suggesting repeated occupation (Brooks, et al. n.d.). Two radiocarbon dates (Walter, et al. in press: Table 3) place the most substantial occupation deposit (layer 4) in the Middle period (Table 2: assemblage 67). Analysis of fauna is currently incomplete, with detailed identifications and quantification of selected samples available only for fish and shellfish. These, and more general identifications for other faunal classes are used here as provisional presence-only data. 24 Data Summaries

The temporal distribution of study assemblages summarised above is set out in Table 3.

Table 3 Temporal Distribution of Study Assemblages Period Greater Hauraki Otago-Catlins Total

Early 8 10 18

Early/Middle 11 9 20

Middle 25 2 27

Middle/Late 18 2 20

Late 13 9 22

Total 75 32 107

Data compiled from these sites and assemblages is presented in the following pages as a series of Appendices, organised as follows:

Appendix 1: Radiocarbon dates from the study sites Includes context, identification and analytical information on all known radiocarbon determinations from relevant excavations at the study sites, along with assessment of sample suitability and relvance to chronology of the study assemblages.

Appendix 2: Shellfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 3: Finfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 4: Birds from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 5: Mammals from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 6: Shellfish from Otago-Catlins study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 7: Finfish from Otago-Catlins study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 8: Birds from Otago-Catlins study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

Appendix 9: Mammals from Otago-Catlins study assemblages Includes MNI and species-presence information for all study assemblages organised by time period.

