DOCSLIB.ORG

The Assembly and Classification of the Elements Using the Roberts-Janet Nuclear Periodic Table

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Assembly and Classification of the Elements Using the Roberts-Janet Nuclear Periodic Table Research Article Journal of Volume 9:1, 2020 DOI: 10.37421/jme.2020.9.549 Material Sciences & Engineering ISSN: 2169-0022 Open Access The Assembly and Classification of the Elements Using the Roberts-Janet Nuclear Periodic Table John O Roberts* Researcher, Former Open University Tutor, UK Abstract A framework and surprisingly coherent analysis of the elements is presented using the Roberts-Janet table derived by inverting the Periodic Table coupled with the Quantum Mechanical Table established using the mathematics of the Standard Model and groups U (1) x S U (2) x S U (3). Having already identified in previous articles a one to one mapping between the two tables, this article seeks to consolidate such a framework to include nucleosynthesis by presenting the appearance of the highly stable numbers of neutrons and protons – magic numbers within the Nuclear Shell Model – as a consequence of the framework itself. The article also seeks to illustrate similarities between the electron structure of individual elements in condensed matter (Periodic Table) and the structure of neutrons and protons in plasma during fusion (Nucleosynthesis) and its possible extension to the Standard Model and beyond. Phase changes together with suitable boundary conditions lead to the hypothesis that all elements ultimately become metallic. Keywords: Periodic table • Isotopes • Spectral energy • Quantum number Historic and Current Framework to the Saxon-Woods model a reasonable agreement with observed binding energies is obtained. The Periodic Table crystallized in 1869 via Dmitri Mendeleev from Configurations of 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 protons and neutrons the experimental and theoretical discoveries of new elements and the separately give rise to larger binding energies, spherical configurations and recognition of simple underlying trends during the 19th century. Arrhenius neutron absorption cross-sections up to two orders of magnitude less than subsequently suggested a local ordering and self-assembly mechanism other nuclei with similar masses. These were labelled magic numbers by of positive and negative ions illustrated by the presence of hydrogen, Eugene Wigner. The first three numbers are created by the 1s state (n = 1, l carbonate, sulphate, hydroxide and ammonium compounds. Following the = 0) which can contain up to 2 neutrons or protons followed by the 1p state discovery of the inert gases by Ramsey the table was extended to include which can contain up to 6 neutrons or protons giving 8 and the 1d and 2s an extra column though the position of hydrogen remained and still remains being close enough to overlap with each other to form the next shell of 2 + a source of debate within chemists. Seaborg not only extended the table by 6 + 10 + 2 which is the number 20, the next magic number. discovering numerous transuranic elements and several isotopes but also developed the concept of the Actinides, similar to the set of Lanthanides, At this point spin-orbit coupling between the orbital angular momentum above them within the table. The issue of how to construct a sequential and spin angular momentum comes into play. In Condensed Matter the sequence of atomic numbers throughout the table, having been observed origin is magnetic and the effect small requiring a minor correction. In the initially in theory by van den Broek and established experimentally by case of nuclear binding, the effect is about 20 times larger and is a property Moseley, remains to this day. Janet addressed the issue with his Left Step of the nuclear potential itself with a term proportional to L.S (orbital angular Periodic Table but the properties, particularly of hydrogen and helium, momentum and spin angular momentum). A feature of this type of coupling known at the time excluded any acceptance in general. Mass number though is that states with higher j have lower energy. essential in quantitative calculations remains an enigma/anomaly as to its The result is that the f (7/2) state containing 8 states overall arising role in any underlying fundamental mechanism; despite the introduction of from the next shell forms a separate shell itself giving 28 as the next magic the concept of isotopes and a prediction of a particle – the neutron – by number. Subsequent shells of 50, 82 and 126 appear to be structured Soddy and its subsequent discovery by Chadwick in 1932. Mendeleev in similarly where the highest j value of the next n value of quantum states the original construction of the table had to superimpose the significance of overlaps the previous n value of states, completing the shell and creating atomic number over and above that of mass number. the stability of the magic numbers. This is the classical Nuclear Shell The Nuclear Shell Model was proposed by Dmitry Ivanenko in 1932 Model at work. In this model the question as to why two sets of magic and developed independently by Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Eugene Paul numbers appear independently one for neutrons and one for protons and Wigner and J Hans D Jensen in 1949. It envisages each neutron/proton in what order remains unanswered. The assertion that magic numbers in themselves universally create a stable configuration has to be tempered to be moving in some potential and describes the energy levels in terms of 10 56 quantum numbers n, l, j similar to the wavefunctions of individual electrons by the transient existence of He and Ni and maybe other doubly magic as classified in Condensed Matter since both neutrons and protons nuclear configurations. Topology, quantum confinement and the fact that together with electrons are fermions. When the potential is approximated neutrons and protons are composite particles that can oscillate between fermionic and bosonic states may play a role in whatever space/time/ *Address for Correspondence: John O Roberts, Researcher, Former Open geometric evolves to accommodate such variations. University Tutor, UK, E-mail: [email protected] The Standard Model developed in the 1970’s as the result of discoveries Copyright: © 2020 Roberts JO. This is an open-access article distributed of large numbers or a zoo of elementary particles. Quarks was a name under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits coined by Gell-Mann having proposed the Eightfold Way; a method to unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the organise hadrons along with Yuval Ne’eman in 1961. Subsequent theories original author and source are credited. by Weinberg, ‘t Hooft and others combined with experiments led to the Received 03 April 2020; Accepted 20 April 2020; Published 25 April 2020 discovery of three generations of quarks; to the prediction of Z, W, and Roberts OJ J Material Sci Eng , Volume 9:1, 2020 Higgs bosons with their discoveries in 1983(Z, W) and 2012(Higgs) and condensed matter and 10-18 to 10-20 m for plasma where the strong and weak to the merger of the electromagnetic and weak forces at high energies. forces began to couple with the electromagnetic force. The all-pervasive Another parameter – colour – extended the range of particles via quantum force of gravity mysteriously yet inevitably remained poised to act. One of chromodynamics following the appearance of a three-part structure for the the pairs of zeros generated by such sequences could be interpreted as a proton in Rutherford-type experiments. Other groups of particles include cut-off point for electrons in the condensed matter phase while the other leptons – electrons, muons and tau with their cousins; the electronic would be an infinite separation of protons/nuclei in the plasma phase caused neutrino, muonic neutrino and tau neutrino. All particles have their own anti- by the recycling of material from previous supernovae. Classifications of particle within a mathematical framework of U (1) x S U (2) x S U (3) group supernovae came and went – the patterns within the table were dominant. symmetry. Any such table appeared not to require mass number in its structure. This was only an average value of all the isotopes of a particular element at The theory lays out; six quarks, six leptons, four force carriers for the any one time. It must surely change in the 40th, 50th or even higher order four forces in Nature and the Higgs boson. Particles are now thought to be decimal place constantly as radioactive decay proceeded. The idea of excitations of interacting fields within quantum field theory. different ratios of isotopes for each element being created unique to each supernova confirmed the intuitive leap to omit mass number from the table. Questions The question of the source of radioactivity itself coupled with the range of time-scales for half-life for each radioactive nucleus remained an open one. • Why do neutrinos have mass and can mix – oscillate from one Such was the intensity of thought in the period 2011-2015 linking the type to another? idea of proton-proton interactions to produce neutrons or electron capture • What is Dark Matter? Does it exist? Does it require further particles to produce neutrons – a change of an up quark to a down quark with a or is it a property of gravity? myriad of possible outcomes illustrated by Feynman diagrams that the role of nucleosynthesis was overlooked. The Standard Model and beyond • Why is there so little anti-matter in the Universe? became the final destination. Magic numbers were considered but their role • Why is the Universe accelerating – if at all? at that time was not identified such was the thrust towards higher energies – second, third generation quarks and the newly discovered Higgs particle. • Having confirmed the existence of gravitational waves, what is a Cosmology and its applications to particle physics entered the arena. By graviton’s characteristics? 2015 the mind had reached a confusion of infinities similar to the explosion • What is the source of space-time? of ideas in that initial moment of 2010.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic Table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt
    An Alternate Graphical Representation of Periodic table of Chemical Elements Mohd Abubakr1, Microsoft India (R&D) Pvt. Ltd, Hyderabad, India. [email protected] Abstract Periodic table of chemical elements symbolizes an elegant graphical representation of symmetry at atomic level and provides an overview on arrangement of electrons. It started merely as tabular representation of chemical elements, later got strengthened with quantum mechanical description of atomic structure and recent studies have revealed that periodic table can be formulated using SO(4,2) SU(2) group. IUPAC, the governing body in Chemistry, doesn‟t approve any periodic table as a standard periodic table. The only specific recommendation provided by IUPAC is that the periodic table should follow the 1 to 18 group numbering. In this technical paper, we describe a new graphical representation of periodic table, referred as „Circular form of Periodic table‟. The advantages of circular form of periodic table over other representations are discussed along with a brief discussion on history of periodic tables. 1. Introduction The profoundness of inherent symmetry in nature can be seen at different depths of atomic scales. Periodic table symbolizes one such elegant symmetry existing within the atomic structure of chemical elements. This so called „symmetry‟ within the atomic structures has been widely studied from different prospects and over the last hundreds years more than 700 different graphical representations of Periodic tables have emerged [1]. Each graphical representation of chemical elements attempted to portray certain symmetries in form of columns, rows, spirals, dimensions etc. Out of all the graphical representations, the rectangular form of periodic table (also referred as Long form of periodic table or Modern periodic table) has gained wide acceptance.
