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Forest Canopy Cover Composition and Landscape Influence Over bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.063826; this version posted April 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 1 Full title: Forest canopy cover composition and landscape influence over 2 bryophytes communities in Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia 3 4 Short title: Environmental drivers of bryophytes communities in 5 Nothofagus forests of southern Patagonia 6 7 Mónica DR. Toro Manríquez1*¶, Víctor Ardiles2¶, Álvaro Promis3&, Alejandro Huertas Herrera1&, Rosina Soler1&, 8 María V. Lencinas1&, Guillermo J. Martínez Pastur1& 9 10 1Centro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas (CADIC-CONICET). Bernardo Houssay 200 (PC 9410) Ushuaia, 11 Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. 12 2Área de Botánica, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Parque Quinta Normal (PC 9170023), Santiago, Chile. 13 3Departamento de Silvicultura y Conservación de la Naturaleza, Universidad de Chile. Av. Santa Rosa 11315, 14 La Pintana, (PC 9206) Santiago, Chile. 15 16 *Corresponding author. Tel.: +54-2901-422310. E-mail: [email protected] 17 18 19 ¶These authors contributed equally to this work. 20 &These authors also contributed equally to this work 21 22 1 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.063826; this version posted April 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 23 Abstract 24 Understanding the influence environmental drivers on understory vegetation is important for 25 conservation efforts under climate change. Bryophytes are one of the most diverse groups in temperate forests 26 but also the least known. In addition, the environmental drivers (e.g., forest structure, microclimate, soil 27 conditions or substrate) influencing over bryophyte community among Nothofagus forest types are poorly 28 known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of forest canopy-layer composition on the structure 29 (cover) and the composition (richness and diversity) of bryophyte communities (mosses and liverworts) in two 30 contrast landscape types (coast and mountain) in southern Patagonia. Three natural Nothofagus forest types (pure 31 deciduous, pure evergreen, and mixed deciduous-evergreen) in two landscapes (coast < 100 m.a.s.l.; mountain > 32 400 m.a.s.l.) were selected (N = 60 plots). In each forest plot, we established one linear transect (10 m length) to 33 measure bryophyte cover (point-intercept method). The data were evaluated using ANOVAs, Chi-square test and 34 multivariate analyses. The mosses were mostly austral-antarctic origin, and the liverworts were all endemics. 35 The principal substrates for the bryophytes development in the forest floor were litter and decaying woods. 36 Moreover, many bryophytes species act as a substrate for natural tree regeneration. The forest structure was the 37 main driver of bryophytes community in the coast landscape, while the slope was the principal driver of 38 bryophytes in the mountain landscape. These differences were mainly explained for the microclimate into the 39 forests (e.g., soil moisture and air temperature), and for the regional climate in the landscapes (e.g., air 40 temperature and soil conditions). Notably, the mixed forest, mainly in the coast, presented exclusive species that 41 were not present in the deciduous and evergreen pure forests. The conservation efforts should include 42 management considerations both the stand and landscape levels based on the potential climate-change impact 43 over bryophyte communities. 44 45 46 2 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.063826; this version posted April 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 47 Introduction 48 The bryophytes are worldwide-distributed plants in different terrestrial ecosystems [1]. In forests, the 49 bryophytes play crucial ecological functions (e.g., carbon cycle, nutrients cycle, water balance) [2, 3], and an 50 important role for seed germination, seedling growth and forest regeneration [4- 6]. Such role affects the local 51 biodiversity [7, 8], and bryophytes composition is related to the canopy cover, the microclimate and site 52 conditions in the stands (e.g., forest structure, humidity, light intensity, substrates, soil moisture, soil pH) [9, 10]. 53 The bryophytes have a broader distribution and a longer altitudinal gradient than vascular plants (e.g., woody 54 plants, ferns) [6]. Many species show wide transcontinental ranges and sometimes the occurrence of bryophyte 55 species may be a vestige of the moss flora prior to the rupture of Laurasia and Gondwana [11]. Exogenous 56 effects such as narrow ecological requirements (e.g., climate, habitat) can explain this discrepancy [12]. 57 In southern Patagonia, native forest occupying large area are dominated by Nothofagus tree species: the 58 deciduous Nothofagus antarctica (G.Forst.) Oerst. and Nothofagus pumilio (Poepp et. Endl) Krasser; and the 59 evergreen Nothofagus betuloides (Mirb.) Oerst. These tree species grow together and can form deciduous- 60 evergreen mixed forests, being the N. pumilio and N. betuloides mixed-forest the most representative [13, 14]. 61 Here, the understory is mainly composed of forbs, grasses and few woody species, where deciduous and mixed 62 forests are similar in species composition, but mountain forests sustain highest herb-layer diversity and more 63 particular species than forests in the coast (i.e., strong influence of landscape type) [15]. However, bryophytes 64 appear to have been neglected in many ecological studies of Patagonian terrestrial ecosystems and these coupled 65 effects (forest type and landscape type) have not been examined for bryophytes. 66 Currently, forest research on the diversity, richness and distribution of bryophytes had been increasing 67 because of their role in ecosystem functioning and the interest in facing climate change [6, 16, 17]. While most 68 species have been described in southern Patagonia highlighting the dependence on wetter forests [18, 19], 69 knowledge about bryophytes distribution, diversity patterns in different ecosystems (e.g., forests, grasslands, 70 peatlands), substrate requirements (e.g., litter, decaying wood) and their response to ecological drivers along 71 environmental gradients is poor. Few studies focused on community ecology of bryophytes in Nothofagus 3 bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.27.063826; this version posted April 27, 2020. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY 4.0 International license. 72 forests e.g., [20, 21]. Among them, Lencinas et al. [20] described high variability in the ground-bryophyte 73 communities of deciduous Nothofagus forests related to forest structure heterogeneity and different microhabitat 74 or substrates conditions. Therefore, it is not clear how different environmental drivers (e.g., canopy cover and 75 composition, temperature, substrate) effect on bryophyte communities distribution in native forests, including 76 pure and mixed stands in different landscapes of southern Patagonia. Comprehensive knowledge of the diversity 77 and its spatial patterns is required for effective planning and management at both stand and landscape scale. 78 The aims of this study were to evaluate the influence of forest canopy-layer composition on bryophyte 79 richness, cover and diversity at two contrast landscape in Tierra del Fuego, and determine how bryophyte 80 community vary according to the environmental drivers at stands and landscape levels. The following specific 81 questions were asked: (1) What are the ecological drivers influencing bryophyte composition in the understory? 82 (2) How these ecological drivers vary from pure to mixed forests and how this affects the bryophyte 83 composition? (3) How does the influence of these environmental drivers vary in two contrasting environments 84 within the distribution of mixed forests? (4) Are the substrate or the microclimate more relevant? 85 Complementary, the global distribution patterns and substrates of bryophytes will be described in relation to the 86 mentioned factors (forest type and landscape type); and the relationship between bryophyte plants (mosses and 87 liverworts) with the presence of forest seedlings will be analysed. This study might contribute to identify 88 strategies and opportunities for the conservation of bryophyte species and to generate basic knowledge about the 89 potential effects of climate change in temperate forest landscapes. 90 91 Methods 92 Study area 93 This study was conducted in old-growth Nothofagus forest stands (>250 years old) located in the 94 southwest of Tierra del Fuego Island, Argentina (Fig 1), without harvesting or cattle grazing during the last 95 50 years. Three Nothofagus forest types were considered, according to their canopy-layer composition: (i) 96 Np = pure deciduous forests with >80% of N. pumilio
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