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Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 28(3):421-521. 30 Notes close date close date close date close date no identification close date close date close date close date no identification close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date no identification no identification no identification close date close date close date Sample suitability ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject reject reject ok ok ok Source Nichol 1988; RCDB Nichol 1988; RCDB 2007 Baquie et al., 2007 Baquie et al., 2007 Baquie et al., Bickler 2007 et al., 2001 Pearce 2001 Pearce Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., Bickler 2003 et al., 2005 Judge et al., Mosen 2000 Mosen 2000 Mosen 2000 Mosen 2000 Nichol 1986; RCDB 1974; RCDB Davidson Nichol 1986; RCDB Material ID stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies not specified stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies not specified australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies charcoal unidentified marine (species not stated) marine (species not stated) australis Paphies but on twigs unspecified, orbita Thais N.B. Calibrated ages of determinations used in this study are presented in Table 1 (pp. 6-7) and Table 2 (pp.19-20) Table 6-7) and 1 (pp. Table in presented used in this study are ages of determinations Calibrated N.B. Material shell shell shell shell charcoal shell shell shell shell charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell charcoal shell shell shell charcoal shell Delta 13 -0.40 0.13 1.5 ± 0.2 1.2 ±0.2 -28.7 1.1 ±0.2 1.7 0.9 1.7 ± 0.2 -25.7 1.6 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.3 1.6 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 2.0 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 2.1 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 1.5 ±0.2 -27.0 ±0.2 0.8 ±0.2 0.7 ±0.2 2.1 -24.5 1.55 error 36 36 38 35 36 35 32 40 46 33 47 41 48 45 43 42 50 42 45 43 43 43 49 35 50 50 50 50 36 58 32 CRA 765 715 703 745 413 677 675 776 670 409 701 708 740 741 797 752 762 774 784 818 800 843 856 746 720 640 620 720 661 613 1015 Lab No. NZ6957 NZ6976 Wk19936 Wk19937 Wk20429 Wk19026 NZ4244 NZ4243 Wk11435 Wk12919 Wk11434 Wk12106 Wk11438 Wk11432 Wk12107 Wk12108 Wk11436 Wk12102 Wk11433 Wk12103 Wk12104 Wk11431 Wk12101 Wk14987 Wk7591 Wk7555 Wk7553 Wk7554 NZ6955 NZ1898 NZ6956 Context 3A layer 3B layer shell midden 8 feature 1 feature 7 feature 1 layer 4 layer midden midden midden 1 feature pit 19 L3 test U feature 2 feature 3 feature midden 3 layer midden 2 feature 5 feature A2 feature midden 3 unit 1 layer test 1 feature firescoop A oven 2 feature 2 shell layer Sq I.D.V. Trench Beach midden Sample Ash. Rangitoto beneath an oven from R ash below NHB NHB WPU-513 WPU-515 WPU-515 BTF-132 MGW-30 MGW-30 OMH 042 OMH 042 OMH 035 OMH 263 OMH 887 OMH 013 OMH 268 OMH 268 OMH O47 OMH 215 OMH 029 OMH 219 OMH 219 OMH 011 OMH 209 TWN-251 MAY MAY MAY MAY SUN upper SUN lower SUN lower Assemblage 1 1 2 3 3 4 5 5 6a 6a 6b 6c 6d 6e 6f 6f 6g 6h 6i 6j 6j 6k 6l 7 8 8 8 8 9a 9b 9b Appendix 1: Radiocarbon dates from the study sites 1: RadiocarbonAppendix from dates 31 Notes study sample to - not related excluded study assemblage to no id; not related close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date no identification study sample to - not related excluded close date close date close date study sample to - not related excluded close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source Nichol 1986; RCDB 1974; RCDB Davidson 1983; RCDB Furey 1983; RCDB Furey 1983; RCDB Furey 1992: RCDB Sewell 1992: RCDB Sewell 1992: RCDB Sewell RCDB RCDB RCDB RCDB RCDB 1988; RCDB & Sewell Foster 1988; RCDB & Sewell Foster 1988; RCDB & Sewell Foster 1988; RCDB & Sewell Foster 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1993; & Sewell Foster NZRCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB Material ID australis stutchburyi, Paphies Austrovenus unspecified stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus medullaris Cyathea stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus not identified stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus Material shell charcoal shell shell shell shell shell charcoal shell shell shell charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell Delta 13 1.25 -25.2 0.07 0.54 0.01 -0.4 -0.5 -30.1 -1.20 1.30 -0.89 -24.8 -0.41 0.30 0.30 -0.8 1.4 0 0.4 -0.7 0.5 0.2 1.1 0.9 1.00 1.00 1.20 error 28 85 55 55 52 45 45 45 28 36 52 55 50 36 48 23 36 35 35 35 50 45 50 45 40 40 45 CRA 781 624 660 746 637 630 540 340 714 765 716 410 586 730 749 770 721 690 720 730 680 670 680 750 510 590 690 Lab No. NZ6954 NZ1899 NZ6163 NZ6164 NZ6165 Wk1720 Wk1721 Wk2030 NZ7011 NZ7023 NZ6971 NZ6972 NZ7008 NZ7064 NZ7049 NZ7048 NZ7065 Wk1946 Wk1941 Wk1940 Wk1945 Wk1942 Wk1944 Wk1943 Wk1131 Wk1130 Wk1133 Context layer A and D, 18, squares Trench soil garden 2B - yellow 4 - first Level A-1, Square Ash Rangitoto above occupation II 1 layer Area IId 2 layer Area IId 2 layer Area B midden Area C midden Area A pit 4 Area 2b C/15 layer Area 2b C/16 layer Area 2c B1 layer Area 3 C/15 layer Area B1 pit fill Area midden floor occupation shell midden V Pit fill of Midden A 33 feature 65 feature midden, east side of site of site midden, centre pallisade posthole posthole house 1 2 shell fill of Area plateau, western base of pit posthole, 2 shell Area plateau, western deposit 21 base of shell A41, feature Area SUN other SUN other WST 1981 WST 1981 WST 1981 WST 1987-8 WST 1987-8 WST 1987-8 HKH HKH HKH HKH HKH FRD-887 FRD-888 FRD-899 FRD-899 TMK-1201 TMK-1506 TMK-1506 TMK-1506 TMK-1506 TMK-1506 TMK-1506 CRD west CRD west CRD A41 Assemblage 9x 9x 11a 11a 11a 11b 11b 11b 12 12 12 12 12 13 14 15 15 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 18a 18a 18b 32 Notes close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date study sample to - not related excluded study sample to - not related excluded to not related in counting(?); error study assemblage close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok Source 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 1989; Visser & Frederickson RCDB 2004 Phillips 2004 Phillips 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 2006 Felgate 1992: RCDB Prickett 1992: RCDB Prickett 1992: RCDB Prickett 1992; RCDB Bedford 1992; RCDB Bedford 1992; RCDB Bedford 1992; RCDB Bedford Material ID laetum, Griselinia Myoporum Hebe sp., Pseudopanax Beilschmeidia tawa, littoralis, Prumnopitys sp., Nestigis crassifolius, fern unidentified taxifolia, stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies - 8 pc; Schefflera digitata sp. Coprosma - 1 pc; scoparium - 6 pc; Leptospermum - 1 pc esculentum Pteridium aquilinum var. - 5 - 10 pc; Hebe sp. ericoides Leptospermum - 2 pc; Pseudopanax serrata pc; Quintinia - 1 pc; Melicytusarboreus - 1 pc; ramiflorus - 1 pc - 1 pc; Olearia sp. sp. Coprosma stutchburyi Austrovenus - 8 pc; Dodonaea ericoides Leptospermum - 1 pc; Hebe sp. - 6 pc; Pittosporum viscosa - 1 pc repanda - 1 pc; Brachyglottis sp. australis Paphies Material charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal shell charcoal shell Delta 13 -24.8 -1.30 0.50 0.70 1.40 0.70 0.6 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.2 -0.48 ±0.2 0.471 ±0.2 -0.724 ±0.2 1.2 ±0.2 1.0 ±0.2 0.113 ±0.2 0.417 ±0.2 0.183 ±0.2 -0.374 ± 0.2 0.00 0.70 -27.9 -25.3 0.5 -25.6 0.8 error 50 45 45 40 45 40 32 26 32 33 36 35 29 29 30 30 34 50 50 0 45 45 45 50 CRA 300 520 680 700 750 670 758 737 733 728 773 641 627 728 751 701 672 510 620 0 110 620 145 590 Lab No. Wk1126 Wk1134 Wk1132 Wk1128 Wk1127 Wk1129 Wk13718 Wk13894 Wk17627 Wk17628 Wk17629 Wk17621 Wk17622 Wk17623 Wk17624 Wk17625 Wk17626 Wk2039 Wk2040 Wk2041 Wk2641 Wk2645 Wk2642 Wk2643 Context 7 base of shell A41, feature Area III shell deposit A41, level Area A56, shell dposit Area A63, shell deposit Area north plateau, extncentral lens of whole shell Sq 1 shell deposit plateau eastern midden 1 midden 1 corner SW paddock near cliff, shell midden patch slope, western midden damaged slope, western trench power by 10 hangi north feature slope, 3 trench southern slope, 4 I, base of pit feature Area 2 trench southern slope, 4b feature pit fill T, Area north by midden exposed slope, dam sediment I VI level Area I VI level Area 6 VIII layer Area phase II phase II phase II phase II CRD A41 CRD A41 CRD other CRD other CRD other CRD other TRH TRH OWA OWA OWA OWA OWA OWA OWA OWA OWA other RAU other RAU other RAU PUR-91 340 PUR-91 885 PUR-91 885 PUR-86 Assemblage 18b 18b 18c 18c 18c 18c 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 22x 22x 22x 23a 23b 23b 24 33 Notes close date close date close date questionable association cultural 1999:101); maximum date (Petchey no id; but usable as maximum age for period assemblage Late no id; but usable as maximum age for period assemblage Late close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date no identification no identification Sample suitability ok ok ok ok ? ? ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject reject Source 1992; RCDB Bedford Gumbley 1998; RCDB Gumbley 1998; RCDB 1983; RCDB Foster 1975; RCDB Law 1975; RCDB Law 1998; RCDB Furey 1998; RCDB Furey 1998; RCDB Furey 2000; RCDB Sewell 2000; RCDB Sewell 2000; RCDB Sewell 1986; RCDB Sewell 1986; RCDB Sewell 1986; RCDB Sewell 1986; RCDB Sewell pers 2008; Furey et al. Furey comm pers 2008; Furey et al. Furey comm pers 2008; Furey et al. Furey comm 2002 Furey 2002 Furey 2002 Furey 2003 Furey 2003 Furey 2004 et al., Campbell 2004 et al., Campbell Nichol 1986; RCDB Nichol 1986; RCDB 1974; RCDB Leahy 1974; RCDB Leahy Material ID Myrsine scoparium, bark of Leptospermum Hebe sp. australis, australis Paphies australis Paphies struthioides, mappini, D. P. A. didiformis, collagen unspecified unspecified subtriangulata Paphies subtriangulata Paphies subtriangulata Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies subtriangulata Paphies subtriangulata Paphies collagen Moa ?sp, meridionalis Nestor auratus Pagrus auratus Pagrus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies australis Paphies estuarine shell estuarine shell subtriangulata Paphies subtriangulata Paphies unspecified unspecified Material charcoal shell shell bone-moa charcoal charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell bone-moa bone-bird bone-fish bone-fish shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal Delta 13 -27.2 1.0 ±0.2 1.5 ±0.2 -23.10 -23.5 -25.6 1.80 1.60 1.80 1.1 ±0.2 2.5 ±0.2 0.6 ±0.2 1.72 0.92 1.48 -23.45 0.85 ±0.2 0.5 ±0.2 0.77 ±0.2 0.983 ±0.2 1.515 ±0.2 1.1 ±0.2 1.5 ±0.2 1.64 1.53 -24.81 -24.90 error 55 45 45 56 57 57 40 50 50 50 50 50 33 51 28 58 33 34 34 47 48 47 35 38 33 27 64 51 44 87 CRA 110 620 740 606 205 236 670 680 580 690 620 790 851 881 1035 751 744 1092 1007 581 596 510 730 731 544 760 932 952 437 492 Lab No. Wk2640 Wk6416 Wk6417 NZ4883 NZ1891 NZ1892 Wk6377 Wk6378 Wk6379 Wk8066 Wk8067 Wk8065 NZ6798 NZ6825 NZ6800 NZA0576 Wk21642 Wk21355 Wk21363 Wk11074 Wk11075 Wk11076 Wk13352 Wk13650 Wk14233 Wk14234 NZ6642 NZ6646 NZ1169 NZ1170 Context II Phase I layer II Layer midden below hollow deflation 1 B2, layer Square 1 B2, layer Square surfacemidden, 25cm below surfacemidden, 30cm below 4, firescoop Feature 1, midden sample 4 Area 1, midden sample 34 Area 2 midden Area 3 layer 5 layer 7 layer 7, 8, 9 layers 9 layer 9 layer 9 layer a feature c feature d feature midden midden 8 A, feature Area 44 feature B, Area upper layer layer lower 4 M12, layer Square M11, l4 Square PUR-86 TMT TMT PJK HAR-E HAR-E MTR-993 MTR-993 MTR-993 MTR-983 MTR-983 MTR-990 L3 CCK L5 CCK L7 CCK L9 CCK L9 CCK L9 CCK L9 CCK WHI-858 WHI-858 WHI-858 WHI-624 WHI-926 WHI-927 A WHI-927 B HHB upper HHB lower HWB middle HWB middle Assemblage 24 25 25 26 27 27 28 28 28 29 29 30 31a 31b 31c 31d 31d 31d 31d 32 32 32 33 34 35a 35b 36a 36c 37a 37a 34 Notes close date 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material (Petchey fish species unidentified 1999:97) 1999:103) bone (Petchey unpaired - denticulata species (C. unreliable Schmidt & Higham 1998:399). [NB “Square as RCDB reports provenance layer] occupation C7, Bed 2 - lower close date close date close date no identification no identification (Petchey conatmination potential 1999: 113) - denticulata species (C. unreliable Schmidt & Higham 1998:399). [NB “Square as RCDB reports provenance layer” 6 - upper occupation B7, layer australis”] “Paphies and Material ID as close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok reject reject reject reject ok ok ok reject reject reject reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source 1974; RCDB Leahy 1974; RCDB Leahy 1974; RCDB Leahy 1974; RCDB Leahy 1976; SchmidtRowland & Higham 1998 Schmidt & Higham 1998 1999 Petchey 1999 Petchey Schmidt & Higham 1998 Schmidt & Higham 1998 1999 Petchey Schmidt & Higham 1998 Gumbley 2003 Gumbley 2003 1991; RCDB Furey 1991; RCDB Furey 1997 Phillips 1997 Phillips Gumbley 2005 Gumbley 2005 2006 Moore 2002 and Phillips Moore 1996: RCDB & Allen Phillips 1996: RCDB & Allen Phillips & Hooker McGovern-Wilson 1995; NZRCDB & Hooker McGovern-Wilson 1995; RCDB 1985; RCDB McFadgen Material ID australis Paphies bone carbonate Fish bone collagen Fish collagen Moa ?sp, smaragdus Turbo denticulata, Cellana stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus smaragda Turbo unspecified unspecified collagen Dinornis struthoides, smaragdus Turbo denticulata, Cellana australis Paphies australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies subtriangulata Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies Material shell bone-fish bone-fish bone-moa shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal bone-moa shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell Delta 13 1.12 -4.34 -13.89 -23.25 1.71 1.4 ±0.2 0.2 ±0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 -25 -25.00 -24.35 0.18 1.5 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.2 1.00 0.9 0.7 ±0.2 0.9 ±0.2 1.1 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 1.242 ±0.2 1.17 ±0.2 1.3 1.3 1.1 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2 0.8 error 44 104 92 74 57 40 50 50 52 44 55 58 41 42 45 50 45 45 30 31 36 51 50 50 51 50 56 CRA 832 -100 647 549 566 570 1000 1090 885 449 460 885 728 734 870 990 610 612 694 886 602 720 670 700 660 720 827 Lab No. NZ1297 NZ1298 NZ1299 NZA0583 NZ1876 Wk5446 Wk5444 Wk5445 NZ0594 NZ0595 NZA0558 NZ1875 Wk12109 Wk12110 Wk1169 Wk1515 Wk5650 Wk5651 Wk14472 Wk14471 Wk19035 Wk11407 Wk4659 Wk4661 Wk3751 Wk3755 NZ5184 Context M11/12 baulk,Square layer4 4 M11, 11/12 baulk,Square layer 4 M11, 11/12 baulk,Square layer 6 layer 6 layer 6 layer 2 Layer Tairua 2 Layer Tairua 2, oven Layer 2, oven Layer 2, oven Layer 2 Layer easement stormwater 3 Lot upper earliest occ F Sqscoop A hangi Area F Sqscoop A hangi Area 9 C, feature Area midden 4, lower Trench 5 feature ditch outer 9 4, layer Trench 7 4a, layer Area pallisade posthole pallisade posthole 7 Scarp of terrace HWB middle HWB middle HWB middle HWB other TRN upper TRN upper TRN lower TRN lower TRN lower TRN lower TRN lower TRN lower PAU PAU WHT WHT WHA-959 WHA-959 WHA-1044 upper lower WHA-1044 WHB-1246 ANA upper ANA upper ANA upper ANA upper ANA upper ANA lower Assemblage 37a 37a 37a 37x 38a 38a 38b 38b 38b 38b 38b 38b 39 39 40 40 41 41 42a 42b 43 44a 44a 44a 44a 44a 44b 35 Notes close date close date close date close date close date close date close date 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material close date 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999: 104) bone (Petchey unpaired 1999: 104) bone (Petchey unpaired no identification 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999: 104) bone (Petchey unpaired 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999:99) (Petchey contaminated close date unsuitable species close date close date unsuitable material no identification close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok reject reject reject reject reject reject reject reject ok reject ok ok reject reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source 1996: RCDB & Allen Phillips 1996: RCDB & Allen Phillips 2004a Moore 2004b Moore 2004b Moore 2004b Moore 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter 1967b; RCDB Trotter RCDB RCDB 2000 Petchey 1970; RCDB Trotter et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson Material ID australis Paphies subtriangulata Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies smaragdus Turbo Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx collagen gravis, Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx collagen gravis, Euryapteryx collagen gravis, unspecified Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx collagen gravis, Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx collagen gravis, Haliotis iris totara Podocarpus unspecified - carbonate carbonate Mytilus sp., smaragdus, Turbo keratin Mytilus sp. smaragdus, Turbo unspecified collagen Emeus crassus, Mytilus edulis smaragdus Turbo sp., Paphies Mytilus sp., collagen Moa ?sp, - Olearia - 31%, Hoheria - 25%, Coprosma - 13%, Myrsine arboreus 25%, Pseudopanax - 6%) australis collagen Moa ?sp, - 21%, Shrup sp. Hoheria - 32%, Pittosporum - 5%, ericoides - 21%, Olearia - 16%, Kunzea - 5% Sophora microphylla - Hoheria - 80%, Olearia - 15%, Pseudopanax - 2% 2%, Coprosma Material shell shell shell shell shell shell shell bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa charcoal bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa shell wood shell shell shell charcoal bone-moa shell shell bone-moa charcoal bone-moa charcoal charcoal Delta 13 1.3 1.2 0.454 ±0.2 1.212 ±0.2 0.922 ±0.2 1.175 ±0.2 0.34 -6.90 -25.00 -10.09 -25.97 -24.71 -27.44 -9.21 -24.51 -8.33 -24.22 0.73 -25.00 1.51 1.32 -19.25 -26.17 -24.10 1.01 ±0.2 2.49 -25.20 -26.50 -23.70 -25.80 -26.90 error 50 50 37 36 37 34 59 93 70 33 37 37 37 55 36 47 48 37 49 59 32 45 45 173 45 59 37 47 36 47 47 CRA 780 710 898 630 886 616 838 308 435 -100 473 473 657 -100 513 -100 363 798 886 519 940 874 715 686 540 746 522 627 530 582 580 Lab No. Wk4660 Wk4662 Wk14285 Wk14412 Wk14413 Wk14414 NZ0560 NZ0753 NZ0754 NZ0558 NZ0559 NZ0578 NZ0750 NZ0751 NZ0752 NZ0765 NZ0766 NZ0749 NZ0696 NZ0697 NZ0579 NZ0580 NZ1249 NZ5015 Wk7889 NZ0782 NZ7741 NZ7759 NZ7742 NZ7760 NZ7758 Context 12 firescoop 4a,layer Area 22 4 layer Trench main midden 1 fill of pit 3 base of occupation base of midden 2 layer in occ midden near oven layer in occupation layer in occupation 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5 layer 5-6 layer slab 2, stub of wall House site house site shell midden by bottom bottom bottom bottom 1, shell midden Area midden 2 SM/A layer 2 SM/A, layer 2 SM/B:FHA layer 2 SM/B:FHA layer 2 layer SM/C:Dune, ANA lower ANA lower KTR-78 BWT-876 BWT-875 BWT-874 OTG OTG OTG TRS TRS TRS TRS TRS TRS TRS TRS TRS KTK-20 KTK-20 WMT WMT WMT WMT KTK-139 SHP SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM Assemblage 44b 44b 45 46 47 48 49 49 49 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 51 51 52 52 52 52 53 54 55 55 55 55 55 36 Notes close date 1999:100) (Petchey subfossil probably close date et (Anderson series by > 6σ from differs 1996: 65-6) al. close date close date pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment unsuitable species close date close date close date close date close date close date close date unsuitable species close date close date close date close date 1999:100) (Petchey subfossil probably close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok reject ok reject ok ok reject reject reject reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson Material ID collagen Moa ?sp, collagen Moa ?sp, Coprosma 23%, - Pittosporum 37%, - Hoheria - 20%, Myrsine - 10%, Pseudopanax australis eugenioides - 3% - 7%, P. Haliotis iris stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus - acid washed experiment pretreatment stutchburyi) fraction (Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus fraction - organic experiment pretreatment stutchburyi) (Austrovenus crenata Amphibola stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies crenata Amphibola stutchburyi Austrovenus Mytilus edulis stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus collagen Moa ?sp, Hoheria sp. Moa egg (species unknown) Euryapteryx collagen geranoides, Hoheria - 95%, Myrsine - 5% australis Moa egg (species unknown) Hoheria - 99%, Hebe 1% Haliotis iris Material bone-moa bone-moa charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell bone-moa charcoal eggshell bone-moa charcoal eggshell charcoal shell Delta 13 -24.40 -24.90 -26.00 1.60 0.70 1.30 1.00 1.30 -20.00 1.30 1.50 0.80 1.20 0.70 1.00 -0.70 1.40 0.70 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 -24.95 -26.40 -15.20 -24.50 -26.80 -15.00 -24.50 1.00 error 82 38 50 38 26 50 45 50 120 50 50 45 45 50 45 45 45 80 45 45 40 45 70 44 50 58 47 40 47 26 CRA 630 1201 600 747 965 1010 1060 1040 1120 1160 1120 990 980 1050 1070 1060 1010 1070 960 1040 980 950 1170 537 600 624 670 560 646 1004 Lab No. NZA0781 NZ7743 NZ7761 NZ7804 NZ7805 Wk2362 Wk2363 Wk2364 Wk2365 Wk2367 Wk2410 Wk2411 Wk2412 Wk2440 Wk2441 Wk2508 Wk2632 Wk2633 Wk2751 Wk2752 Wk2856 Wk2857 NZ7737 NZ7757 Wk2416 NZ7736 NZ7756 Wk2417 NZ7755 NZ7806 Context 2 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 4 layer SM/C:Dune, 5 layer SM/C:Dune, 5 layer SM/C:Dune, 5 layer SM/C:Dune, 6 layer SM/C:Dune, 6 layer SM/C:Dune, 6 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM Assemblage 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 37 Notes close date close date pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment pretreatment for determination experiment close date 1999:99) (Petchey contaminated close date close date close date close date close date close date et adrift series (Anderson >300yrs from al 1996:65) close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok ok reject reject reject reject reject ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson et al 1996 Anderson Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Material ID collagen Moa ?sp, Hoheria sp. - acid washed experiment pretreatment fraction (Hoheria) - ABA insol. experiment pretreatment fraction (Hoheria) fraction - ABA sol. experiment pretreatment (Hoheria) - HNO3 insol. experiment pretreatment fraction (Hoheria) - physically experiment pretreatment fraction (Hoheria) pretreated Moa egg (species unknown) Emeus or Euryapteryx collagen sp, - 60%, colorata Pseudowinteria - 30%, scoparium Leptospermum - 10%) Pittosporum Haliotis iris Hoheria tenax) (Phormium Flax Melicytus - 36%, Hoheria - 29%, ramiflorus Hebe - 14%, Elaeocarpus - 7%, Pteridium - - 7% 7%, Coprosma Euryapteryx collagen ?sp, - 29%, taxifolia bark - 43%, Prumnopitys - 14% Hoheria - 14%, shrub sp. - 17%, arboreus Hoheria - 50%, Pseudopanax - 16% - 17%, Coprosma Pittosporum collagen Moa ?sp, - colorata - 22%, Pseudowinteria Coprosma - 22%, Kunzea 22%, Olearia - 22%, shrub sp. - 11% ericoides stutchburyi Austrovenus - 70%, Ribbonwood/ Discaria toumatou - 4% stem australis - 26%, Cordyline lacebark Olearia sp. stutchburyi Austrovenus Discaria toumatou stutchburyi Austrovenus Material bone-moa charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal eggshell bone-moa charcoal shell charcoal flax charcoal bone-moa charcoal charcoal bone-moa charcoal shell charcoal charcoal shell charcoal shell Delta 13 -23.50 -28.30 -27.60 -27.10 -27.10 -27.10 -27.50 -11.40 -26.88 -26.60 0.70 -27.70 -25.60 -26.45 -24.00 -25.52 -28.30 -24.67 -26.47 0.40 -27.50 -25.10 0.50 -27.35 1.00 error 72 35 35 35 45 35 45 45 72 46 49 47 37 93 38 95 48 53 95 40 83 62 40 65 40 CRA 509 630 620 660 580 600 660 570 787 660 974 647 781 585 370 2720 592 477 626 880 443 494 760 624 720 Lab No. NZA0780 Wk2589 Wk2590 Wk2591 Wk2592 Wk2593 Wk2594 Wk2604 NZ7666 NZ7771 NZA1175 NZ7762 NZ7734 NZA0888 NZ7739 NZA0900 NZ7763 NZ7740 NZA0887 Wk3508 NZ7961 NZA2802 Wk3509 NZA3740 Wk3510 Context 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 7 layer SM/C:Dune, 8 layer SM/C:Dune, 11 layer SM/C:Dune, 11 layer SM/C:Dune, 11 layer SM/C:Dune, 2 layer SM/C:Swamp, 3 layer SM/C:Swamp, 3 SM/D:1, layer 5 SM/D:1, layer 5 SM/D:1, layer 2 SM/D:2, layer 2 SM/D:3, layer 2 SM/D:3, layer 1b 2, layer Area 2 2, layer Area 1 3, layer Area 1 7, layer Area 2a 7, layer Area 2a 7, layer Area SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM SRM PLR upper PLR upper PLR upper PLR upper PLR upper PLR upper Assemblage 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 56a 56a 56a 56a 56a 56a 38 Notes close date experimental unsuitable species, sample close date experimental unsuitable species, sample close date close date close date [NB CRA incorrectly reportedclose date 2007] McFadgen and by in RCDB, [NB CRA incorrectly reportedclose date 2007] McFadgen and by in RCDB, close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability ok reject ok reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 Smith 1999 RCDB RCDB RCDB 2006; Petchey Petersen com pers. RCDB RCDB RCDB Material ID - - 50%, Discaria toumatou sp. Coprosma - 25% sp. 25%, Shrub ?Coprosma crenata Amphibola stutchburyi Austrovenus crenata Amphibola stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus - 21%, - 58%, shrub sp. Discaria toumatou - 5%, - 11%, Hebe sp. Ribbonwood/lacebark - 5% sp. Coprosma - 16%, - 58%, Olearia sp. Discaria toumatou - 16%, bark - 8% Hebe sp. Discaria toumatou - sp. - 40%, Pittosporum Discaria toumatou - 28% 32%, Ribbonwood - 38%, Hebe sp. divaricatus Plagianthus - 23%, Kunzea - 31%, Discaria toumatou - 4%) sp. - 4%, Pseudopanax ericoides - - 34%, Ribbonwood Discaria toumatou - 10%, sp. - 21%, Coprosma 28%, Hebe sp. twig - 7% Nothofagus sp. - - 33%, Discaria toumatou Ribbonwood Myrsineaustralis 16%, - sp. Pittosporum 23%, - 6%) - 6%, Hebe sp. - 15%, Olearia sp. Mytilus edulis Mytilus edulis Mytilus edulis atun Thyrsites Carpodetus Myrsine - dominant; australis - tenuifolium Pittosporum serratus, - minor) unidentified Hebe sp., subdominant; Melicytus - dominant; ramiflorus Myrsine australis, Sophora microphylla, Hebe sp., scoparium, Leptospermum totara/hallii, Podocarpus arborea, Coriaria - minor) unidentified Myrsine scoparium, australis Leptospermum tenuifolium, Pittisporum - codominant; Hebe sp., sp., Coprosma serratus, Carpodetus - minor unidentified Material charcoal shell shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal shell shell shell bone-fish charcoal charcoal charcoal Delta 13 -27.60 1.20 0.00 1.20 0.40 0.40 -26.40 -25.80 -28.70 -27.60 -26.10 -26.00 -28.00 1.70 1.60 1.90 -16.3 ±0.2 -24.72 -24.68 -24.33 error 64 50 45 35 69 41 33 35 37 33 37 55 58 56 44 45 50 50 CRA 507 1020 910 970 602 665 878 705 647 655 624 715 665 954 893 182 257 258 Lab No. NZ7960 Wk2369 Wk2370 Wk2507 Wk2753 Wk2851 NZ7963 NZ7964 NZ8095 NZ8096 NZ8097 NZ8098 NZ8099 NZ5362 NZ5361 NZ5363 Wk17977 NZ6698 NZ6759 NZ6770 Context 2 1, layer Area 2 1, layer Area 2 1, layer Area 2 1, layer Area 2 1, layer Area 2 1, layer Area 4 2, layer Area 4 2, layer Area 2 5, layer Area 2 5, layer Area 2 5, layer Area 2 5, layer Area 2b 7, layer Area 3 layer 3 layer 3b layer 2 layer 3 layer 3 layer PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower PLR lower RRK upper RRK upper RRK lower OMI 2004-5 1983 MAP 1983 MAP 1983 MAP Assemblage 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 56b 58a 58a 58b 59b 60b 60b 60b 39 Notes unsuitable species unsuitable species recrystallisation suspected (Anderson 1981:204-5 recrystallisation suspected (Anderson 1981:204-5 close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date close date unsuitable species close date unsuitable species but usable as maximum age for no id, period deposit Late close date close date close date close date close date close date close date Sample suitability reject reject reject reject ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok ok reject ok reject ? ok ok ok ok ok ok ok Source RCDB 1981; RCDB Anderson 1981; RCDB Anderson 1981; RCDB Anderson 1981; RCDB Anderson 1981; RCDB Anderson 2005 Latham 2005 Latham 2005 Latham 2005 Latham 2005 Latham 2005 Latham 1979; RCDB Hamel & Leach 1979; RCDB Hamel & Leach 1979; RCDB Hamel & Leach 1979; RCDB Hamel & Leach & Hamel 1978; RCDB Leach Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Briden 2005 Material ID Myrsine - dominant; totara/hallii Podocarpus arborea, Coriaria - subdominant; australis - minor) unidentified halli/totara 60%, Podocarpus sp. Coprosma 40% stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies australis Paphies Scoparium - dominant; Leptospermum - Hebe sp. - subdominant; sp. Coprosma minor totara/hallii Podocarpus Podocarpus - dominant; sp. Coprosma - sub-dominant; Hebe sp. totara/hallii, Hoheria or Plagianthus sp., Pittosporum - minor; scoparium Leptospermum sp, - trace sp. Pseudopanax Corokia - dominant; totara-hallii Podocarpus Coprosma sp., Hoheria or Plagianthus sp., etc) totara (1 bag lablled thus (P. - trace) sp. (1 bag and smaller dominant sp. Coprosma bag unspecified kanuka, australlis, southernCordyline rata Small bush bird ngaio, sp, coprosma australis, Cordyline ?shrub Small bush bird Small bush bird mapau, plagianthus, pittosporum, coprosma, kanuka Small bush bird Material charcoal charcoal shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal bone-bird charcoal bone-bird bone-bird charcoal bone-bird Delta 13 -22.4 -25.7 0.2 -0.06 1.60 1.30 1.5 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 1.7 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.2 -24.10 -22.20 -24.20 -26 -25.90 -23.02 -20.51 -23.34 -19.82 -19.18 -23.31 -19.75 error 50 58 28 33 28 33 34 35 35 35 35 34 82 56 57 57 35 35 45 40 35 35 35 CRA 269 1030 974 1027 899 908 883 988 868 930 958 897 305 476 710 210 691 507 498 634 766 679 531 Lab No. NZ6771 NZ4637 NZ4747 NZ4749 NZ4746 NZ4748 Wk14097 Wk14098 Wk14099 Wk14100 Wk12596 Wk12597 NZ4702 NZ4703 NZ4704 NZ4701 NZ1935 NZA22838 NZA22841 NZA22836 NZA22839 NZA22840 NZA22837 NZA22842 Context 3 layer C: L2b Square B: L3 Square C: L2 Square A: L2 Square B: L5 Square North L2 North L2 South L2a South L2a South pit fill South pit fill 2 4H, Layer Square 2 F1/G1, Layer Squares 4a layer 5e, Square 4c layer 4E/5E, Squares base of midden lateyer S4E1 S4E1 N1E7 N1E7 N1E7 N1E9 N1E9 MAP 1983 MAP PRK 1978 PRK 1978 PRK 1978 PRK 1978 PRK 1978 PRK 2001-2 PRK 2001-2 PRK 2001-2 PRK 2001-2 PRK 2001-2 PRK 2001-2 upper LOB upper LOB lower LOB lower LOB TRH 1972 SFB SFB SFB SFB SFB SFB SFB Assemblage 60b 61a 61a 61a 61a 61a 61b 61b 61b 61b 61b 61b 62a 62a 62b 62b 63 64 64 64 64 64 64 64 40 Notes species long-lived contains close date no identification close date no identification no identification species long-lived contains close date close date close date no identification 1999:97) (Petchey unsuitable material close date study assemblages to no id; not related (Petchey unsuitable material/species to - not related 1999: 83, 97); exclude study assemblages (Petchey unsuitable material/species to - not related 1999: 83, 97); exclude study assemblages study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear Sample suitability reject ok reject ok reject reject reject ok ok ok reject reject ok reject reject reject ok ok ok ok ok ok Source 1991; RCDB Anderson 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 1991; RCDB Anderson 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 1991; RCDB Anderson 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 1959; RCDB Lockerbie 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen 2007; RCDB McFadgen Material ID scoparium leptospermum P.totara/hallii, (prob sp. Pseudowintera - codiminant; Myrsine sp (prob Hebe sp, colorata), australia) stutchburyi Austrovenus unspecified stutchburyi Austrovenus unspecified unspecified - dominant; scoparium Leptospermum - subdominant totara/halli Podocarpus collagen Dinornis maximus, collagen Moa ?sp, collagen Moa ?sp, unspecified burnt bone from collagen Dinornis maximus, collagen Moa ?sp, unspecified carbon seal bone fixed seal bone carbonate sp Paphies sp Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus sp Paphies sp Paphies Material charcoal shell shell shell shell charcoal charcoal bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa charcoal bone-moa bone-moa charcoal bone-seal bone-seal shell shell shell shell shell shell Delta 13 -26.90 1.12 0.90 1.20 0.54 0.00 -25.20 -23.73 -25.10 -26.00 -26.10 -25.80 -25.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.90 2.20 0.50 1.10 1.90 1.32 error 77 63 33 36 64 65 78 105 60 66 59 79 47 55 55 55 41 41 41 41 41 41 CRA 582 834 938 909 915 1207 816 699 668 772 839 1465 602 520 550 520 1095 1028 906 1025 1012 926 Lab No. NZ5031 NZ0054 NZ5328 NZ7018 NZ0057 NZ0058 NZ5032 NZ1796 NZ1797 NZ1798 NZ1865 NZ1866 NZ4438 NZ0055 NZ0056a NZ0056b NZ1864 NZ1867 NZ1868 NZ1869 NZ1870 NZ1871 Context 1 (Hamel) Layer (Lockerbie) stratum top (Lockerbie) stratum top (Lockerbie) stratum top shell deposit (Lockerbie) lowest deposit (Lockerbie) bottom 2 (Hamel) Layer ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) ash section,western black greasy (Lockerbie) (Lockerbie) stratum intermediate (Lockerbie) stratum intermediate (Lockerbie) stratum intermediate information section,west no layer information section,west no layer information section,west no layer information section,west no layer information section,west no layer information section,west no layer PNW upper PNW upper PNW upper PNW upper PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW lower PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other PNW other Assemblage 65a 65a 65a 65a 65b 65b 65b 65b 65b 65b 65b 65b 65b 65x 65x 65x 65x 65x 65x 65x 65x 65x 41 Notes study to - relationship exclude assemblages not clear but of species, long-lived contains short-livedvsample age to identical 1990 exc. from but of species, long-lived contains short-livedvsample age to identical 1990 exc. from but of species, long-lived contains short-livedvsample age to identical 1990 exc. from close date no identification but of species, long-lived contains shell sample age to identical but of species, long-lived contains shell sample age to identical close date close date close date 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999:83) (Petchey unsuitable material 1999:83); (Petchey unsuitable material study to - relationship exclude assemblages unclear to - relationship exclude close date; study assemblages unclear species; exclude longlived contains study assemblages to - relationship unclear Sample suitability ok ? ? ? ok reject ? ? ok ok ok reject reject reject reject ok ? Source 2007; RCDB McFadgen Hamel 1978 Hamel 1978 Hamel 1978 & Smith 1992 Anderson Hamel 1978; RCDB Hamel 1978; RCDB Hamel 1978; RCDB Hamel 1978; RCDB & Smith 1992 Anderson & Smith 1992 Anderson & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB Hamel 1978; RCDB Material ID stutchburyi Austrovenus - 80%, totara/hallii Podocarpus 16%, Hebe scoparium Leptospermum - 4%) sp. - 60%, Myrsine totara/hallii Podocarpus scoparium - 18%, Leptospermum australis - 5%, Pseudowinteria - 12%, Hebe sp. - 5%) colorata - - 55%, Hebe sp. totara/hallii Podocarpus 25%, Myrsine - 14%, Pseudowinteria australis scoparium - 3%, Leptospermum colorata - 3%) - 1pc; scoparium Leptospermum - 1pc; Carpodetus arboreus Pseudopanax - 1pc serratus unspecified - 90%, Myrsine totara/hallii Podocarpus - 10%) australis - 85%, Myrsine totara/hallii Podocarpus scoparium - 10%, Leptospermum australis - 5%) australis Paphies Leptospermum the following: from Twigs - arboreus - 13pc; Pseudopanax scoparium - 3pc; Hoheria colorata 3pc; Pseudowinteria - 2pc; Coprosma - 3pc; Nothofagus sp. sp. - 1pc; Archeria sp. - 1pc; Pittosporum sp. - 1pc; bark traversi - 14pc; scoparium Leptospermum edgerleyi - 6pc; Myrsine Pseudopanax - 1pc; - 3pc; Hoheria sp. australis - 1pc sp. Dracophyllum carbonate Dinornis maximus, Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, Euryapteryx carbonate gravis, carbon” “fixed Euryapteryx gravis, - 72%, Myrsine totara/hallii Podocarpus - 10%, serrata - 10%, Aristotelia australis - 8%) scoaprium Leptospermum Material shell charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal charcoal shell charcoal charcoal bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa bone-moa charcoal Delta 13 1.12 -25.10 -25.70 -24.90 -24.90 -26.17 -25.00 -24.40 0.93 -25.90 -25.40 -8.50 -10.90 2.19 -25.60 -25.60 -25.10 error 41 57 57 57 66 88 67 57 45 45 45 75 60 59 46 61 71 CRA 919 560 577 576 570 916 853 760 1051 650 640 571 399 690 309 707 661 Lab No. NZ1872 NZ4270 NZ4272 NZ4271 NZA1415 NZ1332 NZ4267 NZ4268 NZ1333 Wk1761 Wk1762 NZ0138 NZ0139 NZ0140 NZ0137 NZ2688 NZ4269 Context information section,west no layer TT1, upper shell TT1, upper shell TT1, upper shell 3 layer PPT, TT1, black layer TT1, black layer TT1, black layer TT1, black layer 5 upper THK, layer 5 lower THK, layer (Lockerbie) upper level (Lockerbie) upper level (Lockerbie) upper level up deposit (Lockerbie) midway up deposit (Lockerbie) midway TT1, working floor PNW other PPT 1971 upper PPT 1971 upper PPT 1971 upper PPT 1990 upper PPT 1971 lower PPT 1971 lower PPT 1971 lower PPT 1971 lower PPT 1990 lower PPT 1990 lower PPT other PPT other PPT other PPT other PPT other PPT other Assemblage 65x 66a 66a 66a 66b 66c 66c 66c 66c 66d 66d 66x 66x 66x 66x 66x 66x 42 Notes no identification no identification no identification close date close date Sample suitability reject reject reject ok ok Source & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB & Rafter 1959; Fergusson RCDB et al in press Walter et al in press Walter Material ID unspecified unspecified unspecified Mytilus edulis Mytilus edulis Material charcoal charcoal charcoal shell shell Delta 13 -25.00 -25.00 -25.10 1.1±0.2 1.5 ±0.2 error 41 40 40 35 36 CRA 825 762 702 796 804 Lab No. NZ0134 NZ0135 NZ0136 23780 Wk Wk23781 Context (Lockerbie) level lowest (Lockerbie) level lowest (Lockerbie) of trench bottom 4 layer 4 layer PPT other PPT other PPT other KHK KHK Assemblage 66x 66x 66x 67 67 43 4 75 23 31 76 57 34 15 93 53 45 16 15 719 412 396 185 105 219 622 589 538 215 313 149 1619 2799 1865 Sum of MNI (numbers = MNI) 8 7 7 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 No. of assemblages No. 6 5 3 6 1 9 1 41 48 41 14 40 213 WHT