    [Show full text]
  • A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nuclear Fission Phenomena
    World Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology, 2018, 8, 11-22 http://www.scirp.org/journal/wjnst ISSN Online: 2161-6809 ISSN Print: 2161-6795 A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nuclear Fission Phenomena Faustino Menegus F. Menegus V. Europa, Bussero, Italy How to cite this paper: Menegus, F. Abstract (2018) A Suggestion Complementing the Magic Numbers Interpretation of the Nu- Ideas, solely related on the nuclear shell model, fail to give an interpretation of clear Fission Phenomena. World Journal of the experimental central role of 54Xe in the asymmetric fission of actinides. Nuclear Science and Technology, 8, 11-22. The same is true for the β-delayed fission of 180Tl to 80Kr and 100Ru. The repre- https://doi.org/10.4236/wjnst.2018.81002 sentation of the natural isotopes, in the Z-Neutron Excess plane, suggests the Received: November 21, 2017 importance of the of the Neutron Excess evolution mode in the fragments of Accepted: January 23, 2018 the asymmetric actinide fission and in the fragments of the β-delayed fission Published: January 26, 2018 of 180Tl. The evolution mode of the Neutron Excess, hinged at Kr and Xe, is Copyright © 2018 by author and directed by the 50 and 82 neutron magic numbers. The present isotope repre- Scientific Research Publishing Inc. sentation offers a frame for the interpretation of the post fission evaporation This work is licensed under the Creative of neutrons, higher for the AL compared to the AH fragments, a tenet in nuc- Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0). lear fission.
    [Show full text]
  • The Development of the Periodic Table and Its Consequences Citation: J
    Firenze University Press www.fupress.com/substantia The Development of the Periodic Table and its Consequences Citation: J. Emsley (2019) The Devel- opment of the Periodic Table and its Consequences. Substantia 3(2) Suppl. 5: 15-27. doi: 10.13128/Substantia-297 John Emsley Copyright: © 2019 J. Emsley. This is Alameda Lodge, 23a Alameda Road, Ampthill, MK45 2LA, UK an open access, peer-reviewed article E-mail: [email protected] published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/substantia) and distributed under the terms of the Abstract. Chemistry is fortunate among the sciences in having an icon that is instant- Creative Commons Attribution License, ly recognisable around the world: the periodic table. The United Nations has deemed which permits unrestricted use, distri- 2019 to be the International Year of the Periodic Table, in commemoration of the 150th bution, and reproduction in any medi- anniversary of the first paper in which it appeared. That had been written by a Russian um, provided the original author and chemist, Dmitri Mendeleev, and was published in May 1869. Since then, there have source are credited. been many versions of the table, but one format has come to be the most widely used Data Availability Statement: All rel- and is to be seen everywhere. The route to this preferred form of the table makes an evant data are within the paper and its interesting story. Supporting Information files. Keywords. Periodic table, Mendeleev, Newlands, Deming, Seaborg. Competing Interests: The Author(s) declare(s) no conflict of interest. INTRODUCTION There are hundreds of periodic tables but the one that is widely repro- duced has the approval of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and is shown in Fig.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Models: Shell Model
    LectureLecture 33 NuclearNuclear models:models: ShellShell modelmodel WS2012/13 : ‚Introduction to Nuclear and Particle Physics ‘, Part I 1 NuclearNuclear modelsmodels Nuclear models Models with strong interaction between Models of non-interacting the nucleons nucleons Liquid drop model Fermi gas model ααα-particle model Optical model Shell model … … Nucleons interact with the nearest Nucleons move freely inside the nucleus: neighbors and practically don‘t move: mean free path λ ~ R A nuclear radius mean free path λ << R A nuclear radius 2 III.III. ShellShell modelmodel 3 ShellShell modelmodel Magic numbers: Nuclides with certain proton and/or neutron numbers are found to be exceptionally stable. These so-called magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, 126 — The doubly magic nuclei: — Nuclei with magic proton or neutron number have an unusually large number of stable or long lived nuclides . — A nucleus with a magic neutron (proton) number requires a