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Ida-Virumaa Majanduse Ja Tööturu Kohandamine Põlevkivitööstuse Vähenemisega

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Ida-Virumaa Majanduse Ja Tööturu Kohandamine Põlevkivitööstuse Vähenemisega 2020 Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega Praxis 2020 RITA2/104 uuringu „Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega“ tellis Rahandusministeerium riigihankega (viitenumber 221168). Uuring on rahastatud RITA programmist rakendusuuringuna, uuringut rahastasid Sihtasutus Eesti Teadusagentuur, Majandus- ja Kommunikatsiooniministeerium ja Rahandusministeerium. Autorid: Aleksandr Michelson, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Kaupo Koppel, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Kirsti Melesk, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Kadri Arrak, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Merilen Laurimäe, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Meeli Murasov, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Gerli Paat-Ahi, Sihtasutus Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Andreas Piwek, välisekspert Töö valmimisele on aidanud kaasa ka: Hanna-Stella Haaristo, Liis Kasemets, Laura Mallene ja Jane Ester. Uuringu käigus konsulteeris uuringumeeskond SEI Tallinna eksperdiga. Uurimismeeskond tänab valideerimisseminaril osalejaid ja kõiki intervjueerituid. Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis on Eesti esimene sõltumatu mittetulunduslik mõttekeskus, mille eesmärk on toetada analüüsile, uuringutele ja osalusdemokraatia põhimõtetele rajatud poliitika kujundamise protsessi. SA Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis Ahtri 6A 10151 Tallinn tel 6 408 000 www.praxis.ee Väljaande autoriõigus kuulub Poliitikauuringute Keskusele Praxis. Väljaandes sisalduva teabe kasutamisel palume viidata allikale: Michelson, A., Koppel, K., Melesk, K., Arrak, K., Laurimäe, M., Murasov, M., Gerli Paat-Ahi, G., Piwek, A. (2020). Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega. Tallinn: Poliitikauuringute Keskus Praxis. 2 ISBN 978-9949-662-27-2 (pdf) Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega Praxis 2020 Sisukord Lühikokkuvõte ........................................................................................................................................... 5 Executive summary .................................................................................................................................... 9 Краткая аннотация ................................................................................................................................. 14 Sissejuhatus ............................................................................................................................................. 19 1. Metoodika ........................................................................................................................................ 22 1.1. Uurimisstrateegia........................................................................................................... 22 1.2. Stsenaariumite valik ....................................................................................................... 22 1.3. Kvantitatiivsed andmed ja meetodid ............................................................................. 27 1.4. Kvalitatiivsed andmed ja meetodid ............................................................................... 30 1.5. Valideerimisseminar ...................................................................................................... 31 2. Eeldatavad sotsiaal-majanduslikud mõjud ....................................................................................... 32 2.1. Ida-Virumaa põlevkivisektori kirjeldus........................................................................... 32 2.2. Sektori kahanemise mõjud rahvastikule ja tööturule .................................................... 35 2.3. Mõjud regiooni majandusele ......................................................................................... 39 2.4. Mõjud majanduslikule toimetulekule ............................................................................ 49 2.5. Perspektiivsed kasvuvaldkonnad ................................................................................... 51 2.6. Mõjud täiend- ja ümberõppe vajadusele ...................................................................... 65 2.7. Mõjud tervisele .............................................................................................................. 80 3. Välisriikide praktika analüüs ............................................................................................................. 86 3.1. Astuuria, Hispaania ........................................................................................................ 