40 14 307 131 38b TRN lower

4 7 1 37 45 40 10 L5 581 363 206 153 572 37b HWB

9 2 1 5 1 3 1 1 3 2 2 4 34 11 10 10 11 58 13 32 159 100 36c HHB lower

1 4 1 9 1 1 1 1 1 L9 31d CCK CCK

9 1 4 1 3 1 98 30 22 20 25 32 L7 184 272 199 31c CCK 3 5 3 1 5 4 3 46 54 92 13 26 PJK 276 150 145 188 1844

1 7 1 6 5 2 9 2 9 1 70 15 40 14 11 9b 163 616 533 311 149 SUN 2193 lower Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage smaragdus Lunella canaliculus Perna radians Cellana Nerita atramentosa denticulata Cellana orbita Dicathais stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies australis Paphies Haustrum haustorium Cookia sulcata Haliotis iris novaezelandiae Pecten Maoricrypta monoxyla Amphibola crenata chloroticus Evechinus Diloma aethiops Maoricrypta costata Dosinia anus Dosinia sp. glandiformis Cominella Diloma subrostrata tenuis Sigapatella crassicostata Protothaca corticata Patelloida roseus Maoricolpus plebeius Xymene spissa Tawera Appendix 2: Shellfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Greater 2: Shellfish from Appendix 2.1 Early Period cats eye eye cats mussel green-lipped limpet radiate black nerita limpet Strait Cook shell rock white cockle tuatua pipi shell dark rock turban cooks paua scallop slipper shell white mudsnail kina (sea urchin) shell top spotted ribbed slipper shell shell ringed venus shell venus purple-mouthed whelk top shell mudflat slipper shell small circular ribbed venus limpet encrusted shell turret pleb trophon morning star 44 9 6 5 5 4 9 9 7 6 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 11 83 39 32 28 27 20 18 12 11 816 257 9326 Sum of MNI 9 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No. of assemblages No. 1 3 2 2 4 40 WHT

