UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Nigeria Humanitarian

UNICEF/Nigeria/Mark Naftalin Situation Report

Highlights 01- 31 March 2018  The reporting period witnessed high levels movement of IDPs, with a 4.5 million total of 16,542 new arrivals, 3,068 departures and 201 transit Children in need of humanitarian assistance movements across 33 LGAs in Borno and Adamawa States. (Humanitarian Response Plan, 2018)  A total of 35 new cases of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) with 3 deaths 7.7 million were reported in Yusufari and Bade LGAs, Yobe State. Laboratory People in need of humanitarian assistance in tests confirmed the presence of cholera. the northeast states of Borno, Adamawa and  A total of 195,804 medical consultations were supported by UNICEF Yobe for 2017 (Humanitarian Response Plan, in 2018, out of which 91,184 consultations were made within the 2017) reporting period. 6.1 million  UNICEF and its implementing partners have provided critical child People targeted in the northeast states of protection services to 200,160 children and caregivers in the crisis- Borno, Adamawa and Yobe (Humanitarian affected states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe since the start of 2018. Response Plan, 2018)  Though critically underfunded at 80% and 90%, WASH and Health 1.5 million reached a total 128,446 and 195,804 conflict-affected people Internally displaced people in Adamawa, respectively during the reporting period. Increased funding is Borno and Yobe states urgently required in these Sectors for an integrated UNICEF response (IOM DTM Round XXI, February 2018) to crises-affected children in north east Nigeria. 16,542 UNICEF’s Response with Partners Newly displaced people

UNICEF Sector/Cluster (IOM DTM Round XXI, February 2018)

UNICEF Total Cluster Total FUNDING STATUS 2018* Target Results* Target Results* Nutrition: Number of Children aged 6 to 59 months with SAM 215,292 63,309 307,516 92,449 admitted to therapeutic care Carry WASH: Number of people forward provided with access to safe 1,050,000 794,040 2,100,000 794,040 amount: water $ 43.9 m Health: Number of consultations for IDPs and TBC 637,206 affected host communities Funds Child Protection: Number of received children and adolescents Funding gap: current year: 367,050 151,266 540,000 194,773 $ 87.3 m benefiting from PSS services $17.7m and life skills Education: Number of children accessing learning *Funds available include funding received for through rehabilitated 562,250 3,880 626,200 5,545 the current appeal year as well as funds classrooms/established carried-forward from the previous year temporary learning spaces. *Total Results are cumulative, since January 2018

UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Situation Overview & Humanitarian Needs More than 1.634.000 people remain internally displaced across the three north eastern states of Adamawa, Borno and

Yobe, of whom 83.5% are in Borno1. The reporting period witnessed a high level of movement, with a total of 16, 542 new arrivals, 3,068 departures and 201 transit movements recorded across 33 LGAs in Borno and Adamawa states. The main reasons for the returns are improved security and voluntary relocation, while new displacement is propelled by poor living conditions, fear of attack, ongoing conflict and military operations2.

On 23rd March, the Nigerian Government announced its intention to facilitate the return of IDPs from Maiduguri to Bama LGA. Bama currently has the largest number of displaced people (203,374) still outside of the LGA, and at the same time also hosts the highest number of IDPs (49,139 persons DTM Round XXI) of all Borno LGAs. The first voluntary returns exercise, supported by a government package of 10,000 Naira cash, a 50kg bag of rice, and a bag of maize flour per family, was scheduled for 2nd April. Humanitarian actors have emphasized the importance of ensuring that all returns processes take place in a safe, voluntary, and dignified manner, and take into consideration the capacity of state and other actors to meet the needs of returnees.

As of 31st March, 133 cases of Acute Watery Diarrhea (AWD) with 12 deaths (a case fatality rate of 9%) were reported in Bade and Yusufari LGAs of Yobe State. Laboratory tests confirmed the presence of cholera. WASH and health partners - including UNICEF, WHO, VCM, MSF Spain, State Ministry of Health (SMoH), State Primary Health Care Board (SPHCMB) and LGAs authorities - are responding in the affected areas. Meanwhile, the number of cholera cases in Kukawa LGA continues to decline following responses by UNICEF and partners. A total number of 639 cases and 3 deaths were reported at the end of March (resulting in a case fatality rate of 0.5%).