lot of energy to separate a neutron (proton) from it. — A nucleus with one more neutron (proton) than a magic number is very easy to separate. — The first exitation level is very high : a lot of energy is needed to excite such nuclei — The doubly magic nuclei have a spherical form Nucleons are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus 4 ExcitationExcitation energyenergy forfor magicm nuclei 5 NuclearNuclear potentialpotential The energy spectrum is defined by the nuclear potential solution of Schrödinger equation for a realistic potential The nuclear force is very short-ranged => the form of the potential follows the density distribution of the nucleons within the nucleus: for very light nuclei (A < 7), the nucleon distribution has Gaussian form (corresponding to a harmonic oscillator potential ) for heavier nuclei it can be parameterised by a Fermi distribution.
    [Show full text]
  • Keynote Address: One Hundred Years of Nuclear Physics – Progress and Prospects
    PRAMANA c Indian Academy of Sciences Vol. 82, No. 4 — journal of April 2014 physics pp. 619–624 Keynote address: One hundred years of nuclear physics – Progress and prospects S KAILAS1,2 1Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India 2UM–DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, Mumbai 400 098, India E-mail: [email protected] DOI: 10.1007/s12043-014-0710-0; ePublication: 5 April 2014 Abstract. Nuclear physics research is growing on several fronts, along energy and intensity fron- tiers, with exotic projectiles and targets. The nuclear physics facilities under construction and those being planned for the future make the prospects for research in this field very bright. Keywords. Nuclear structure and reactions; nuclear properties; superheavy nuclei. PACS Nos 21.10.–k; 25.70.Jj; 25.70.–z 1. Introduction Nuclear physics research is nearly one hundred years old. Currently, this field of research is progressing [1] broadly in three directions (figure 1): Investigation of nuclei and nuclear matter at high energies and densities; observation of behaviour of nuclei under extreme conditions of temperature, angular momentum and deformation; and production and study of nuclei away from the line of stability. Nuclear physics research began with the investiga- tion of about 300 nuclei. Today, this number has grown many folds, nearly by a factor of ten. In the area of high-energy nuclear physics, some recent phenomena observed have provided interesting connections to other disciplines in physics, e.g. in the heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energies, it has been observed [2] that the hot dense matter formed in the collision behaved like an ideal fluid with the ratio of shear viscosity to entropy being close to 1/4π.
    [Show full text]
  • Helium Adsorption on Lithium Substrates
    JLowTempPhys DOI 10.1007/s10909-007-9516-5 Helium Adsorption on Lithium Substrates E. Van Cleve · P. Taborek · J.E. Rutledge Received: 25 July 2007 / Accepted: 13 September 2007 © Springer Science+Business Media 2007 Abstract We have developed a cryogenic pulsed laser deposition (PLD) system to deposit lithium films onto a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) at 4 K. Adsorption isotherms of 4He on lithium were measured in the temperature range between 1.42 K and 2.5 K. The isotherms are qualitatively different from isotherms on strong sub- strates such as gold and weak substrates such as cesium. There is no evidence of the formation of solid-like layers of helium, and the helium coverage is approximately linear in the pressure over a wide range. By measuring the low coverage slope of the isotherms, the binding energy of helium to lithium was found to be approxi- mately −13.6 K. For lithium substrates less than approximately 100 layers thick, the chemical potential at which the superfluid transition was observed was surprisingly sensitive to the details of lithium deposition. Keywords Helium films · Pulsed laser deposition · Superfluidity · Alkali metal 1 Introduction When helium is adsorbed onto a strong heterogenous substrate such as gold, the first 2 or 3 statistical layers are solid-like. The nature of these layers is not yet clear, but the layers are amorphous and do not participate significantly in superflow at high coverages. Superfluidity on strong substrates requires a minimum critical coverage to saturate the solid-like layers, and the superfluid phase which forms at higher cover- ages flows over these layers and does not interact directly with the strong, short range This work was supported by NSF grant DMR 0509685.