38b TRN lower

8 83 11 L5 37b HWB

3 1 9 6 5 39 27 12 36c HHB lower

L9 31d CCK CCK

L7 31c CCK 4 1 3 26 PJK

6 4 4 2 9 9 7 6 5 5 3 32 28 20 18 9b 816 257 SUN 9326 lower Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage Haliotis sp. traversi Xymene glomerata cuccullata Saccostrea purpurata Purpurocardia adspersa Cominella ambiguous Xymene sp. oyster Mytilus galloprovincialis scobina Lepisella sp. Zediloma maculosa Cominella Antalis nana Irus reflexus Amalda australis virgata Cominella viridius Trochus glans Austrofuscus zealandica (Chemnitzia) Turbonilla Antisolarium egenum quoyana quoyana Cominella Nucula hartvigiana lutulentus Zeacumantis sp (Pupa?) Acteonidae sp. Taron zelandica Felaniella novaezelandiae Sigapatella pulex Xenostrobus sp. Cominella sp. Cantharidus Haliotis australis 2.1 continued paua sp. trav trophon oyster rock purple cockle speckled whelk trophon large sp oyster blue mussel borer oyster sp. topshell whelk spotted tusk shell cockleirregular shell southern olive mouthed whelk red shell top green knobbed whelk turbonilla antisolarium whelk quoy’s nut shell horn shell acteon sp. T. whelk fellaniella slipper shell circular little black mussel C. sp Whelk sp. topshell paua silver 45 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 22113 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8 No. of assemblages No. 2 1 40 402 WHT

492 38b TRN lower

L5 37b HWB 2121

2 2 2 1 1 1 36c 583 HHB lower

L9 20 31d CCK CCK

2 1 L7 31c 904 CCK 3 26 PJK 2843

3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9b SUN lower 14748 Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage ophione Lamellaria rosea Phenatoma Rissoina sp. Scutus breviculus ornata Cellana Anomia trigonopsis rubiginosa Austromitra Barbatia novaezealandiae vittatum Buccinulum pellucidum Calliostoma zelandiae Talochlamys cumingi Divaricella Herpetopoma bella mariae Murexsul octogonus Murexsul Myllita stowei elegans Tugali laticostata Tucetona modesta Glycermis glaucus Amuarochiton suteri Asteracmea pallidum powelli Buccinulum Diloma bicanaliculata Diplodonta striatula nobilis Eudoxochiton sp. Pecten sulcatus Penion sp. Tawera laticostata Tucetona sp. Zemitrella 2.1 continued lamellaria shell pink tower rissoinia shield limpet limpet ornate golden oyster austomitra ark shell whelk buccinulum maurea fan scallop cocklelace shell top muricopsis octagonal murex myllita limpet grooved dog cocklelarge small dog cockle chiton green asteracmea lined whelk knobbed topshell diplodonta noble chiton scallop sp. siphon whelk shell sp. venus dog cocklelarge sp zemitrella Shellfish TOTAL 46 5 3 92 79 22 62 45 25 15 76 52 32 25 25 23 20 18 790 912 694 854 709 191 136 316 3614 1403 3809 1275 1512 Sum of MNI (numbers = MNI) 8 7 6 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4 3 2 11 10 No. of No. Assemblages 1 1 1 54 47 875 BWT- 1 1 3 1 1 86 22 45 192 183 KTR-78 16 83 42b 1044 lower WHA-

6 1 7 4 1 8 1 22 90 18 199 459 262 L4 37a HWB 2 1 5 2 3 3 1 1 1 7 9 9 6 76 38 29 61 50 20 14 98 38 19 184 36a HHB middle 2 3 4 1 69 54 10 22 15 58 21 38 33 18 16 11 12 175 191 144 218 36a HHB upper

3 2 6 8 6 6 2 1 26 47 22 73 97 13 39 L5 31a CCK

2 6 63 11 74 84 12 31 704 263 977 844 564 138 119 L3 31a 3462 1473 CCK 8 2 5 1 6l 559 209 OMH 41 6k 291 354 011 1888 OMH 1 3 1 6j 11 716 141 118 219 OMH Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies smaragdus Lunella Amphibola crenata radians Cellana canaliculus Perna Cookia sulcata Nerita atramentosa Haustrum haustorium Haliotis iris orbita Dicathais novaezelandiae Pecten denticulata Cellana roseus Maoricolpus Struthiolaria papulosa zelandicum Zethalia laticostata Tucetona glomerata cuccullata Saccostrea chloroticus Evechinus Diloma aethiops Maoricrypta costata maculosa Cominella novaezelandiae Sigapatella ornata Cellana Amalda australis Anomia trigonopsis Mytilus galloprovincialis corticata Patelloida glans Aethocolas 2.2 Early/Middle Period pipi cockle tuatua eye cats mudsnail limpet radiate mussel green-lipped turban cooks black nerita shell dark rock paua shell rock white scallop limpet Strait Cook shell turret ostrich foot wheel shell dog cocklelarge oyster rock kina (sea urchin) shell top spotted ribbed slipper shell whelk spotted slipper shell circular limpet ornate shell southern olive golden oyster blue mussel limpet encrusted knobbed whelk 47 5 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 5 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 15 12 10 10 33 10 10 Sum of MNI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 No. of No. Assemblages 1 5 47 875 BWT- 1 13 45 KTR-78 42b 1044 lower WHA-

5 33 L4 37a HWB 1 2 8 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 2 1 1 1 36a HHB middle 8 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 10 36a HHB upper

2 L5 31a CCK

10 L3 31a CCK 3 6l 209 OMH 14 10 6k 011 OMH 3 3 2 1 6j 219 OMH Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage sp. Cominella adspersa Cominella Dosinia sp. purpureus Cantharidus traversi Xymene spissa Tawera pulchellum Pratulum Polinices? Amalda murcronata glandiformis Cominella Dosinia anus nobilis Eudoxochiton Haustrum scobina sulcatus Penion sp. Zediloma Antisolarium egenum pustulosum tumidum Argobuccinum aequilatera Crassula sp. Buccinulum Diloma subrostrata limpet sp. zelandica Zethalia modesta Glycermis Serpulorbis sp. sp. Taron sp (Pupa?) Acteonidae rubiginosa Austromitra Bonellitia superstes spengleri Cabestana ovata Cyclomactra regularis Escalima 2.2 continued C. sp Whelk speckled whelk shell venus shell purple top trav trophon morning star heart cockle naticid shell olive brown purple-mouthed whelk shell ringed venus noble chiton borer oyster siphon whelk sp. topshell antisolarium trumpet shell swollen triangle shell sp whelk B. top shell mudflat limpet ?sp wheel shell small dog cockle snail sp. worm sp. T. whelk acteon austomitra bonellitia spenglers trumpet shell shell trough oval escalima 48 1 1 1 1 1 1 17010 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 No. of No. Assemblages 1 64 47 875 BWT- 45 504 KTR-78 99 42b 1044 lower WHA- 37a 1116 HWB L4 1 1 710 36a HHB middle 1 1 1 36a 1151 HHB upper

L5 353 31a CCK

L3 31a 8837 CCK CCK 6l 578 209 OMH 6k 011 2598 OMH 6j 219 1000 OMH Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage sanguineus Cantharidius sp. Polyplacophora inconspicua Radiacmea elegans Tugali ambiguous Xymene plebeius Xymene 2.2 continued shell top oval sp. chiton limpet Ri limpet grooved trophon large pleb trophon Shellfish Total 49 9 5 4 9 4 3 4 4 4 3 73 59 18 22 47 39 32 19 19 33 31 20 229 461 120 107 102 MNI 2032 18082 32814 Sum of 9 9 9 9 9 7 6 5 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 25 23 16 13 11 No of No Assembl 1 3 5 29 47 21 31 44b ANA lower 6 2 3 13 26 28 35b 4645 2652 WHI- 927 B (numbers = MNI; p present) 3 1 7 8 11 34 237 455 926 WHI- 1 4 4 1 33 168 907 624 WHI- 1 5 4 1 1 1 53 30 136 990 MTR- 6 7 2 38 40 29 291 983 MTR- 3 8 3 1 1 13 31 20 234 2940 OWA 8 2 19 297 TRH 7 2 7 4 24 18c CRD 9284 other 7 1 65 52 76 12 45 12 17 31 26 13 15 17 683 5099 1506 TMK- 1 2 1 1 1 4 7 2 3 1 2 2 11 94 15 899 3289 FRD- 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 2 5 3 25 14 119 888 2690 FRD- 3 3 2 5 1 1 3 4 1 1 1 32 10 13 887 1235 FRD- 4 2 1 4 2 1 1 4 97 12 HKH 1160 2 4 1 1 7 49 97 134 251 TWN- 2 1 6i 253 029 OMH 3 6 1 2 5 2 1 55 20 6h 134 215 1383 OMH 5 15 21 6g 455 047 OMH 8 1 1 6f 289 268 OMH 8 48 6e 684 104 013 1274 OMH 9 1 18 89 10 31 6d 1`7 337 496 887 8223 OMH 5 23 30 491 1126 MGW- 5 1 2 2 1 3 434 164 515 WAI- 2 15 77 513 WAI- 1 p p p p p p p p p p p p p p p NHB Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus subtriangulata Paphies smaragdus Lunella Amphibola crenata sp. Cominella Struthiolaria papulosa adspersa Cominella novaezelandiae Pecten gl. cuccullata Saccostrea roseus Maoricolpus sp. gastropod Alcithoe arabica canaliculus Perna lutulentus Zeacumantis Ostrea chilensis Dosinia anus maculosa Cominella Haustrum haustorium ovata Cyclomactra subcarinatus Zeacumantus orbita Dicathais Diloma aethiops sp. Buccinulum glandiformis Cominella sulcatus Penion sp. Taron sp. oyster Dosinia subrosea pustulosum Argobuccinum 2.3 Middle Period pipi cockle tuatua eye cats mudsnail C. sp Whelk ostrich foot speckled whelk scallop oyster rock shell turret /sp gastropod volute arabic mussel green-lipped horn shell mud oyster shell ringed venus whelk spotted shell dark rock shell trough oval horn shell brown shell rock white shell top spotted sp whelk B. purple-mouthed whelk siphon whelk sp. T. whelk sp oyster fine dosinia trumpet shell swollen 50 9 8 7 7 7 5 4 4 3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 11 10 MNI Sum of 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No of No Assembl 1 1 10 44b ANA lower 1 35b WHI- 927 B 11 34 926 WHI- 1 1 11 33 624 WHI- 4 30 990 MTR- 29 983 MTR- 3 20 OWA 19 TRH 7 1 18c CRD other 1 17 1506 TMK- 15 899 FRD- 14 888 FRD- 13 887 FRD- 2 12 HKH x 9 5 7 251 TWN- 6i 029 OMH 7 4 2 2 1 6h 215 OMH 6g 047 OMH 8 7 6f 268 OMH 6e 013 OMH 1 1 6d 887 OMH 5 30 MGW- 3 515 WAI- 2 513 WAI- 1 p p p p p NHB Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage virgata Cominella sp. Zeacumantus Janthina janthina? radians Cellana sp. Purpurocardia discors Mactra ventricosa Paphies sp. Pecten aoteana Cardita Maoricrypta sp. zelandica Zethalia glans Austrofuscus spengleri Cabestana limpet sp. sp. Mactra punctulatum Calliostoma Maoricrypta sp. Dosinia sp. Haliotis iris Mytilus galloprovincialis Scutus breviculus Struthiolaria papulosa? sp. Tawera sp. Trochidae ambiguous Xymene Diloma subrostrata chloroticus Evechinus liliana Macomona sp. Cantharidus sp. Neoguraleus pileopsis Notoacmea 2.3 continued mouthed whelk red horn shell sp violet snail? limpet radiate false cockle sp shell trough large toheroa scallop sp. cockle dog foot slipper shell sp. wheel shell knobbed whelk spenglers trumpet shell limpet ?sp shell sp. trough shell beaded top slipper shell sp. shell venus paua blue mussel shield limpet ostrich foot? shell sp. venus sp. topshell trophon large top shell mudflat kina (sea urchin) shell wedge large sp. topshell neoguraleus black edged limpet 51 0 0 0 0 0 MNI 54510 Sum of 1 1 1 1 1 25 No of No Assembl 149 44b ANA lower 35b WHI- 7376 927 B 34 926 733 WHI- 33 624 WHI- 1098 30 990 206 MTR- 29 983 384 MTR- 20 OWA 3237 19 307 TRH 18c CRD 9336 other 17 1506 6155 TMK- 15 899 FRD- 3421 14 888 FRD- 2857 13 887 FRD- 1302 12 HKH 1278 7 251 302 TWN- 6i 029 256 OMH 6h 215 1628 OMH 6g 047 496 OMH 6f 268 314 OMH 6e 013 2118 OMH 6d 887 9216 OMH 5 30 1640 MGW- 3 515 609 WAI- 2 92 513 WAI- 1 p p p p p P NHB sp. Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage hartvigianaLinucula Polyplacophora antipodarum Potamopyrgus Limnoperna pulex plebeius Xymene 2.3 continued nut shell sp. chiton mud snail New Zealand little black mussel pleb trophon Shellfish Total 52 4 3 9 8 6 56 54 54 52 60 46 14 13 11 35 26 12 11 67 21 16 15 13 391 437 153 2421 10728 33912 Sum of MNI 7 6 8 8 8 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12 18 12 18 No of No Assemblages 1 1 1 2 (numbers = MNI; p present) 20 21 48 179 BWT-874 1 9 46 205 BWT-876 6 1 4 1 2 14 89 18 130 257 44a ANA upper 10 90 42a 1044 WHA- Upper 4 3 10 10 10 39 PAU 2 1 6 1 4 1 1 40 28 609 1761 MTR-993 p p p p p p 25 TMT

4 1 6 1 1 3 6 1 4 1 38 20 18b A41 CRD 19758 9 8 3 1 4 1 9 2 9 39 16 776 1201 TMK- 2 2 4 1 42 22 227 11b WST WST 1988 3 2 6 3 3 4 6 2 10 61 114 11a WST WST 2226 1981 6 3 1 28 37 29 19 10 257 166 910 3087 HMH 1 4 4 1 2 7 1 1 2 42 11 39 33 9a 379 SUN 4600 6400 upper 8 p p p p p p p MAY 3 2 1 1 5 6c 85 24 1024 OMH 263 5 15 40 6b 233 820 OMH 035 3 29 34 6a 114 112 700 OMH 042 2 3 1 6 1 6 3 1 4 7 1 4 11 28 91 37 65 15 14 181 1881 BTF-132 Dicathais orbita Dicathais Struthiolaria papulosa Amphibola crenata adspersa Cominella novaezelandiae Pecten glomerata cuccullata Saccostrea gastropod sp. Paphies subtriangulata Paphies smaragdus Lunella Paphies australis Paphies glandiformis Cominella lutulentus Zeacumantis Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage stutchburyi Austrovenus canaliculus Perna Mytilus galloprovincialis sp. Cominella Cyclomactra ovata Cyclomactra plebeius Xymene Diloma subrostrata Maoricrypta monoxyla Maoricrypta sp. Paphies ventricosa Paphies Taron sp. Taron Nerita atramentosa Penion sulcatus Penion Maoricolpus roseus Maoricolpus Maoricrypta costata Argobuccinum pustulosum Argobuccinum Zethalia zelandica Zethalia white rock shell rock white ostrich foot speckled whelk mudsnail scallop oyster rock /sp gastropod tuatua tuatua eye cats purple-mouthed whelk 2.4 Middle/Late Period cockle pipi horn shell mussel green-lipped blue mussel C. sp Whelk oval trough shell trough oval pleb trophon mudflat top shell mudflat smooth slipper shell slipper shell sp. slipper shell sp. toheroa toheroa whelk T. sp. T. whelk black nerita siphon whelk turret shell turret ribbed slipper shell swollen trumpet shell swollen wheel shell 53 5 4 4 3 2 2 1 1 8 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 93 33 24 18 16 12 12 272 Sum of MNI 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No of No Assemblages 48 BWT-874 46 BWT-876 1 8 16 44a ANA upper 42a 1044 WHA- Upper 5 39 PAU 24 12 28 MTR-993 p p p 25 TMT