86 3.2. Sileesia, Poola ................................................................................................................ 92 3.3. Houthalen-Helchteren, Belgia........................................................................................ 96 3.4. Ruhri piirkond, Saksamaa .............................................................................................. 97 3.5. Praegune olukord: söetööstuse järkjärguline lõpetamine Saksamaal Põhja-Reini- Vestfaali liidumaal........................................................................................................ 100 3.6. Soovitused Ida-Virumaale ............................................................................................ 104 4. Ida-Virumaa põlevkivisektori kahanemisega kohanemise tegevuskava juhtimine, seire ja kommunikatsioon .......................................................................................................................... 108 4.1. Juhtimisskeem ............................................................................................................. 108 4.2. Seire ............................................................................................................................. 113 4.3. Kommunikatsioon ........................................................................................................ 115 5. Poliitikasoovitused ......................................................................................................................... 119 5.1. Peamised poliitikasoovitused ...................................................................................... 120 5.2. Täiendavad üldised poliitikasoovitused ....................................................................... 135 3 Ida-Virumaa majanduse ja tööturu kohandamine põlevkivitööstuse vähenemisega Praxis 2020 Lisad ...................................................................................................................................................... 137 Lisa 1. Põlevkivisektori tuumikettevõtete tegevusalade profiilid .......................................... 138 Lisa 2. Ida-Virumaa valitud tegevusalade suuremate tööandjate majandusnäitajad 2020. aasta III kvartali seisuga ............................................................................................... 148 4 Lühikokkuvõte • Uuringu eesmärk on välja selgitada Ida-Virumaal põlevkivitööstuse kahanemisega kaasnevaid sotsiaal-majanduslikke mõjusid ning teha ettepanekuid piirkonna majanduse, tööturu ja taristu eesseisvate muutustega kohanemist toetavate tegevuste väljatöötamiseks. • Ida-Virumaa põlevkivisektori tuumikettevõtetes töötab 5800 inimest ning sektoris hõivatute leibkondades elab kokku ligi 16 000 inimest. Samas on sektoris eriti viimasel paaril aastal (2018.–2020. aastatel) töötajate arv oluliselt vähenenud ning 2020. aastal lahkus põlevkivisektorist üle 1000 inimese. Põlevkivisektorit iseloomustab maakonna ja Eesti keskmisest oluliselt kõrgem keskmine palk (1700 €). Töötajaskonnast 80% on mehed ning üle poole sektorist töötab oskus- ja käsitöölise või masinaoperaatorina. Enam kui pooled töökohtadest asuvad Narva-Jõesuu linnas ja Alutaguse vallas. Sektori suurim tööandja on Eesti Energia ning temaga seotud kontserni ettevõtted, millel on Ida-Virumaal kokku üle 3500 töölise. • Viimase paari aasta olulisemaks trendiks on noorte töötajate arvu vähenemine põlevkivisektoris. Juba praegu kuulub suurem osa sektori töötajatest pigem vanemasse vanusegruppi ning alla 35-aastaste lisandumine on aeglustunud – viimase viie aasta jooksul on vaid 30% uutest töötajatest alla 35-aastased. Intervjueeritute sõnul on sektori töökohtade atraktiivsust viimase kahe aasta jooksul vähendanud nii Euroopa Liidu kliimalepe kui Eesti 2050. aasta kliimaneutraalsuse deklaratsioon. Samal perioodil on suurenenud ebakindlus ning määramatus ka sektori lähituleviku arengute ja trendide suhtes. • Põlevkivisektori tuumikettevõtted on Ida-Virumaa majanduse kese nii oma käibega kui ka väga suure mõjuga nendest sõltuvatele ettevõtetele. 40% Ida-Virumaal registreeritud suurematest tööandjatest on põlevkiviettevõtted. Põlevkivisektori kahanemine mõjutab suuremal või vähemal määral negatiivselt ka teiste põlevkivisektoriga seotud ettevõtete toimimist. Lisaks tuumikettevõtetele on enim ohustatud just II tasandi majandusüksused, kelle teenused või tooted on suurel määral tuumikettevõtetele suunatud või kes saavad sealt olulist sisendit. Üldjoontes on mõjutatud aga kogu piirkonna efektiivne toimimine. • Põlevkivisektori kahanemine avaldab mõju ka kohaliku omavalitsuse eelarvele kaevandamis- ja vee erikasutuse tasude laekumise näol. Koguni 42% Alutaguse valla tuludest ja 11% Narva-Jõesuu tuludest tulevad kaevandamisõiguse tasust või vee erikasutusest, mis seab kahanemise korral koheselt ohtu omavalitsuste teenuste pakkumise võimekuse. Samuti laekub osa füüsilise isiku tulumaksust
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