    [Show full text]
  • The Past and Future of the Periodic Table
    The Past and Future of the Periodic Table This stalwart symbol of the field of chemistry always faces scrutiny and debate Eric R. Scerri t graces the walls of lecture halls making up one period. The lengths elements, Döbereiner found that the Iand laboratories of all types, from of periods vary: The first has two ele- weight of the middle element—such as universities to industry. It is one of ments, the next two eight each, then 18 selenium in the triad formed by sulfur, the most powerful icons of science. It and 32, respectively, for the next pairs selenium and tellurium—had an atom- captures the essence of chemistry in of periods. Vertical columns make up ic weight that was the approximate one elegant pattern. The periodic table groups, of which there are 18, based average of the weights of the other two provides a concise way of understand- on similar chemical properties, related elements. Sulfur’s atomic weight, in ing how all known chemical elements to the number of electrons in the outer Döbereiner’s time, was 32.239, where- react with one another and enter into shell of the atoms, also called the va- as tellurium’s was 129.243, the average chemical bonding, and it helps to ex- lence shell. For instance, group 17, the of which is 80.741, or close to the then- plain the properties of each element halogens, all lack one electron to fill measured value for selenium, 79.264. that make it react in such a fashion. their valence shells, all tend to acquire The importance of this discovery lay But the periodic system is so funda- electrons during reactions, and all form in the marrying of qualitative chemical mental, pervasive and familiar in the acids with hydrogen.
    [Show full text]
  • Of the Periodic Table
    of the Periodic Table teacher notes Give your students a visual introduction to the families of the periodic table! This product includes eight mini- posters, one for each of the element families on the main group of the periodic table: Alkali Metals, Alkaline Earth Metals, Boron/Aluminum Group (Icosagens), Carbon Group (Crystallogens), Nitrogen Group (Pnictogens), Oxygen Group (Chalcogens), Halogens, and Noble Gases. The mini-posters give overview information about the family as well as a visual of where on the periodic table the family is located and a diagram of an atom of that family highlighting the number of valence electrons. Also included is the student packet, which is broken into the eight families and asks for specific information that students will find on the mini-posters. The students are also directed to color each family with a specific color on the blank graphic organizer at the end of their packet and they go to the fantastic interactive table at www.periodictable.com to learn even more about the elements in each family. Furthermore, there is a section for students to conduct their own research on the element of hydrogen, which does not belong to a family. When I use this activity, I print two of each mini-poster in color (pages 8 through 15 of this file), laminate them, and lay them on a big table. I have students work in partners to read about each family, one at a time, and complete that section of the student packet (pages 16 through 21 of this file). When they finish, they bring the mini-poster back to the table for another group to use.
    [Show full text]
  • Three Related Topics on the Periodic Tables of Elements
    Three related topics on the periodic tables of elements Yoshiteru Maeno*, Kouichi Hagino, and Takehiko Ishiguro Department oｆ physics, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan * [email protected] (The Foundations of Chemistry: received 30 May 2020; accepted 31 July 2020) Abstaract: A large variety of periodic tables of the chemical elements have been proposed. It was Mendeleev who proposed a periodic table based on the extensive periodic law and predicted a number of unknown elements at that time. The periodic table currently used worldwide is of a long form pioneered by Werner in 1905. As the first topic, we describe the work of Pfeiffer (1920), who refined Werner’s work and rearranged the rare-earth elements in a separate table below the main table for convenience. Today’s widely used periodic table essentially inherits Pfeiffer’s arrangements. Although long-form tables more precisely represent electron orbitals around a nucleus, they lose some of the features of Mendeleev’s short-form table to express similarities of chemical properties of elements when forming compounds. As the second topic, we compare various three-dimensional helical periodic tables that resolve some of the shortcomings of the long-form periodic tables in this respect. In particular, we explain how the 3D periodic table “Elementouch” (Maeno 2001), which combines the s- and p-blocks into one tube, can recover features of Mendeleev’s periodic law. Finally we introduce a topic on the recently proposed nuclear periodic table based on the proton magic numbers (Hagino and Maeno 2020). Here, the nuclear shell structure leads to a new arrangement of the elements with the proton magic-number nuclei treated like noble-gas atoms.