2 4 33 12 18b A41 CRD 3 2 16 1201 TMK- 11b WST WST 1988 1 1 11a WST WST 1981 1 6 5 4 10 HMH 4 2 1 2 1 9a SUN upper 8 MAY 2 4 6c 18 OMH 263 6b OMH 035 6a OMH 042 1 5 3 3 2 2 2 4 93 272 BTF-132 Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Haustrum scobina Cookia sulcata Haustrum haustorium Dosinia anus Haliotis iris ambiguous Xymene Amalda Sp. Dosinia subrosea Paphies sp. Paphies Modelia granosa Ostrea chilensis Xymene sp. Xymene Buccinulum sp. Buccinulum small mudshell ?sp Alcithoe arabica Penion sp. Penion Amphibola crenata? Anomia trigonopsis? Evechinus chloroticus chloroticus Evechinus whelk sp. whelk sp. Zeacumantus sp. Zeacumantus Trochidae sp. Trochidae Turbonilla zealandica Turbonilla Diloma sp. Cantharidus purpureus Cantharidus Cellana sp. Cellana Aethocola glans Aethocola Boreoscala zelebori Boreoscala Maoricryota monoxyla Maoricrypta sp. 2.4 continued oyster borer borer oyster cooks turban cooks dark rock shell dark rock ringed venus shell ringed venus paua large trophon large olive shell sp. shell sp. olive fine dosinia paphies sp southern cats eye southern eye cats mud oyster mud oyster trophon sp trophon whelk B. sp whelk B. small mudshell arabic volute arabic whelk P. sp whelk P. mudsnail? golden oyster? golden oyster? kina (sea urchin) whelk sp. whelk sp. horn shell sp topshell sp. sp. topshell turbonilla topshell sp. topshell purple top shell purple top limpet Cellana sp. limpet Cellana knobbed whelk curly/wentle-trap white slipper shell white slipper shell sp. 54 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 49227 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 No of No Assemblages 48 225 BWT-874 46 215 BWT-876 2 1 1 1 1 44a 553 ANA upper 42a 100 1044 WHA- Upper 39 42 PAU 28 2462 MTR-993 p P 25 TMT

1 18b A41 CRD 19896 1 16 867 1201 TMK- 300 11b WST WST 1988 2 11a WST WST 1981 2444 1 10 4560 HMH 2 1 1 1 1 1 9a SUN upper 11544 8 P MAY 1 6c 1170 OMH 263 6b 1113 OMH 035 6a 992 OMH 042 1 1 1 4 2744 BTF-132 Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Ruditapes largillierti Zethalia zelandicum Zethalia Sigapatella tenuis Sigapatella Barnea similis Cellana denticulata Cellana Cellana radians Cellana Dosinia sp. Irus reflexus Janthina janthina? limpet sp. limpet sp. Neoguraleus sp. Neoguraleus Polyplacophora sp. Polyplacophora Sigapatella novaezelandiae Sigapatella Siphonaria australis Tawera spissa Tawera Tucetona laticostata Tucetona Xenostrobus pulex Xenostrobus Xenostrobus pulex? Xenostrobus Zeacumantus subcarinatus Zeacumantus Glycermis modesta Glycermis 2.4 continued oblong venus wheel shell small circular slipper shell small circular rock borer rock Cook Strait limpet Strait Cook radiate limpet radiate venus shell venus irregular cockleirregular violet snail? limpet ?sp neoguraleus chiton sp. chiton circular slipper shell circular siphon limpet morning star large dog cocklelarge little black mussel little black mussel? brown horn shell brown small dog cockle Total Shellfish Total 55 6 6 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 30 74 43 16 15 11 52 277 121 2810 23207 Total MNI Total 4 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 11 11 No. of No. Assemblages (numbers = MNI; p present) 8 1 1 1 11 43 263 WHB-1246 3 3 4 5 1 78 13 41 542 WHA-959 593 536 38a TRN upper

A 393 255 35a WHI-927 7 1 54 41 15 11 32 488 1574 WHI-858 p p p p p p p p p p p p 27 HAR-E 72 24 290 PUR-86 24 136 137 23c 886 PUR-91 4 193 173 885 23b PUR-91 2 1 63 217 23a 340 PUR-91 1 2 5 5 1 1 1 52 22 622 121 RAU 21 OPI

1 1 2 4 1 1 14 20 18a CRD west 19633 Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage stutchburyi Austrovenus australis Paphies subtriangulata Paphies adspersa Cominella smaragdus Lunella sp. gastropod lutulentus Zeacumantis ambiguous Xymene Struthiolaria papulosa Amphibola crenata zelandica Zethalia canaliculus Perna glandiformis Cominella sp. Taron sp. Purpurocardia discors Mactra virgata Cominella Alcithoe arabica glans? Aethocola Dosinia anus Dosinia sp. striata Myadora Ostrea chilensis novaezelandiae Pecten Anomia trigonopsis? aoteana Cardita sp. Cellana Cookia sulcata orbita Dicathais Haliotis iris 2.5 Late Period 2.5 Late cockle pipi tuatua speckled whelk eye cats /sp gastropod horn shell trophon large ostrich foot mudsnail wheel shell mussel green-lipped purple-mouthed whelk sp. T. whelk false cockle sp shell trough large mouthed whelk red volute arabic knobbed whelk? shell ringed venus shell venus battleaxe mud oyster scallop golden oyster? cockle dog foot sp. limpet Cellana turban cooks shell rock white paua 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26702 Total MNI Total 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 13 No. of No. Assemblages 43 285 WHB-1246 41 649 WHA-959 38a 1129 TRN upper

A 648 35a WHI-927 32 2191 WHI-858 P p p p p p p p p 27 HAR-E 24 362 PUR-86 297 23c 886 PUR-91 370 885 23b PUR-91 283 23a 340 PUR-91 22 811 RAU P p 21 OPI

18a CRD west 19677 Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage Haustrum haustorium Maoricrypta sp. Diloma aethiops sp. Paphies sp. Penion sp. Polyplacophora crassicostata Protothaca Diloma sp. 2.5 continued shell dark rock slipper shell sp. shell top spotted paphies sp sp whelk P. sp. chiton ribbed venus sp. topshell shell ?sp Shellfish Total 57 1 7 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 1 3 1 4 2 1 6 32 17 38 50 518 175 863 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 1 1 1 7 8 4 2 1 2 8 4 3 1 6 1 8 No. of No. Asemblages (numbers = MNI; p present) p p p p p p p p p P 40 WHT

1 2 1 7 9 3 1 6 28 12 64 38b TRN lower

1 1 2 6 8 1 1 1 9 48 78 L5 37b HWB

1 4 1 3 1 18 28 36c HHB lower

1 2 1 1 5 L9 31d CCK CCK

1 42 10 20 73 L7 31c CCK CCK 4 2 1 1 13 21 26 PJK

1 7 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 1 1 2 1 1 9b 390 175 594 SUN lower Assemblage Code Assemblage ?sp. Assemblage Number Assemblage Prionace glauca? Prionace Selacomorpha ?sp. Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Hydrolagus novaezealandiae Hydrolagus Chondrichthyes ?sp. Chondrichthyes Anguilla australis Anguilla Pseudophycis bachus Pseudophycis Pseudophycis bachus? Pseudophycis Zeus faber Zeus Chelidonicthys kumu Pseudocaranx dentex Pseudocaranx Trachurus declivis Trachurus Trachurus novaezelandiae Trachurus Arripis trutta Pagrus auratus Pagrus Nemodactylus macropterus Latridopsis ciliaris Latridopsis Mugil cephalus Mugil Aldrichetta forsteri Labridae ?sp. Parapercis colias Parapercis Thyrsites atun Thyrsites Seriolella brama Meuschenia scaber Osteichthyes ?sp. Osteichthyes blue shark? shark ?sp eagle ray ghost shark shark/ray eel short-finned eel ?sp red cod red red cod? red john dory red gurnard red trevally jack mackerel horse mackerel kahawai snapper tarakihi blue moki grey mullet grey yellow-eyed mullet yellow-eyed wrasse ?sp wrasse blue cod barracouta common warehou common leatherjacket fish ?sp Total Fish Total Appendix 3: Finfish from Greater Hauraki study assemblages Greater from 3: Finfish Appendix 3.1 Early Period 58 1 1 2 1 5 6 2 8 2 4 2 1 41 129 159 364 Sum of MNI (numbers = MNI) 1 1 2 1 3 5 8 2 3 1 1 5 2 1 5 9 No of Assemblages 2 2 47 875 BWT- 1 2 2 2 4 20 31 37a HWB L4 1 1 8 1 4 4 1 1 16 64 101 36b HHB middle 1 1 1 8 1 2 7 1 51 73 36a HHB upper

1 4 41 16 62 L5 31b CCK

1 2 12 24 44 83 L3 31a CCK CCK 1 1 6l 209 OMH 1 1 2 6k 011 OMH 3 1 5 9 6j 219 OMH ?sp. ?sp. Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Myliobatis tenuicaudatus? bachus Pseudophycis Chelidonicthys kumu dentex Pseudocaranx Trachurus Arripis trutta auratus Pagrus Scorpis violacea Nemadactylus macropterus ciliaris Latridopsis lineata? Latris Labridae ?sp. colias Parapercis atun Thyrsites Meuschenia scaber eagle ray? cod red gurnard red trevally ?sp mackerel kahawai snapper blue maomao tarakihi blue moki trumpeter? ?sp wrasse blue cod barracouta leatherjacket fish Total 3.2 Early/Middle Period 59 1 1 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 4 1 17 80 11 48 116 241 Sum of MNI 3 1 2 1 1 2 2 6 1 3 9 1 3 1 1 1 5 2 1 3 15 No. of No. (numbers = MNI; p present) Assemblages p P 29 983 MTR- 1 1 18c CRD other 2 1 7 1 p 16 11 1506 TMK- p p p p p p p p P 15 889 FRD- p p P 14 888 FRD- p p p P 13 887 FRD- 8 1 9 12 HKH 1 7 1 251 TWN- 1 1 1 3 6h 215 OMH 1 1 17 6g 047 OMH 1 1 6f 268 OMH 2 1 3 6e 013 OMH 3 75 92 30 6d 887 170 OMH 1 1 7 1 8 5 16 30 34 MGW- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 7 NHB ?sp. ?sp. ?sp. ?sp. Assemblage Number Assemblage Assemblage Code Assemblage Selacomorpha ?sp. Anguilla Chelidonicthys kumu Pseudocaranx dentex Pseudocaranx Pseudocaranx dentex? Pseudocaranx Trachurus declivis Trachurus Trachurus novaezelandiae Trachurus Trachurus Carangidae ?sp. Carangidae Arripis trutta Pagrus auratus Pagrus Mugil cephalus Mugil Aldrichetta forsteri Labridae ?sp. Genyagnus monopterygius Genyagnus Parapercis colias Parapercis Thyrsites atun Thyrsites Scomber australasicus Rhombosolea Osteichthyes ?sp. Osteichthyes shark ?sp eel ?sp red gurnard red trevally trevally? jack mackerel horse mackerel mackerel ?sp mackerel carangidae ?sp carangidae kahawai snapper grey mullet grey yellow-eyed mullet yellow-eyed wrasse ?sp wrasse stargazer-spotted blue cod barracouta blue mackerel flounder ?sp fish ?sp Total fish Total 3.3 Middle Period 60 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 1 5 1 1 1 1 1 3 22 23 10 16 16 484 587 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 3 1 4 2 3 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 1 1 4 15 No. of No. Assemblages (numbers = MNI; p present) 1 0 48 874 BWT- 1 1 5 6 11 13 44a ANA upper 1 1 2 39 PAU p P 29 993 MTR- 3 4 3 25 TMT 5 5 18b A41 CRD 1 1 1 1 4 16 1201 TMK- p P 11b WST WST 1988 3 18 21 11a WST WST 1981 1 1 8 2 10 12 HMH 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 9a 386 402 SUN upper 1 1 6 5 1 1 8 15 MAY 1 1 6c 263 OMH 1 1 6b 035 OMH 1 1 1 4 3 4 20 17 61 132 108 BTF- ?sp. ?sp. ?sp. Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Selacomorpha ?sp. Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Anguilla faber Zeus Chelidonicthys kumu oxygenios Polyprion dentex Pseudocaranx dentex? Pseudocaranx Seriola lalandi novaezelandiae Trachurus novaezelandiae? Trachurus Trachurus ?sp. Carangidae Arripis trutta auratus Pagrus Nemadactylus macropterus Goniistius spectabilis? Aldrichetta forsteri Labridae ?sp. Odax pullus colias Parapercis colias? Parapercis atun Thyrsites Scomber australasicus Meuschenia scaber ?sp. Osteichthyes shark ?sp eagle ray sp eel Anguilla john dory gurnard red hapuku trevally trevally? kingfish horse mackerel horse mackerel? ?sp mackerel ?sp carangidae kahawai snapper tarakihi moki?red mullet yellow-eyed ?sp wrasse butterfish blue cod blue cod? barracouta blue mackerel leatherjacket fish ?sp Fish Total 3.4 Middle/Late Period 61 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 9 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 9 1 1 1 1 1 9 No. of No. Assemblages (numbers = MNI; p present) p P 38a TRN upper p p p p p p p p p P 27 HAR-E 1 1 2 24 PUR-86 1 1 23c 886 PUR-91 1 1 885 23b PUR-91 1 1 23a 340 PUR-91 p p p p p P 22 RAU 1 1 1 3 21 OPI 1 1 18a CRD west Assemblage Code Assemblage ?sp. Assemblage Number Assemblage Selacomorpha ?sp. Squalus blainvillei Myliobatis tenuicaudatus Anguilla Chelidonicthys kumu Pseudocaranx dentex Pseudocaranx declivis Trachurus Carangidae ?sp. Carangidae Arripis trutta Pagrus auratus Pagrus Aldrichetta forsteri Labridae ?sp. Odax pullus Thyrsites atun Thyrsites Meuschenia scaber shark ?sp northern dogfish eagle ray eel anguilla ?sp red gurnard red trevally jack mackerel carangidae ?sp carangidae kahawai snapper y-e mullet wrasse ?sp wrasse butterfish barracouta leatherjacket fish Total 3.5 Late Period 3.5 Late 62 Appendix 4: Birds from Greater Hauraki study assemblages

4.1 Early period (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Assemblage No 9b 26 31c 31d 36c 37b 38b 40

SUN CCK CCK HHB HWB TRN No. of Sum of Assemblage Code PJK WHT lower L7 L9 lower L5 lower Assemblages MNI