On 1st March, members of a non-state armed groups attacked the military camp in Rann, killing seven military personnel. Hostilities also resulted in the deaths of three humanitarian workers (including a doctor working for a UNICEF contractor) and the abduction of three female health workers (including a nurse working for a UNICEF contractor). Humanitarian activities in Rann were suspended as a result of the attack, temporarily leaving the local population and an estimated 40,000 IDPs without life-saving assistance. The attack also resulted in the closure of the only school in Rann, thus halting learning opportunities for 7300 children (46% of whom are girls) and the destruction of 2,700 school bags with essential learning materials prepositioned in preparation for new enrolment. All teachers have moved to Maiduguri following the attack. Estimated Population in Need of Humanitarian Assistance (Estimates calculated based on initial figures from HRP 2018 and HNO 2018)

Start of humanitarian response: Total (Million) Male Female Comment3 Total Population in Need 7.7 3.3 4.4 57%F, 43M (2018 HNO/HRP) Children (Under 18) 4.5 2.0 2.5 58% (2018 HRP) Children Under Five 1.5 0.6 0.9 20% (VTS used for 2018 HNO) Children 6 to 23 months 0.5 0.2 0.3 6% (Nutrition sector estimate)

Pregnant and lactating women 0.6 0.6 8% (Nutrition sector estimate)

Humanitarian Strategy UNICEF in 2018 is focusing on improving the quality of its response, in addition to continuous scale up of delivery to populations in need in Borno, Yobe and Adamawa states in coordination with the Government, other United Nations agencies, and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). UNICEF is providing targeted services to the most affected within IDP and host communities; in locations where both are present, UNICEF aims to provide equal access to services.

IOM DTM Round XXI (February 2018). 2 IO2M ETT reports March 2018 3 Estimated Planning figures are from Humanitarian Needs Overview (HNO), Humanitarian Response Plan (HRP) and Vaccination Tracking System (VTS). UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

UNICEF has continued to diversify and strengthen its partnerships, and has signed 11 new Programme Cooperation Agreement (PCAs) with NGOs. To deliver nutrition services, UNICEF has supported the State Primary Health Care Development Agency (SPHCDA) to set up 35 outreach sites in Borno (MMC 21; Jere 9; Mafa 3 and Konduga 2) and 26 in Yobe (Barde 3; Karasuwa 3; Jakusko 4; Nguru 3; Bursari 4; Geidam 3; Gulani 3 and Yusufari 3). In addition, 10 mobile teams have been established in Gwoza, Pulka, Izge, Bama, Banki, Damasak, Kukawa, Gubio, Rann and Dikwa of Borno providing integrated nutrition services to 50 sites.

Summary Analysis of Programme Response Nutrition During the reporting period, 21,890 children with severe acute malnutrition (SAM) were admitted to UNICEF-supported treatment facilities in the three north-east states. Overall, the performance indicators for the community management of acute malnutrition (CMAM) are within the Sphere standards, with 93.5 per cent cure rate, 4.7 per cent defaulter rate, 0.7 per cent non-responder and 0.4 per cent death rate. A total of 10,497 children (6 – 23 months) received micronutrient powder and 7,802 new mothers/caregivers were reached with support and counselling on infant and young child feeding. These results were achieved through: 1. Continued active SAM case detection at the community level: a total of 1,664,380 children under five years of age were screened, out of which 15,889 children with SAM were identified and referred to the treatment centers. 2. Continued treatment and follow up at the OTPs.

In addition, programme monitoring was improved through the training of 31 LGA facilitators (7 females and 24 males) and 32 nutrition focal persons (23 females and 9 males) on real time data collection and reporting from the health facilities to the LGAs and states for Borno and Yobe states.

