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Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 MÄENDUS Mäeinstituut 2014 Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 © Mäeinstituut http://mi.ttu.ee/kogumik/ 2 Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 Mäendus 2014 Kogumiku toimetuskolleegium Ingo Valgma – toimetaja Martin Saarnak - küljendaja Toimetus:s Ingo Valgma, Vivika Väizene, Margit Kolats, Gaia Grossfeldt, Veiko Karu, Martin Nurme Esikaas: Maardu fosforiidikarjääri lõputranšee Annotatsioon Mäeinstituudi kogumik koondnimetusega „Mäendus“ koondab aktuaalsete mäendusuuringute põhjal koostatud artikleid. Riikliku energiatehnoloogiate programmi raames on tehtud nii põlevkivi kui põlevkivi jääkide ja jäätmete kasutamise laiaulatuslikke uuringuid. Nii põlevkivi kui teiste maavarade ja geotehnoloogia on seotud mitmed Eesti Teadusfondi grandiuuringud, kus uuritakse varinguid, tektoonikat ja kaevanduste täitmist. Mitmed seired ja projekteerimistööd käsitlevad keskkonnamõju ja tehnoloogilisi lahendusi. Käivitunud on maavarade raimamise ja kaeviste rikastamise uuringud ning katsetööd. Kogumik on seotud järgnevate Mäeinstituudi uuringute ja projektidega: Põlevkivi kadudeta ja keskkonnasäästlik kaevandamine (3.2.0501.11-0025) - mi.ttu.ee/etp; MIN - NOVATION - Kaevandamise ja kaevandamisjääkide/jäätmete uuringud Eestis ja Läänemere piirkonnas (VIR491) – mi.ttu.ee/min-novation; Kivimi raimamine ja rikastamine valikmeetoditega (B36) – mi.ttu.ee/rikastamine. Täpne Mäeinstituudi projektide loetelu asub projektide veebilehel: mi.ttu.ee/projektid. Viitamine kogumikule: Valgma, I.; Väizene, V.; Kolats, M.; Grossfeldt, G.; Karu, V. (2014). Mäendus. Tallinn: TTÜ Mäeinstituut Viitamine artiklile: Valgma, I., Kolats, M., Grossfeldt, G. (2014). Mäenduslikud õpiobjektid. Valgma, I.; Väizene, V.; Kolats, M.; Karu, V.; Grossfeldt, G. (Toim.). Mäendus (7-26). Tallinn: TTÜ Mäeinstituut ISBN 978-9949-430-81-9 (CD) ISBN 978-9949-430-80-2 (pdf aadressil mi.ttu.ee/kogumik) Autoriõigus: TTÜ Mäeinstituut, 2014-11-15 © Mäeinstituut http://mi.ttu.ee/kogumik/ 3 Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 ETISe kategooria 3.2 – eelretsenseeritud kogumik, vt. www.etis.ee Sisukord 1. Eessõna ...................................................................................................................... 11 2. Mäenduse ajalugu enne seda kui Eestist sai mäetööstusmaa .................................... 12 3. Põlevkivi kvaliteedi ja kaevandamistehnoloogia uuringud ....................................... 31 4. Mäenduslikud õpiobjektid ......................................................................................... 40 5. Kaasaegsed ehitus- ja mäemasinad............................................................................ 49 6. Eesti põlevkivi kaevandamisviisid ............................................................................ 56 7. Eesti maavarad, nende kaevised ja kasutusalad ......................................................... 69 8. Mäeinstituudi põlevkiviuuringutest ........................................................................... 75 9. Põlevkivi kaevandamise tehnoloogiate keskkonnamõjust aastatel 2016-2030 ......... 83 10. Põlevkivi kaod ......................................................................................................... 100 11. Keskkonnaprobleemid põlevkivi, lubjakivi, liiva, kruusa ja turba mäeeraldiste kasutuselevõtul ................................................................................................................ 109 12. Kaardistamine ja mäetööde plaanid ......................................................................... 113 13. Põlevkivivaru ümberhindamine alaplokkides ......................................................... 119 14. Põlevkivi kaevandamisest ning ühest võimalikust tulevikutehnoloogiast .............. 123 15. Pilootseade kaevandamisel tekkinud jääkide ja jäätmete töötlemiseks ning uute kasutusalade leidmiseks .................................................................................................. 133 16. Inertsed täiematerjalid ............................................................................................. 144 17. Linttervikutega kamberkaevandamise tehnoloogia ................................................. 148 18. Lõhketööde mõjust kaubapõlevkivi klassi 0…30 mm väljatulekule ....................... 153 19. Ojamaa kaevandus – Eesti kõige uuema kaevanduse toodang õlitehasele .............. 164 20. Pinnasepuur - hõlbus abimees geoloogilisel praktikumil ........................................ 170 21. Maardu kaevandamisala vee kvaliteet ..................................................................... 175 22. Mäendusmakett- õppetöö lahutamatu osa ............................................................... 186 23. Mäeinseneride elukestev õpe ................................................................................... 