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 2 2 1 1 5 2 2 7 15

albatross ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 2 2 2 4

Northern giant petrel? Macronectes hallii? 1 1 1

Grey-faced petrel Pterodroma macroptera gouldi 1 1 1

petrel ?sp Pterodroma ?sp 1 1 1 3 3

Broad-billed prion Pachyptila vitata 1 1 1

prion ?sp Pachyptila ?sp 1 1 1

Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 1 1 2 2

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 1 1 1 3 3

Norfolk little shearwater Puffinus assimilis 1 1 1

shearwater Puffinus sp Puffinus?sp 1 1 1 3 3

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 1 1 1 3 3

petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 1 1 1

Australasian gannet Morus serrator 1 1 1

Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 2 1 2 3

Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo 1 1 1 3 3

Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius 1 1 2 2

shag Phalacrocorax ?sp Phalacrocorax ?sp 1 1 2 2

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 80 1 1 2 4 84

Spotted shag cf Stictocarbo punctatus cf 1 1 1

Lesser knot Calidras canutus rogersi 1 1 1

NZ dotterel Charadrius obscurus 1 1 1

Wrybill Charadrius frontalis 1 1 1

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 1 4 1 1 4 7

Red-billed gull Larus novaehollandiae 1 1 1

Caspian tern Hydroprogne caspia 1 1 1

Black-fronted tern Childonias albostriata 1 1 1

White-fronted tern Sterna striata 1 1 1

Marine subtotal 94 10 3 4 2 17 15 4 8 149

Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata 1 1 1

Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhyncus 1 1 1

Brown teal Anas chlorotis 1 1 1

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 4 1 1 2 4 8

Australasian shoveler Anas rhynchotis 1 1 1

duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 2 2

Australasian crested Podiceps cristatus australis 1 1 1 grebe

Australian pelican Pelecanus conspicillatus 1 1 1

Banded rail? Gallirallus philippensis? 1 1 1

oyster catcher ?sp Haematopus ?sp 4 2 2 6

Pied stilt Himantopus himantopus 1 1 1

Dotterel ?sp Charadrius ?sp 1 1 1

wetland subtotal 14 1 1 1 1 7 6 25 63

Appendix 4.1 continued Assemblage No 9b 26 31c 31d 36c 37b 38b 40

SUN CCK CCK HHB HWB TRN No. of Sum of Assemblage Code PJK WHT lower L7 L9 lower L5 lower Assemblages MNI

Brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli 1 1 1

Australasian harrier Circus approximans 1 1 1

NZ falcon Falco novaeseelandiae 2 1 1 3 4

Weka Gallirallus australis 1 4 2 3 7

North Island takehe Porphyrio mantelli 1 1 2 2

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 7 2 2 4 4 15

Kakapo Strigops habroptilis 1 1 1

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 29 44 2 3 10 2 6 90

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae 2 1 2 3

Yellow-crowned Cyanoramphus auriceps 1 1 1 parakeet parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 15 1 2 16

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Rifleman Acanthisitta chloris 1 1 1

North Island kokako Callaeas wilsoni 2 1 2 3

North Island saddleback Philesturnus rufusater 1 1 1

Huia Heteralocha acutirostris 1 1 1

Stitchbird Notiomystis cincta 1 1 1

North Island piopio Turnagra tanagra 1 1 2 2

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 59 3 1 6 5 5 74

NZ bellbird Anthornis melanura 1 1 1

NZ raven Corvus antipodum 1 1 4 1 4 7 terrestrial subtotal 119 50 8 4 34 18 6 233

Total Small Birds 227 61 12 9 2 52 40 4 8 407

Mantell’s moa Pachyornis geranoides 5 1 5

Coastal moa Euryapteryx curtus 1 2 1 3

North Island giant moa Dinornis novaezealandiae 2 4 1 6 moa ?sp Dinornithiforme ?sp p* 1 1 1 1 p* 6

Total Moa P* 1 1 1 2 4 9 P* 7 64

4.2 Early/Middle Period (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Assemblage No 31a 31b 36a 36b 37a 47

CCK CCK HHB HHB HWB BWT- No. of Sum of Assemblage Code L3 L5 upper middle L4 875 Assemblages MNI

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 1 1 1 1 3 5 7

albatross ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 2 1 2

Mottled petrel cf Pterodroma inexpectata cf 1 1 1

Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 2 1 2 3

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 1 1 2 2

petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 2 1 2 3

Australasian gannet Morus serrator 1 1 1

shag Phalacrocorax ?sp Phalacrocorax ?sp 1 1 1

marine subtotal 5 5 2 3 5 5 20

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 1 1 1

wetland subtotal 1 1 1

Brown kiwi Apteryx mantelli 1 1 1

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 1 1 1

NZ falcon Falco novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Weka Gallirallus australis 1 1 1

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 5 1 5

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae 1 1 1

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

North Island kokako Callaeas wilsoni 2 1 2

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 2 1 2 3

terrestrial subtotal 2 1 14 3 17

not identified Bird?sp 1 1 1

Total Small Birds 8 5 2 4 19 1 6 39

coastal moa Euryapteryx curtus p 1

North Island giant moa Dinornis novaezealandiae p 1

moa /sp Dinornithiforme ?sp p p 2

Total Moa P P 2 65

4.3 Middle, Middle/Late, and Late Periods (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Period MIDDLE MIDDLE/LATE LATE

Assemblage No 1 12 9a 10 11a 16 18b 21 27 38a

No of Sum of SUN WST TMK- CRD No of Sum of TRN No of Sum of Assemblage Code NHB HKH HMH OPI HAR-E Assem MNI upper 1981 1201 A41 Assem MNI upper Assem MNI

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 1 1 1 1 1 1 albatross ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 1 1 1 1 1 1

Grey-faced petrel Pterodroma macroptera gouldi 1 1 1

Grey-faced petrel cf Pterodroma macroptera gouldi cf 1 1 1

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 3 1 3

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 1 1 1 petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 1 1 1

Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 1 1 1

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 2 1 2 1 1 1

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 1 1 1

White-fronted tern Sterna striata 1 1 1 marine subtotal 7 1 2 8 9 1 9

duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 1 white heron Ardea modesta 1 1 1

Pied stilt Himantopus leucocephalus 1 1 1 wader ?sp wader ?sp 1 1 1 wetland subtotal 2 1 2 2 1 1 1

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 1 1 1

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 7 1 7

North Island piopio Turnagra tanagra 1 1 1

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 3 1 3 1 1 1

NZ bellbird Anthornis melanura 1 1 1 terrestrial subtotal 15 2 2 17 1 1 1 3 3

small bird not identified bird?sp p p 2 p p 2

Total Small Birds p p 2 0 24 p p 1 3 5 28 1 10 2 3 13

moa ?sp Dinornithiforme ?sp p* 1 p* p* 2

Total Moa P* 1 P* P* 2 66 1 2 3 3 Sum of MNI 1 2 2 1 1 3 2 3 No of No Assemblages Late p* P* P* 38a TRN upper 1 2 3 3 p* p* P* 27 HAR-E p P P p* P* 22 RAU 2 2 1 1 7 9 6 16 22 Sum of MNI 8 14 22 22 1 2 1 1 4 5 5 5 5 Sum of MNI No of No Assmblages

4 5 1 1 5 5 1 No of No 2 2 2 2 4 6 37 L4 HWB Assemblages 1 1 0 2 2 4 1 5 5 Early/Middle 36b 18b HHB A41 CRD middle 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 Middle/Late 16 36a HHB 1201 TMK- upper

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 7 9 3 L5 12 12 11 31b CCK WST WST 1981

1 2 3 1 5 6 p p P P L3 10 31a CCK HMH (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact p* = present material) (numbers = MNI; p present; raw 1 3 4 4 p* p* P* 9a SUN upper 2 9 3 1 3 18 16 17 36 33 69 Sum of MNI 2 10 12 12 6 2 5 4 1 4 6 6 8 8 8 Sum of MNI No of No Assmblages 3 5 6 6 No of No 1 1 1 2 3 2 5 40 WHT Assemblages 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 3 3 12 14 17 38b TRN 1506 lower TMK-

3 5 3 p 1 3 4 4 10 15 18 L5 Early 15 37b 899 HWB FRD- Middle 1 1 0 2 2 1 1 1 13 36c 887 HHB FRD- lower

1 2 1 2 3 3 3 3 L9 12 31d CCK HKH

1 1 1 1 1 3 3 5 6 1 1 1 7 11 L7 31c CCK 251 TWN- 2 4 1 1 8 0 8 5 p p P P 26 30 PJK MGW- 2 2 4 4 4 8 p p 1 p P P 9b SUN NHB lower Period Period Period Assemblage Code Assemblage Assemblage Code Assemblage Assemblage number Assemblage Assemblage number Assemblage Arctocephalus fosteri Arctocephalus hookeri Phocarctus Mirounga leonina sp. Globicephala familiaris Canis exulans Rattus Rattus exulans Rattus Canis familiaris Canis Arctocephalus fosteri Arctocephalus Total Mammals Total total terrestrial mammal terrestrial total rat dog total marine mammal total whale ? sp fur seal or sea lion fur seal ? fur seal Appendix 5: Mammals in Greater Hauraki study assemblages 5: MammalsAppendix in Greater fur seal fur seal or sea lion sea lion seal elephant pilot whale whale ? sp marine mammal total dog rat mammal terrestrial total Mammals Total 67 2 2 2 1 7 7 5 5 62 14 90 34 75 11 10 88 34 30 17 14 356 179 246 9922 4132 5370 58714 12078 Sum of MNI 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 No of No Assemblages 1 (numbers = MNI; p present) 240 135 265 66d upper PPT 1990 3 1 2 1 1 1 91 66c lower PPT 1971 4 1 1 365 151 637 66b lower PPT 1990 7 1 10 252 337 66a upper PPT 1971

7 99 76 17 88 34 180 65b 1821 1217 PNW lower 2 1 64 SFB

1 1 3 2 1 1 7 13 71 24 10 17 659 246 58b RRK lower

9 6 2 9 5 43 466 248 PLR 56b 2983 5367 lower 6 1 9 5 47 52 72 30 14 55 106 SRM 8876 1119 6520 5357 53050 p p p p p p p p p 52 WMT Assemblage Code Assemblage Assemblage Number Assemblage Austrovenus stutchburyi Austrovenus Mytilus galloprovincialis australis Paphies Amphibola crenata Cookia sulcata smaragdus Lunella canaliculus Perna Haliotis sp. sp. Cellana strigilis Cellana Haliotis iris pustulosum tumidum Argobuccinum maoriana Aulacomya Diloma zelandica Siphonaria sp Modelia granosa crassicostata Protothaca Scutus breviculus Diloma aethiops tenebrosus Cantharidus Diloma ?sp Haustrum lacunosus corticata Patelloida Siphonaria propria Haliotis australis Ruditapes largillierti Benhamina obliquata liliana Macomona Appendix 6: Shellfish from 6: Shellfish from Appendix Otago-CatlinsAssemblages Study 6.1 Early Period cockle blue mussel pipi mudsnail turban cooks eye cats mussel green-lipped paua sp. sp. limpet Cellana limpet striated paua trumpet shell swollen ribbed mussel Dz topshell siphon limpet ?sp southern eye cats ribbed venus shield limpet shell top spotted shell opal top D sp topshell shell Ll rock limpet encrusted siphon limpet Sp paua silver oblong venus limpet Bo shell wedge large 68 4 4 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 91552 Sum of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 10 No of No Assemblages 641 66d upper PPT 1990 2 1 1 66c 104 lower PPT 1971 3 66b 1162 lower PPT 1990 66a 607 upper PPT 1971

65b PNW 3539 lower 3 64 SFB

4 4 3 3 1 1 1 1 1 1 58b RRK 1076 lower

3 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 PLR 56b 9153 lower 1 1 1 55 SRM 75267 P 52 WMT Assemblage Code Assemblage Assemblage Number Assemblage sp. ?sp Cellana ornata Cellana patens Paratrophon radians Cellana Gastropoda Polyplacophora sp. Radiacmea glandiformis Cominella sp. Cominella Dosinia sp. charlottae Serratina zelandica Zethalia Ostrea chilensis sp. Buccinulum roseus Maoricolpus Strutholaria ?sp Antalis sp Barbatia novaezealandiae Diloma nigerrima Diloma subrostrata modesta Glycermis Haliotis virginea discors Mactra elongata Notoacmea scopulina Notoacmea aequilatera Crassula viridius Coelotrochus Xymenesp. 6.1 continued limpet ornate Pp paratrophon limpet radiate ?sp gastropod sp. chiton limpet Radiacmea sp. purple-mouthed whelk C. sp Whelk shell venus shell wedge wheel shell mud oyster whelk B.sp shell turret sp ostrich foot tusk shell ark shell shell bluish top top shell mudflat small dog cockle paua virgin shell trough large helmsi limpet Notoacmea scopulina limpet Notoacmea triangle shell shell top green sp trophon Shellfish Total 69 3 6 5 5 7 6 4 3 1 77 36 34 29 72 49 22 14 51 50 535 402 128 217 447 232 400 129 2256 19234 33469 38173 11874 Sum Of MNI 8 8 7 6 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 No of Assem No (numbers = MNI; p present) 4 72 839 227 129 65a 3620 PNW 10112 30677 upper

6 0 14 14 23 186 100 164 62b LOB lower

p p p p p p p 61b PRK 2001-2

6 1 4 3 4 1 27 13 36 11 21 49 19 51 50 437 402 446 61a PRK 7473 5991 2248 1978 15501 22391 9 8 8 6 31 60 56 31 17 11 195 59b OMI 2708 2004-5

p p p p p p p p p 59a OMI 1977

5 9 1 1 5 3 7 2 1 2 5 63 806 400 105 56a PLR 2043 upper p p p p p p p p p p 50 TRS p p p p p p p p p p p p 49 OTG Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Mytilus galloprovincialis smaragdus Lunella australis Paphies stutchburyi Austrovenus Amphibola crenata Haliotis iris Ostrea chilensis Cookia sulcata Diloma aethiops Scutus breviculus sp. Cellana subtriangulata Paphies maoriana Aulacomya canaliculus Perna Haliotis sp. sp. Buccinulum sp. Cantharidus zelandica Zethalia tenebrosus Cantharidus Diloma ?sp Muricidae?sp glandiformis Cominella Haustrum lacunosus strigilis Cellana Haliotis australis roseus Maoricolpus novaezelandiae Sigapatella discors Mactra sp. Purpurocardia Ruditapes largillierti Diloma zelandica Haustrum sp. 6.2 Early/Middle Period blue mussel eye cats pipi cockle mudsnail paua mud oyster turban cooks shell top spotted shield limpet sp. limpet Cellana tuatua ribbed mussel mussel green-lipped paua sp. whelk B.sp sp. topshell wheel shell shell opal top D sp topshell muricid ?sp purple-mouthed whelk shell rock white limpet striated paua silver shell turret slipper shell circular shell trough large false cockle sp oblong venus Dz topshell borer oyster 70 9 7 5 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 39 15 20 108063 Sum Of MNI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 9 No of Assem No 65a PNW upper 45680

20 507 62b LOB lower

P 61b PRK 2001-2

7 5 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 61a PRK 1978 55205 9 2 1 1 15 59b OMI 3168 2004-5

P 59a OMI 1977

3 1 1 1 39 56a PLR 3503 upper p P 50 TRS p p p p p P 49 OTG Assemblage Number Assemblage Code Assemblage Diloma subrostrata sp Patellacea Diloma nigerrima sp. Littorina ambiguous Xymene sp. Radiacmea Limnoperna pulex striata Myadora sp. Cominella modesta Glycermis Modiolus areolatus viridius Coelotrochus Benhamina obliquata huttoni Xymene Struthiolaria ?sp sp. Emarginula conicus Trimsuculus Siphonaria australis acinaces Zenatia Antalis sp Musculus impacta sp. Polyplacophora Resania lanceolata aequilatera Crassula ?sp Gastropoda 6.2 Continued top shell mudflat sp limpet Patellacea shell bluish top periwinkle L sp. trophon large limpet Radiacmea sp. little black mussel battleaxe C. sp Whelk small dog cockle mussel bearded shell top green lipet Bo Xh trophon sp ostrich foot slit limpet E sp. false limpet siphon limpet clam razor tusk shell nesting mussel sp. chiton mactralance triangle shell ?sp gastropod shell ?sp shellfish Total 71