Health A total of 195,804 persons, including children, were reached with Causes of morbidity integrated primary health care (PHC) services in UNICEF-supported (#consultations) health facilities in the IDP camps and host communities in the three north- Malaria 27,853 eastern States. A total of 91,184 consultations were conducted by UNICEF Respiratory infection 21,440 and partners, with malaria being the major cause of morbidity (27,853), Acute watery diarrhoea 11,448 followed by acute respiratory infection (21,440), acute watery diarrhoea Measles 155 (11,448), measles (155) and other medical conditions (30,288). Others medical conditions 30,288 A total of 100,434 prevention services were recorded during this reporting period. This includes:  4,092 children (6months-15 years) who were vaccinated against measles  60,528 children and pregnant women who were reached with various other antigens (including 10,495 children who received Vitamin A supplements and 22,375 people who received Albendazole tablets for deworming)  13,930 pregnant women who were reached with ante-natal care, and 14 pregnant women in who received mosquito nets  2,026 safe deliveries  2,160 women who received post-natal care.

UNICEF provided technical support to the Adamawa State Ministry of Health (SMOH) for the assessment of proposed returnees from Cameroon at the transit/stabilization camp in Namtari community of Yola South LGA before they are returned to their areas of origin.

WASH UNICEF, through RUWASSA, reached 124,446 people affected by conflict with access to safe drinking water through the construction/rehabilitation of water systems in Borno and Adamawa States. In Borno, UNICEF and partners contructed 10 handpumps and 7 solar-powered boreholes in Bama (reaching 7,880 people) and 6 solar-powered boreholes in Konduga (reaching 25,760 people), Gubio (reaching 14,360 people), and Ngala (reaching 8,600 people). In Adamawa State, UNICEF and partners also installed 11 hand-pump boreholes in Hong (reaching 1,440 people), Yola South (reaching UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

550 people), and Furfore (reaching 300 people). An additional 8,666 persons in Maiduguri town (in Dalori 1, MMC, and GSSS IDP camps) were reached with 15l/p/d of water supply through emergency water trucking.

UNICEF, through CIDAR, sustained access to safe water supply to 311,400 living in host communities of Jere and MMC through batch chlorination of 679 water points4. Another 223,435 people in 18 IDP camps in MMC, Jere, Konduga, Monguno, Bama and Dikwa LGAs are accessing water through operation and maintenance of 98 WASH facilities carried out in collaboration with RUWASSA, CIDAR and DRC.

UNICEF, through RUWASSA, reached a total 19,100 people with access to safe sanitation facilities during the reporting period. A total of 1,900 children and returnees in primary schools and temporary learning spaces in camps5 were reached through the construction of 38 VIP latrines. Another 84 emergency latrines and 56 bath shelters were provided for 4,200 people in GGSS camp in Monguno LGA, while 3,400 malnourished children and their families, including SAM caregivers in 34 CMAM centers, benefitted through the construction of 68 emergency VIP latrines6. Additionally, in Yobe State, 7,600 people (including 5,800 children) in primary schools and MCH centers 7were reached with access to sanitation through the provision of 148 VIP latrines.

UNICEF, through private LTA contractors, enabled 16,900 affected people regain access to improved sanitation through the desludging of 368 latrines in Dalori FTC (301), Garba Buzu (21), EYN CAN camp (30), and Kawar Maila (16). A further 276,706 IDPs enjoyed sustained access to improved sanitation through garbage removal, latrine cleaning and disinfection in 39 camps in Dikwa, Mafa and Monguno, Rann, Pulka and Ngala IDPs camps.

To promote proper hygiene behaviours at the household level, 6000 people (1000 households) received family WASH kits (including water containers, kettles and soaps) in Pulka and Gwoza LGAs in Borno state. In Adamawa State, mass hygiene promotion sessions were held in Hong, , , LGAs reaching 2,475 returnees and host communities while 1,290 people (215 Households) received 215 family WASH kits in selected communities within these same LGAs.

UNICEF WASH teams responded to the cholera outbreak in Doro, Baga, Kukawa LGA through daily trucking of 30m3 of safe water to the health clinic and primary school in Doron Baga with sustained access to 15 l/p/d of water for 2,000 persons for 28 days. UNICEF also supported the construction of 18 emergency latrines, 4 bath shelters, 10 emergency VIP latrines, and 6 hand washing stations reaching 2,000 affected people in Doro PHC and Doro primary school with improved sanitation.