    [Show full text]
  • Unit 6 the Periodic Table How to Group Elements Together? Elements of Similar Properties Would Be Group Together for Convenience
    Unit 6 The periodic table How to group elements together? Elements of similar properties would be group together for convenience. The periodic table Chemists group elements with similar chemical properties together. This gives rise to the periodic table. In the periodic table, elements are arranged according to the following criteria: 1. in increasing order of atomic numbers and 2. according to the electronic arrangement The diagram below shows a simplified periodic table with the first 36 elements listed. Groups The vertical columns in the periodic table are called groups . Groups are numbered from I to VII, followed by Group 0 (formerly called Group VIII). [Some groups are without group numbers.] The table below shows the electronic arrangements of some elements in some groups. Group I Group II Group VII Group 0 He (2) Li (2,1) Be (2,2) F (2,7) Ne (2,8) Na (2,8,1) Mg (2,8,2) Cl (2,8,7) Ar (2,8,8) K (2,8,8,1) Ca (2,8,8,2) Br (2,8,18,7) Kr (2,8,18,8) What is the relationship between the group numbers and the electronic arrangements of the elements? Group number = the number of outermost shell electrons in an atom of the element The chemical properties of an element depend mainly on the number of outermost shell electrons in its atoms. Therefore, elements within the same group would have similar chemical properties and would react in a similar way. However, there would be a gradual change of reactivity of the elements as we move down the group.
    [Show full text]
  • Low-Energy Nuclear Physics Part 2: Low-Energy Nuclear Physics
    BNL-113453-2017-JA White paper on nuclear astrophysics and low-energy nuclear physics Part 2: Low-energy nuclear physics Mark A. Riley, Charlotte Elster, Joe Carlson, Michael P. Carpenter, Richard Casten, Paul Fallon, Alexandra Gade, Carl Gross, Gaute Hagen, Anna C. Hayes, Douglas W. Higinbotham, Calvin R. Howell, Charles J. Horowitz, Kate L. Jones, Filip G. Kondev, Suzanne Lapi, Augusto Macchiavelli, Elizabeth A. McCutchen, Joe Natowitz, Witold Nazarewicz, Thomas Papenbrock, Sanjay Reddy, Martin J. Savage, Guy Savard, Bradley M. Sherrill, Lee G. Sobotka, Mark A. Stoyer, M. Betty Tsang, Kai Vetter, Ingo Wiedenhoever, Alan H. Wuosmaa, Sherry Yennello Submitted to Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics January 13, 2017 National Nuclear Data Center Brookhaven National Laboratory U.S. Department of Energy USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP) (SC-26) Notice: This manuscript has been authored by employees of Brookhaven Science Associates, LLC under Contract No.DE-SC0012704 with the U.S. Department of Energy. The publisher by accepting the manuscript for publication acknowledges that the United States Government retains a non-exclusive, paid-up, irrevocable, world-wide license to publish or reproduce the published form of this manuscript, or allow others to do so, for United States Government purposes. DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or any third party’s use or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights.
    [Show full text]
  • POST MENDELEEVIAN EVOLUTION of the PERIODIC TABLE (.Pdf)
    Post Mendeleevian Evolution of the Periodic Table Gary Katz Periodic Round Table We are here in the centenary of the death of Mendeleev, whose life defines the epoch of the Periodic Table. To his memory we respectfully dedicate this, our plan to revitalize his invention, the Periodic Table. Since Mendeleev’s death in 1907, the only substantive changes in the Table have been the insertion of new elements; most fall into the eighth period with another seven in the main body of the Table, but only three of these are stable non-radioactive species. The quantum chemical results of Niels Bohr came along early in the century elucidating the electronic con- figurations of the atoms, explaining a great deal about what made the Periodic Table periodic. By mid century when Seaborg proposed an actinide series to parallel the lanthanide series, including a number of the new transuranium elements, the official Table we now have was es- sentially in place. It has not changed fundamentally since that time. In my previous paper “An Eight-period Table for the 21st Century” (1) I discussed the evolution of the 8-period concept and some of the people who have worked toward the goal of transforming the Periodic Table in this fashion. Since 2001, I have changed my terminology to agree with that of other writers: the 8-period table is now to be called the left-step table. This is a phrase coined by physical chemist Henry Bent, who proposed it back in the 80’s, and it allows for the expansion of the table into periods beyond the eighth—a critical area of future development for the Periodic Table.
    [Show full text]