6.3 Middle and Middle/Late Periods (numbers = MNI; p = present)

Period Middle/Late Middle

Assemblage Number 58a 62a 54 67

RRK LOB No of Sum No of Assemblage Code SHP KHK upper upper Assemblages of MNI Assemblages blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis 5510 1176 2 6686 p p 2 pipi Paphies australis 7 851 2 858 p p 2 green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus 35 245 2 280 0 paua Haliotis iris 61 28 2 89 p p 2 cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi 10 21 2 31 p 1 mudsnail Amphibola crenata 8957 1 8957 p 1 cats eye Lunella smaragdus 194 1 194 p p 2 spotted top shell Diloma aethiops 187 1 187 p 1 topshell sp Diloma ?sp 175 1 175 0 striated limpet Cellana strigilis 100 1 100 p 1 encrusted limpet Patelloida corticata 93 1 93 0 chiton sp. Polyplacophora sp. 46 1 46 p 1 siphon limpet ?sp Siphonaria sp 32 1 32 0 limpet N. elongata Notoacmea elongata 29 1 29 0 ribbed mussel Aulacomya maoriana 23 1 23 0 cooks turban Cookia sulcata 21 1 21 p 1 bluish top shell Diloma nigerrima 9 1 9 0 oval top shell Cantharidus sanguineus 9 1 9 0 opal top shell Cantharidus tenebrosus 9 1 9 0 ornate limpet Cellana ornata 8 1 8 0 topshell Da Diloma arida 8 1 8 0 paratrophon Pp Paratrophon patens 8 1 8 0 radiate limpet Cellana radians 6 1 6 p 1 tower shell Zs Zeaculpus symmetricus 6 1 6 0 whelk Bvl Buccinulum vittatum littorinoides 5 1 5 0 black edged limpet Notoacmea pileopsis 5 1 5 0 tuatua Paphies subtriangulata 4 1 4 p 1 topshell Dz Diloma zelandica 4 1 4 0 periwinkle N sp Nodilittorina sp 4 1 4 0 whelk Bl Buccinulum linea 3 1 3 0 whelk B.sp Buccinulum sp. 3 1 3 0 silver paua Haliotis australis 3 1 3 0 morning star Tawera spissa 3 1 3 0 trophon sp Xymene sp. 3 1 3 0 mud oyster Ostrea chilensis 2 1 2 0 green top shell Coelotrochus viridius 2 1 2 0 limpet Bo Benhamina obliquata 1 1 1 0 knobbed topshell Diloma bicanaliculata 1 1 1 0 virgin paua Haliotis virginea 1 1 1 0 mussel-like sp Lasaea hinemoa? 1 1 1 0 white whelk Haustrum lacunosus 1 1 1 0 turret shell Maoricolpus roseus 1 1 1 0 southern cats eye Modelia granosa 1 1 1 0 limpet N.s. Notoacmea scopulina 1 1 1 0 riseellopsis Risellopsis varia 1 1 1 0 shield limpet Scutus breviculus 1 1 1 0 venus shell sp. Tawera sp. 1 1 1 0 fale limpet Trimusculus conicus 1 1 1 0 limpet Cellana sp. Cellana sp. 0 0 p p 2 shell ?sp 180 1 180 p 1

Total Shellfish 6460 11637 2 18097 P P 2 72

6.4 Late Period (numbers = MNI; p = present)

Assemblage Number 51 53 57a 57b 60a 60b 63a 63b 63c

Assemblage Code HUR HUR MAP MAP TRH 1972 TRH TRH No of KTK-20 KTK-139 1961-3 1983 1966 1983 1992 2005 Assemblages Sum of MNI green-lipped mussel Perna canaliculus 8 4 48 1 1 5 62 cockle Austrovenus stutchburyi p 18 3 22 1 5 44 mudsnail Amphibola crenata p 103 7 4 4 114 paua Haliotis iris 14 p 2 29 4 45 blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis p 2661 89 3 2750 cats eye Lunella smaragdus 19 p 97 3 116 pipi Paphies australis 5 95 2 3 102 radiate limpet Cellana radians p 86 3 3 89 limpet Cellana sp. Cellana sp. 42 1 2 3 45 mud oyster Ostrea chilensis p p 15 3 15 mussel sp Mytilidae sp. 9 p p 3 9 cooks turban Cookia sulcata p 3 5 3 8 shield limpet Scutus breviculus 13 4 2 17 tuatua Paphies subtriangulata 3 2 2 5 ribbed mussel Aulacomya maoriana 3 1 2 4 limpet ?sp limpet sp. p p 2 0 white whelk Haustrum lacunosum 13 1 13 wheel shell Zethalia zelandica 7 1 7 striated limpet Cellana strigilis 2 1 2 spotted top shell Diloma aethiops 2 1 2 tusk shell Antalis sp 1 1 1 knobbed whelk Aethocola glans 1 1 1 limpet Bo Benhamina obliquata 1 1 1 paua sp. Haliotis sp. 1 1 1 topshell sp. Cantharidus sp. 1 1 1 toheroa? Paphies ventricosa? 1 1 1 limpet Patellacea sp Patellacea sp 1 1 1 chiton sp. Polyplacophora sp. 1 1 1 green top shell Coelotrochus viridius 1 1 1

Total Shellfish 100 P P 222 19 3021 4 P 92 9 3458 73 Appendix 7: Finfish from Otago-Catlins study assemblages 7.1 Early Period (numbers = MNI; p = present)

Assemblage Number 52 55 56b 58b 64 65b 66a 66b 66d

PLR RRK PNW PPT 1971 PPT 1990 PPT 1990 No of Assemblage Code WMT SRM SFB Sum of MNI lower lower lower upper upper lower Assemblages shark/ray ?sp Chondrichthyes ?sp. 1 1 1 eel ?sp Anguilla ?sp. 1 1 1 red cod Pseudophycis bachus 241 11 1 p 5 2 1 7 261 rock cod Lotella rhacina 1 1 1 ling Genypterus blacodes 29 p 2 1 4 32 sea perch Helicolenus barathri 4 1 4 red scorpion fish Scorpaena cardinalis 6 1 2 7 red gurnard Chelidonicthys kumu p 1 0 hapuku Polyprion oxygenios 18 p 1 3 19 jack mackerel Trachurus declivis p 1 0 horse mackerel Trachurus novaezelandiae 1 1 1 snapper Pagrus auratus 1 1 1 3 3 tarakihi Nemadactylus macropterus 2 2 p 3 4 blue moki Latridopsis ciliaris 1 1 1 trumpeter Latris lineata 14 2 p 1 1 5 18 yellow-eyed mullet Aldrichetta forsteri 1 1 1 wrasses Labridae ?sp. 74 1 5 p 4 80 black cods Nototheniidae ?sp. 23 4 16 p 4 43 blue cod Parapercis colias 48 21 9 p 1 1 6 80 barracouta Thyrsites atun p 978 30 6 p 5 5 18 4 9 1046 gemfish Rexea solandri 3 1 3 bluenose warehou Hyperoglyphe antarctica 1 1 1

Total fish P 1446 70 41 P 15 6 23 6 9 1607

7.2 Early/Middle Period

Assemblage Number 49 50 56a 59a 59b 61a 61b 62b 65a

PLR OMI OMI PRK PRK LOB PNW No of Assemblage Code OTG TRS Sum of MNI upper 1977 2004-5 1978 2001-2 lower upper Assemblages ghost shark Callorynchus milii 1 1 2 2 red cod Pseudophycis bachus 16 9 251 1273 690 583 22 7 2844 northern bastard red cod Pseudophycis breviculus p 1 0

Ling Genypterus blacodes p 1 6 24 111 41 182 7 8 372 sea perch Helicolenus barathri 1 1 1 hapuku Polyprion oxygenios p 4 9 6 10 5 29 carangidae ?sp Carangidae ?sp. 1 1 1 snapper Pagrus auratus 3 3 2 6 blue moki Latridopsis ciliaris 2 2 2 4 trumpeter Latris lineata 2 2 1 3 5 yellow-eyed mullet Aldrichetta forsteri 1 1 1 wrasses Labridae ?sp. p 2 11 27 15 6 4 7 65 black cods Nototheniidae ?sp. 1 3 2 4 blue cod Parapercis colias 1 4 4 2 4 11 barracouta Thyrsites atun p p 44 11 172 1318 494 3831 307 9 6177 frost fish Lepidopus caudatus 1 1 1 common warehou Seriollela brama 1 1 1 bluenose warehou Hyperoglyphe antarctica 1 1 1 flounder ?sp Rhombosolea ?sp. 1 3 1 3 5 brill Colistium guntheri 1 1 1 fish ?sp Osteichthyes ?sp. 1 72 2 73

Total fish P P 66 27 469 2745 1264 4689 344 9 9604 74

7.3 Middle and Middle/Late Periods (numbers = MNI; p = present)

Period Middle/Late Middle

Assemblage Number 58a 62a 54 67

RRK LOB No of No of Assemblage Code Sum of MNI SHP KHK upper upper Assemblages Assemblages shark/ray ?sp Chondrichthyes ?sp. 1 1 1 red cod Pseudophycis bachus 14 177 2 191 p 1 ling Genypterus blacodes 38 1 38 p p 2 sea perch Helicolenus barathri 0 0 p 1 red rock cod Scorpaena papillosus 0 0 p 1 red scorpion fish Scorpaena cardinalis 1 1 1 dark toadfish Neophrynicthys latus 0 0 p 1 hapuku Polyprion oxygenios 2 47 2 49 p 1 tarakihi Nemadactylus macropterus 1 1 1 trumpeter Latris lineata 2 5 2 7 wrasses Labridae ?sp. 17 12 2 29 p p 2 black cods Nototheniidae ?sp. 22 4 2 26 blue cod Parapercis colias 16 5 2 21 p 1 barracouta Thyrsites atun 8 550 2 558 p p 2

Total fish 83 839 2 922 P P 2

7.4 Late Period

Assemblage Number 51 57a 57b 60a 60b 63a 63b 63c

HUR HUR MAP MAP TRH TRH TRH No of Assemblage Code KTK-20 Sum of MNI 1961-3 1984 1966 1983 1972 1992 2005 Assemblages ghost shark Callorynchus milii 1 1 1 shark/ray ?sp Chondrichthyes ?sp. 1 1 1 red cod Pseudophycis bachus 94 12 1 76 3 9 6 7 201

Ling Genypterus blacodes p 6 3 10 2 3 7 7 31 hapuku Polyprion oxygenios 35 1 2 3 1 2 6 44 blue moki Latridopsis ciliaris 1 1 1 wrasses Labridae ?sp. 4 1 2 5 blue cod Parapercis colias 1 1 2 2 barracouta Thyrsites atun p 277 23 9 52 32 83 51 8 527

Total Fish P 414 39 12 148 38 95 67 8 813 75 Appendix 8: Birds from Otago-Catlins study assemblages 8.1 Early Period Assemblage Number 52 55 56b 58b 64 65b 66a 66b 66c(numbers66d = MNI; p = present)

PPT PPT PPT PPT PLR RRK PNW No of Sum of Assemblage Code WMT SRM SFB 1971 1990 1971 1990 lower lower lower Assemblages MNI upper upper lower lower

NZ crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus p 8 1 1 6 2 9 7 27

Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes p 26 4 1 5 3 6 39 penguin Megadyptes sp Megadyptes ?sp 1 1 1

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 46 3 7 1 2 1 6 60 penguin ?sp Spheniscidae?sp 1 1 1

Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans 2 1 2

Buller’s albatross Thalassarche bulleri 1 1 1

White-capped albatross Thalassarche cauta p 36 1 6 4 43 albatross ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 8 1 1 3 10

Mottled petrel Pterodroma inexpectata 1 1 2 2

Cook’s petrel Pterodroma cookii 1 1 1

Broad-billed prion Pachyptila vitata 5 1 2 6

Fairy prion Pachyptila turtur 20 2 1 1 4 24

Fairy prion cf Pachyptila turtur cf 1 1 1 prion Pachyptila ?sp Pachyptila ?sp 1 1 1

Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 1 3 1 4 3 1 6 13

Sooty shearwater? Puffinus griseus? 1 1 1

Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris 1 1 1

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 8 1 2 9 shearwater Puffinus sp Puffinus ?sp p 2 2 2

White-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina 1 1 2 2

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 9 1 4 3 14

South Georgian diving petrel Pelecanoides georgicus 3 1 3 diving petrel ?sp Pelecanoides ?sp 4 1 4 petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 2 1 2

Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 1 1 1

Little shag? Phalacrocorax melanoleucos? 3 1 3

Black Shag Phalacrocorax carbo p 1 2 1

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus p 21 5 1 1 5 6 33

Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius 8 4 1 3 13

Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo chalconotus p 16 1 3 2 5 22 shag ?sp Phalacrocoridae ?sp 1 1 1

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 7 1 2 8 black-billed gull Larus bulleri p 1 0 gull ?sp Laridae ?sp 9 1 2 10

Black-fronted tern Childonias albostriata 3 1 3

White-fronted tern Sterna striata 1 2 2 3 tern ?sp Sterninae ?sp 3 1 3 marine subtotal P 243 29 17 31 24 2 21 4 9 371 76

8.1 continued Assemblage Number 52 55 56b 58b 64 65b 66a 66b 66c 66d

PPT PPT PPT PPT PLR RRK PNW No of Sum of Assemblage Code WMT SRM SFB 1971 1990 1971 1990 lower lower lower Assemblages MNI upper upper lower lower

Black swan Cygnus atratus 1 1 2 2

Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata p 1 2 1

NZ merganser Mergus australis 1 1 1

Blue Duck Hymenolaimus malacorhyncus 1 1 1

Blue Duck? Hymenolaimus malacorhyncus? 1 1 1

Grey teal Anas gracilis 6 1 6

Brown teal Anas chlorotis 2 2 2 4

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 11 1 2 12

Australasian shoveler Anas rhynchotis 3 1 2 3 6 duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 1 duck?sp Anatidae ?sp p 1 0 heron small ?sp Egretta ?sp 1 1 1

Pied oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus 1 1 2 2 oyster catcher ?sp Haematopus ?sp 1 1 1

Pied stilt Himantopus himantopus 2 1 2

Banded dotterel Charadrius bicinctus 7 1 7

Banded dotterel cf Charadrius bicinctus cf 1 1 2 2 wader small ?sp Charadriiformes ?sp 9 1 1 3 11 wetland subtotal P 42 6 1 2 5 1 1 1 8 59

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 121 1 1 1 4 124

South Island goose Cnemiornis calcitrans 1 1 1

Australasian harrier Circus approximans 1 1 1

Haast’s eagle Aquila moorei 1 1 1

NZ falcon Falco novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

South Island adzebill Aptornis defossor P 1 0

Weka Gallirallus australis 4 1 1 2 4 8

South Island snipe Coenocorypha iredalei 2 1 2 3

South Island snipe cf Coenocorypha iredalei cf 1 1 1

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 24 2 1 1 9 4 2 3 8 46

NZ pigeon? Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae? 2 1 2

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 1 1 1

Kaka? Nestor meridionalis? 2 1 2

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae p 6 2 6

Yellow-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus auriceps 1 1 1 parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 22 2 2 4 5 5 35