Education UNICEF and partners improved education conditions for 21,268 conflict-affected children (12,756 girls; 8,512 boys) in Yobe and Adamawa States through the provision of essential teaching and learning materials: 17,903 (10,742 girls; 7,161 boys) in Adamawa and 3,365 (2,014 girls; 1,351 boys) children in Yobe. The materials were provided in 505 schools in both states: 497 schools in Adamawa State (Magali, , Hong, Gombi, , Girei, Yola South, and LGAs) and 8 schools in Yobe State (Damaturu and Nguru LGAs).

A total of 24,000 boys and girls in the 3 states8 have started benefitting from the training of 120 volunteer teachers (78 men and 42 women) whose knowledge and capacities were built in classroom management, basic pedagogy, education- in-emergencies, psychosocial support in learning environment, planning for purposeful learning experiences, gender based violence and record keeping.

Furthermore, 18 school based committee members (12 male and 6 female) from MMC and Jere LGAs in Borno state were trained in community engagement in enrolment of vulnerable children, school governance, school development planning and supervision of teaching and learning.

4 in Dala Lawanti, Dusuman, Galtimari, Ngomari, Mairi, Maisandari, Mashamari, Shehuri North and South, Bolori 2, Bulabulin, Gwange 1 and Lamisula wards. 5 within Konduga (100), Mafa (100), Magumeri (200), Dikwa (800), Monguno (600), Gwoza (100) in Borno State. 6 in Bayo (500), Biu (500), Chibok (400), Hawul (500), Kwaya Kusar (900), Shani (600) in Borno State 7 within communities of Potiskum (800), Damaturu (1,300), Geidam (800), Gujba (600), Gulani (2,600), Jakusco (500), Tarmua (200), Yunusari (400), Karasuwa (400) 8 Yobe State (Gujba and Gulani); Borno State (MMC, Jere, Biu, Dikwa, and Mobbar); and Adamawa State (Michika and ). UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Child Protection In the first quarter of 2018, UNICEF and its implementing partners provided critical child protection services to 200,160 children and caregivers in crisis-affected states of Borno, Adamawa and Yobe. The total number reached during this period represents 35% of the 2018 HAC target. This number includes 37,123 children (18,060 girls and 19,063 boys) and 2,620 caregivers (1,239 women and 1,381 men) reached in March alone.

The steady increase in coverage is attributed in parts to improved capacities of implementing partners as well as UNICEF LGA consultants in timely and accurate reporting and monitoring of results, but also to scale-up of provision of psychosocial, life skills, risk education, case management and reintegration services to targeted children. In Borno, 38 child protection workers (20 males, 18 females) from MCC, Jere and Konduga LGAs participated in a three-day refresher training to increase their capacity to help reinforce children and adolescents’ coping mechanisms and psychosocial wellbeing.

UNICEF’s implementing partner CHAD facilitated family tracing and reunification of 71 unaccompanied and separated children (41 boys and 30 girls) with their families in Bama, Banki, Dikwa, Monguno, Konduga, MMC/Jere and Pulka. Fifteen child survivors of gender based violence benefited from case management by accessing medical support, psychosocial support, food and livelihood assistance.

Through the Borno State Ministry of Justice (SMOJ), UNICEF supported the documentation of 2,996 children (2,976 boys, 20 girls) associated with Civilian Joint Task Force (CJTF) in Borno state as part of the implementation of the CJTF Action Plan signed in September 2017. The UN Country Task Force on Monitoring and Reporting (CTFMR) comprised of UNICEF, UNHCR and IOM continued the joint verification of these children. By end of March 2018, a total of 969 children (810 boys, 159 girls) in five sectors of the CJTF within Maiduguri city were interviewed and their level of association with CJTF was assessed. 560 out of 969 children were verified as having been recruited and used by CJTF mainly in support roles.