190 24. Põlevkivi rikastamisjääkide ladustamine ja alternatiivne kasutamine .................... 199 25. Võllpurustuskopa eelised lõugpurustuskopa ees ..................................................... 204 26. Modelleeritud müramudeli kehtivus Eesti õigusruumis .......................................... 210 27. Põlevkivituha taaskasutamisega seotud õigusaktid ................................................. 214 28. Lühieekombaini kasutamise mõjud varingute tekkele kirde-eesti põlevkivikaevandustes .................................................................................................... 223 © Mäeinstituut http://mi.ttu.ee/kogumik/ 4 Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 29. Määruse „Lõhketöö projektile esitatavad nõuded“ vastavus praeguste kaevandamistingimustega põlevkivikaevanduses ........................................................... 235 30. Ülekaevandamine, seadusandlusest tulenevad nõuded ja karistused Oorema IV kruusakarjääri näitel ........................................................................................................ 246 31. Kutseomistamine mäenduses ................................................................................... 251 Research projects in Mining Department (http://mi.ttu.ee/projects) .............................. 263 Mäeinstituudi projektid, uuringud ja osalemine uuringutes (http://mi.ttu.ee/projektid/) 263 Mäeinstituudi personal .................................................................................................... 297 Tagasi ülikooli ................................................................................................................ 301 Tabelid Tabel 2-1 Varajase mäenduse aegrida [2,4,5] ................................................................... 12 Tabel 3-1 Ojamaa kaevanduse laiendamise võimaluste analüüs ...................................... 33 Tabel 3-2 Mäeinstituudi poolt viimastel aastatel teostatud põlevkiviuuringud. Vt. lisa aadressilt: mi.ttu.ee/projektid [9] ...................................................................................... 34 Tabel 5-1 Mäemasinate infoportaal .................................................................................. 53 Tabel 6-1Avakaevandamise perioodid Eesti põlevkivi karjäärides [2] ............................ 66 Tabel 6-2 Kaevandamisviiside perioodid Eesti põlevkivi kaevandustes [2] .................... 66 Tabel 7-1 Eesti põhiliste maavarade kasutusala ja varu jääk seisuga 2013 lõpp [8] ........ 70 Tabel 8-1 Aktiivsed põlevkivi kaevandamisload seisuga 2014 (Maa-amet, 05.10.2014) 75 Tabel 10-1 Mitmesugused kaevandamise kaod aastal 1982 [17] ................................... 105 Tabel 11-1. Müra sumbuvus metsas ............................................................................... 110 Tabel 12-1 Markšeideri täiendused aja, nime ja allkirjaga planšeti kirjanurgas ............. 113 Tabel 13-1 Põlevkivikihtide paksuse statistiline analüüs ............................................... 120 Tabel 14-1 Suuremamahulisemad katsetööd purustuskoppadega Eestis Mäeinsituudi osalusel ............................................................................................................................ 129 Tabel 15-1 MIN-NOVATION projekti pilootseadmed .................................................. 134 Tabel 16-1 Killustiku kui täiematerjali mõõdetud (reaalsed) ja soovituslikud parameetrid ......................................................................................................................................... 145 Tabel 17-1. Sammas- ja linttervikute kadude võrdlus .................................................... 148 Tabel 18-1 Katselõhkamised ........................................................................................... 158 Tabel 19-1Põlevkivi ja lubjakivi purunemise võrdlus simuleerimis tarkvaral ............... 167 Tabel 20-1 Tudengite poolt mõõdetud punktid turbaväljal ............................................ 173 Tabel 21-1 Fosforiidikaevandamise alade iseloomulikud andmed, koos veemahtudega 178 Tabel 21-2 Maardu järve ja kaevandatud alade tehnoloogiliste veekogude (kraavide) vee ökoloogiline seisund füüsikaliste ja keemiliste näitajate järgi (aritmeetilised keskmised kõigist vaatlusandmetest aastatel 2011-2013). [10, 27] .................................................. 180 Tabel 21-3 Maardu piirkonna vooluvee pinnaveekogumite ökoloogilise seisundi määramine füüsikalis-keemiliste klasside kvaliteedinäitajate ja üldtingimuste järgi © Mäeinstituut http://mi.ttu.ee/kogumik/ 5 Mäendus. Mäeinstituut 2014 vastavalt lisale 4 keskkonnaministri määrusele nr 44 (jõustunud 28.11.2010.a). [11, 27] ......................................................................................................................................... 181 Tabel 22-1 Geodisaini kursustel
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