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae 1 1 2 2

Laughing owl Sceloglaux albifaces p 1 2 1

South Island kokako Callaeas cinerea 1 1 1

South Island saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus 5 1 5

Saddleback ?sp Philesturnus ?sp 1 1 1

South Island piopio Turnagra capensis 1 1 1

NZ bellbird Anthornis melanura 7 1 1 3 9

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 19 1 1 6 3 5 30

Tui? Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae? 1 1 2 2

NZ pipit Anthus novaeseelandiae 11 1 2 12 waxeye Zosterops lateralis 1 1 1 terrestrial subtotal P 221 9 3 9 28 16 3 9 9 298

TOTAL Small Birds P 506 44 21 42 57 2 38 8 10 10 728 77

8.1 continued Assemblage Number 52 55 56b 58b 64 65b 66a 66b 66c 66d

PPT PPT PPT PPT PLR RRK PNW No of Sum of Assemblage Code WMT SRM SFB 1971 1990 1971 1990 lower lower lower Assemblages MNI upper upper lower lower little bush moa Anomalopteryx didiformis 1? 1 2 3 4 upland moa Megalapteryx didinus 1 1 1 heavy-footed moa Pachyornis elephantopus 5 1 5 pachyornis ?sp Pachyornis ?sp 1 1 1 stout-legged moa Euryapteryx gravis 19 7 1 3 27 eastern moa Emeus crassus p 7 4 1 3 1 6 16

Emeus/Euryapteryx ?sp Emeniae ?sp 4 1 2 3 7

Emeid ?sp Emeid ?sp 1 1 2 2

South Island giant moa Dinornis robustus 5 1 1 3 7 moa ?sp Dinornithiforme ?sp p 35 4 1 3 1 6 44

Total Moa P 70 21 1 2 7 1 5 6 1 10 114 78

8.2 Early/Middle Period (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Asemblage Number 49 50 56a 59a 59b 61a 61b 62b 65a

PLR OMI OMI PRK PRK LOB PNW No of Sum of Assemblage Code OTG TRS upper 1977 2004-5 1978 2001-2 lower upper Assemblages MNI

NZ crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 1 1 4 3 6

Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes 1 3 2 4

penguin Msp Megadyptes ?sp 1 1 1

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 7 2 1 2 2 5 14

Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans 3 1 3

White-capped albatross Thalassarche cauta 1 8 1 3 10

albatross ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 1 p 1 3 2

Southern giant petrel Macronectes giganteus 1 1 1

Cook’s petrel Pterodroma cookii 2 1 2

Broad-billed prion Pachyptila vitata 1 1 1

Fairy prion Pachyptila turtur 1 1 2 2

Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 1 3 2 4

Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris 1 1 1

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 1 2 5 3 8

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 1 2 1 1 1 5 6

petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 1 1 2 2

Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 1 1 1

Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo 1 1 1

Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius 1 1 1

shag Phalacrocorax ?sp Phalacrocorax ?sp 1 1 1

Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo chalconotus 3 1 1 2 4 7

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 4 1 1 1 8 2 4 7 21

shag ?sp Phalacrocoridae ?sp 1 3 2 4

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 1 1 1

Black-billed gull Larus bulleri 1 2 2 3

gull ?sp Laridae ?sp 1 1 1

White-fronted tern Sterna striata 1 1 1

marine subtotal 6 22 3 5 2 31 P 23 17 9 109

Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata 2 1 2 3

Brown teal Anas chlorotis 1 1 1

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 3 1 1 1 4 6

Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 3 1 1 2 4 7

duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 1 3 3

NZ scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae 7 1 2 8

duck?sp Anatidae ?sp 2 1 2

Pukeko Porphyrio melanotus 1 1 1

NZ coot Fulica prisca 1 1 1

wetland subtotal 16 7 2 1 1 3 2 7 32 79

8.2 continued Asemblage Number 49 50 56a 59a 59b 61a 61b 62b 65a

PLR OMI OMI PRK PRK LOB PNW No of Sum of Assemblage Code OTG TRS upper 1977 2004-5 1978 2001-2 lower upper Assemblages MNI

Southern brown kiwi Apteryx australis 1 1 1

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 1 1 2 1 1 5 6

South Island goose Cnemiornis calcitrans 1 1 1

Finsch’s duck Chenonetta finschii 1 1 1

Australasian harrier Circus approximans 3 1 2 4

Eyles’s harrier Circus teauteensis 1 1 1

NZ falcon Falco novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Banded rail Gallirallus philippensis 1 1 2 2

Weka Gallirallus australis 1 4 2 5

South Island takehe Porphyrio hochstetteri 1 1 1

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 2 1 1 2 2 1 5 7 14

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae 1 4 2 5

Yellow-cr. parakeet Cyanoramphus auriceps 2 1 2 parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 1 3 2 4

Morepork Ninox novaeseelandiae 1 1 1

Laughing owl Sceloglaux albifaces 2 1 2 3

South Island kokako Callaeas cinerea 1 1 1

NZ bellbird cf Anthornis melanura cf 1 1 1

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 2 2 5 7

NZ raven Corvus antipodum 1 1 1 passeriforme?sp passeriforme ?sp 1 1 1 terrestrial subtotal 14 8 4 2 9 11 1 14 8 63

Total Small Birds 36 37 9 8 11 43 P 27 33 9 204

little bush moa Anomalopteryx didiformis 1 1 1 upland moa Megalapteryx didinus 1 1 1 heavy-footed moa Pachyornis elephantopus 3 1 3 pachyornis ?sp Pachyornis ?sp 1 1 1 stout-legged moa Euryapteryx gravis 6 2 1 3 9 eastern moa Emeus crassus 1 1 1 1 1 5 5

Emeid ?sp Emeid ?sp 3 1 3

South Island giant moa Dinornis giganteus 5 1 1 3 7 moa ?sp moa ?sp 1 p* p 3 1

Total Moa 16 2 6 2 2 P P 3 8 31 80

8.3 Middle, and Middle/Late Periods (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Period Middle/Late Middle

Assemblage Number 58a 62a 64 67

RRK LOB No of No of Assemblage Code Sum of MNI SHP KHK upper upper Assemblages Assemblages

NZ crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhynchus 2 1 2 3 p 1

Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes 1 1 2 2 0

Little penguin Eudyptula minor 6 1 2 7 p 1

penguin ?sp Spheniscidae ?sp 1 1 1 0

White-capped albatross Thalassarche cauta 1 1 1 p 1

albatross/mollymawk ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 1 1 1 p 1

Fairy prion Pachyptila turtur 3 1 3 0

prion Pachyptila ?sp Pachyptila ?sp 1 1 1 p 1

Sooty shearwater Puffinus griseus 3 1 3 0

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 4 1 4 0

Little shearwater Puffinus assimilis 2 1 2 0

shearwater Puffinus sp Puffinus ?sp 0 0 p 1

White-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina 1 1 1 0

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 8 2 2 10 0

petrel ?sp Procellariidae ?sp 1 1 2 2 p 1

Little shag Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 2 1 2 0

Black shag Phalacrocorax carbo 0 0 p 1

Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius 1 1 2 2 0

shag Phalacrocorax ?sp Phalacrocorax ?sp 1 1 1 0

Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo chalconotus 1 1 1 p 1

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 2 19 2 21 p 1

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 1 1 1 0

gull ?sp Larus ?sp 1 1 1 p 1

marine subtotal 29 41 2 70 P 1

Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata 1 1 2 2 0

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 1 1 1 0

Shoveler Anas rhynchotis 1 1 1 0

duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 1 p 1

NZ scaup Aythya novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 0

NZ coot Fulica prisca 1 1 1 0

Banded dotterel cf Charadrius bicinctus cf 1 1 1 0

wetland subtotal 3 5 2 8 P 1 81

8.3 continued Period Middle/Late Middle Assemblage Number 58a 62a 64 67

RRK LOB No of No of Assemblage Code Sum of MNI SHP KHK upper upper Assemblages Assemblages

Little spotted kiwi Apteryx owenii 1 1 1 0

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 1 1 1 0

NZ falcon Falco novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 p 1

Weka Gallirallus australis 2 1 2 3 0 galliforme sp. Galliforme ?sp 1 1 1 0

South Island snipe cf Coenocorypha iredalei cf 2 1 2 3 0

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 4 1 4 0

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 1 1 2 2 0

Kaka small sp Nestor ?sp 1 1 1 0 parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 1 1 1 0

Laughing owl Sceloglaux albifaces 1 1 2 2 0

South Island kokako Callaeas cinerea 1 1 1 0

South Island saddleback Philesturnus carunculatus 1 1 1 0

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 0 forest/dryland subtotal 18 5 2 23 P 1

bird ?sp p 1

Total Small Birds 50 51 2 101 P P 2

moa ?sp p* 1 0 ?* p* 2

Total Moa P* 2 0 P* P* 2 82

8.4 Late Period (numbers = MNI; p = present; p* = present as artefact raw material)

Assemblage Number 51 57a 57b 60a 60b 63a 63b 63c

KTK- HUR HUR MAP MAP TRH TRH TRH No of Sum of Assesmblage Code 20 1961-3 1983 1966 1983 1972 1992 2005 Assemblages MNI

NZ crested penguin Eudyptes pachyrhyncus 1 1 1

Yellow-eyed penguin Megadyptes antipodes 1 1 2 3 4

Wandering albatross Diomedea exulans 2 1 1 3 4

Royal albatross Diomedea sandfordi 1 1 1

Grey-headed albatross Thalassarche chrysostoma 2 1 2

Buller’s albatross Thalassarche bulleri 1 1 1

White-capped albatross Thalassarche cauta 3 2 1 1 1 2 2 7 9

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 2 3 1 1 3 1 6 9

albatross/mollymawk ?sp Diomedidae ?sp 1 1 2 2

Cook’s petrel cf Pterodroma cookii cf 1 1 1

Broad-billed prion Pachyptila vitata 1 1 1

Fluttering shearwater Puffinus gavia 1 1 1

White-faced storm petrel Pelagodroma marina 1 1 1

Common diving petrel Pelecanoides urinatrix 1 1 2 2

Black Shag Phalacrocorax carbo 2 1 2

Pied shag Phalacrocorax varius 2 1 2

Stewart Island shag Leucocarbo chalconotus 1 7 2 1 1 5 12

Spotted shag Stictocarbo punctatus 2 3 1 1 3 1 6 11

Black-backed gull Larus dominicanus 1 1 1 3 3

red-billed gull Larus novaehollandii 1 1 1

gull ?sp Larus ?sp 1 1 2 2

marine subtotal 9 23 5 2 13 5 4 5 8 66

Paradise shelduck Tadorna variegata 2 1 1 1 4 5

Grey duck Anas superciliosa 1 1 2 2

Australasian shoveler Anas rhynchotis 1 1 1

duck Anas ?sp Anas ?sp 1 1 1

Pied stilt Himantopus leucocephalus 1 1 1

wetland subtotal 2 5 1 1 1 5 10

Southern brown kiwi Apteryx australis 1 1 1

NZ quail Coturnix novaezelandiae 1 1 1

Australasian harrier Circus approximans 1 1 1

Weka Gallirallus australis 1 1 1

NZ pigeon Hemiphaga novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 3 3

Kaka Nestor meridionalis 1 1 1

Red-crowned parakeet Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae 1 1 2 2

parakeet ?sp Cyanoramphus ?sp 1 1 1

Laughing owl Sceloglaux albifaces 1 1 1

South Island kokako Callaeas cinerea 1 1 1

Tui Prosthemadra novaeseelandiae 1 1 1 3 3

terrestrial subtotal 7 3 1 5 4 16

bird ?sp 1 1 1

Total Small Birds 11 35 9 5 18 6 4 5 8 93

moa ?sp p* p* p* 3

Total Moa P* P* P* 3 83 4 1 1 5 6 86 29 13 85 102 145 187 332 Sum of MNI 9 1 7 6 1 1 2 2 7 10 10 10 10 No of No Assemblages (numbers = MNI; p present) 1 1 1 1 2 66d lower PPT 1990 5 4 1 1 1 2 3 11 14 66c lower PPT 1971 4 2 1 4 7 4 11 66b upper PPT 1990 3 1 3 1 4 66a upper PPT 1971

6 4 1 7 5 11 12 23 65b PNW lower 1 1 1 1 3 15 64 16 19 SFB

1 1 1 1 2 3 58b RRK lower

9 4 3 4 1 7 10 21 17 38 PLR 56b lower 6 5 5 57 14 76 55 55 87 131 218 SRM p p p p p P P P 52 WMT Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage fosteri Arctocephalus hookeri Phocarctus Mirounga leonina leptonyx Hydrurga familiaris Canis exulans Rattus fur seal fur seal or sea lion sea lion seal elephant seal? elephant seal leopard whale ?sp marine mammal large marine mammal total dog rat mammals terrestrial total mammals total Appendix 9: Mammals from Otago-Catlins 9: MammalsAppendix from study assemblages 9.1 Early Period 84 0 3 1 4 1 0 1 10 32 45 20 77 97 Sum of MNI 4 1 2 1 3 1 2 2 9 9 8 9 9 No of No Assemblages

3 2 1 4 4 6 8 14 65a PNW upper

2 1 2 1 6 6 6 12 nd 62b LOB lower

p p p P P P 61b PRK 2001-2

2 1 3 11 10 21 24 61a PRK 1978 (numbers = MNI; nd = no data; p = present; p* = present as artefact p* = present material) p = present; raw (numbers = MNI; nd no data;

6 25 31 31 59b OMI 2004-5

1 3 2 1 5 6 59a OMI 1977

3 1 2 4 4 6 10 56a PLR upper p p p P P P 50 TRS p p p P P P p* 49 OTG Assemblage No Assemblage Assemblage Code Assemblage Arctocephalus fosteri Arctocephalus hookeri Phocarctus Mirounga leonina leptonyx Hydrurga familiaris Canis exulans Rattus fur seal fur seal? sea lion seal sea lion or elephant seal elephant seal leopard seal ?sp whale ?sp marine mammal total dog rat mammals terrestrial total mammals total 9.2 Early/Middle Period 85 5 1 1 1 0 6 8 26 32 40 Sum of MNI 5 1 1 1 1 8 5 6 8 8 No of No Assemblages

1 1 2 1 3 4 63c TRH 2005 7 1 1 0 1 5 15 10 20 30

Sum of MNI 1 1 2 2 63b TRH 1992 2 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 2 2

No of No 1 2 1 2 3 Assemblages 63a TRH 1972 Middle/Late

5 1 1 1 8 14

14 22 62a LOB LOB upper 1 1 1 3 1 3 4 7 60b MAP MAP 1983

2 1 5 2 6 8 58a RRK upper 1 3 1 3 4 60a MAP MAP 1966

2 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 5 5 No of No 57b HUR 1983 Assemblages

p p p p P P P 2 2 p* 67 13 13 15 KHK 57a (numbers = MNI; nd = no data; p = present; p* = present as artefact p* = present material) p = present; raw (numbers = MNI; nd no data; HUR Middle 1961-3 p p p P P P p* 51 p p p P P P 54 SHP KTK-20 Period Assemblage No Assemblage Assemblage Code Assemblage Assemblage No Assemblage Code Assemblage fosteri Arctocephalus hectori Cephalorhyncus Delphinus delphis familiaris Canis exulans Rattus Arctocephalus fosteri Arctocephalus hookeri Phocarctus leptonyx Hydrurga familiaris Canis exulans Rattus fur seal sea lion seal leopard seal ?sp whale ?sp marine mammal total dog rat mammals terrestrial total mammals total fur seal fur seal? hectors dolphin dolphin common whale ?sp marine mammal total dog rat mammals terrestrial total mammals total 9.3 Middle, and Middle/Late Periods Period 9.4 Late