In partnership with Mines Advisory Group (MAG) and Danish Demining Group (DDG), UNICEF provided risk education information to 11,133 persons including 8,767 children (3,865 girls, 4,902 boys) and 2,366 adults (985 women, 1,381 men) in Adamawa and Borno States to protect themselves from the dangers of improvised explosive devices, unexploded ordnance and explosive remnants of war. In Borno State, 4,353 girls and women participated in peer to peer sessions, and community dialogues to promote social cohesion and facilitate reintegration of survivors of conflict-related sexual violence in their communities.

Communications for Development (C4D), Community Engagement & Accountability As part of programme integrated sensitization of UNICEF, community mobilizers reached out to over 64,000 households. They sensitized and mobilized nearly 200,000 caregivers and decision makers in the households to complete routine immunization schedules, observe good hygiene and sanitation practices, seek health services for pregnant women, register under-fives in IDP camps, facilitate administration of the polio vaccine to children who have never received polio vaccine before, and carryout surveillance for polio cases.

In efforts to improve school retention and enrolment, 27,000 units of nine different materials promoting safe schools are being distributed in Borno State. The materials are being distributed through 60 UNICEF-supported radio clubs spread across various IDP camps and host communities in Borno.

Supply and Logistics During the reporting period, UNICEF provided the State Ministry of Health (SMOH) and State Primary Health Care Development Agency (SPHCDA) in the three states with 263 Nigeria Health Kits (NHKs), 195 in Borno, 62 in Yobe and six in Adamawa, for integrated emergency primary health care services to reach both IDPs and vulnerable host community members. Each kit can serve 500 persons.

UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Media and External Communication To increase awareness of the issues facing children and women affected by the ongoing conflict in north east Nigeria both locally and internationally, UNICEF continues to actively engage both international and national media, including social media outlets. In March 2018, some of the media activities are as follow: - UNICEF issued a press release following the attack and deaths of humanitarian workers in Rann on March 1. - UNICEF issued a press release following the release of the abducted Dapchi school girls on March 23. The release was also shared on UNICEF Nigeria’s social media outlets that have a combined following of over 180,000 people. - A number of UNICEF experts from the Field Office continue taking part in a series of radio programmes on Dandal Kura, a radio station reaching close to 10 million Kanuri and Hausa speaking listeners in the northeast. The experts were interviewed on education, health, and malnutrition challenges as well as the conflict’s impact on children. - With support from the Japanese National Committee, UNICEF Nigeria’s communication team facilitated the visit of a Japanese journalist from The Asahi Shimbun Newspaper, one of the five national newspapers in Japan with a circulation of over 7 million. The paper published articles on health care and child protection in Borno. - With the Dutch National Committee, the communication team facilitated an article on the UNICEF response in north east Nigeria that featured a former Dutch Emergency Coordinator.

Security The security situation remains volatile, with ongoing clashes between non-state armed groups and Government forces. Borno State’s overall Security Risk Management (SRM) Risk Level remains at 5, with Maiduguri urban area and Yobe State at Level 4 and Adamawa State at Level 3.

The current security context in north-east Nigeria is characterized by a low-intensity asymmetric confrontation between Government forces and non-state armed groups. Instances of general banditry, criminality as well as kidnapping for ransom are common.

Funding In 2018, UNICEF is requesting US$ 149 million to reach 3.9 million people, including 3.4 million children. In 2018, contributions have been received from the Governments of Germany, Norway and the UK, as well as the Japanese and Danish Committee for UNICEF, and the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF). Funds currently available amount to US$ 61.6 million including a US$ 43.9 million carry-over from 2017. The funding gap remains at 59 per cent, with the most critical funding shortfalls observed in health (90 per cent), WASH (80 per cent) and child protection (71 per cent). This shortage in funding is hindering UNICEF’s ability to deliver an integrated package of WASH, nutrition and health services for the survival and development of vulnerable children. Funding Requirements (as defined in the 2018 Humanitarian Action for Children (HAC) Funds available Funding gap Funds Received Appeal Sector Requirements Current Year Carry-Over $ %

WASH 19,448,000 130,358 3,812,091 15,505,551 80%

Education 34,723,000 3,924,977 15,007,831 15,790,192 45%

Health 26,267,000 769,078 1,961,115 23,536,807 90%

Nutrition 38,754,000 8,928,357 17,110,571 12,715,072 33%

Child Protection 25,743,000 3,544,928 3,834,054 18,364,018 71%

EPR 4,065,000 433,345 2,206,613 1,425,043 35%

Total 149,000,000 17,731,042 43,932,275 87,336,683 59%

* Funds available includes funding received against current appeal as well as carry-forward from the previous year. UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Next SitRep: 16/05/2018

Whom to Mohamed Malick Fall Isiye Ndombi Nicola Bennett Representative Deputy Representative a.i. Emergency Manager contact for UNICEF Nigeria UNICEF Nigeria UNICEF Nigeria further Tel : +234 803 402 0870 Tel: +234 803 402 3297 Tel: +234 803 4035235 Email : [email protected] Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] information:

UNICEF NIGERIA COUNTRY OFFICE HUMANITARIAN SITUATION REPORT Sitrep no. 03, 01-31 March 2018

Annex A SUMMARY OF PROGRAMME RESULTS UNICEF and IPs Sector Response Change Change since since Overall 2018 Total last 2018 Total last needs Target9 Results* report Target Results* report NUTRITION Number of Children aged 6 to 59 months with SAM admitted to therapeutic care for specified period of time 395,571 215,230 63,309 21,890 307,560 92,449 31,763 Proportion of children 6-59 months with severe acute malnutrition recovered >75% 93.5 0.1 >75% 92.7 -0.7 Number of caregivers of children 0-23 months with access to IYCF counselling for appropriate feeding 519,640 69,641 7,802 743,006 69,641 7,802 Number of new children 6-23 months in the affected areas receiving multiple micronutrient powder 292,446 48,668 10,497 418,141 55,565 17,394 HEALTH Number of children 6 months - 15 years vaccinated against measles 2,892,925 TBC 13,326 4,092 Number of consultations for IDPs and affected host communities 3,900,000 TBC 637,206 195,804 Number of pregnant women and children under 5 years given and sleeping under mosquito nets 1,732,938 96 14 WATER, SANITATION & HYGIENE Number of people provided with access to safe water per agreed standards 2,886,000 1, o50,000 794,040 128,446 2,100,000 794,040 128,446 Number of people with access to improved sanitation facilities. 1,000,000 250,000 71,700 19,100 600,000 71,700 19,100 Number of people benefiting from sustained environmental sanitation services (solid waste management and latrines cleaning and desludging of latrines) TBC 600,000 360,806 16,900 1,000,000 360,806 16,900 Number of people exposed to community tailored hygiene messages aiming at hygienic behaviour and practices. 2,886,000 1,000,000 71,193 6,000 2,000,000 71,193 6,000 Number of people benefiting from basic hygiene items including top-ups. 2,886,000 500,000 61,500 1,290 1,500,000 61,500 1,290 CHILD PROTECTION Number of children and adolescents benefiting from PSS services and life skills 785,000 367,050 151,266 25,926 540,000 194,773 34,392 Number of children facing protection risks (violence, neglect, abuse, family separation) who received case management services 34,000 10,500 4,560 2,374 15,000 9,413 3,091 Number of children and adolescents who have suffered from grave child rights violations including those formerly associated with armed groups or those returning from captivity who benefit from socio-economic assistance to successfully reintegrate into their communities TBC 5,280 1,236 310 7,000 1,447 396 Number of children, adolescents and caregivers benefiting from mine risk education10 800,000 175,000 43,098 11,133 250,000 75,678 25,138 EDUCATION Number of children accessing learning through rehabilitated classrooms/ established temporary learning spaces 1,239,820 562,250 3,880 0 626,200 5,545 1,425 Number of girls and boys receiving education supplies and/or teaching/learning materials 2,847,464 1,458,000 54,527 21,268 1,871,424 68,784 34,436 Children attending school with teacher trained in PSS11 1,071,450 24,000 24,000 1,302,950 30,052 29,867

9 Some Section targets have changed based on new sector agreements, this figures will be changed after UNICEF’s official amendment of the Nigeria HAC 10 CP sub-sector intends to report on mine risk related activities from the current Sitrep onward. 11 Children with teachers trained PSS also receive learning materials