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Caractérisation Des Familles Multigéniques Des Globines Et Des Caractérisation des familles multigéniques des globines et des linkers codant l’ hémoglobine extracellulaire de Arenicola marina, dans le cadre de la mise au point d’un substitut sanguin humain Christine Chabasse To cite this version: Christine Chabasse. Caractérisation des familles multigéniques des globines et des linkers codant l’ hémoglobine extracellulaire de Arenicola marina, dans le cadre de la mise au point d’un substitut sanguin humain. Biologie cellulaire. Paris 6, 2005. Français. tel-01114957 HAL Id: tel-01114957 https://hal.sorbonne-universite.fr/tel-01114957 Submitted on 10 Feb 2015 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Avertissement Au vu de la législation sur les droits d'auteur, ce travail de thèse demeure la propriété de son auteur, et toute reproduction de cette oeuvre doit faire l'objet d'une autorisation de l'auteur. (cf Loi n°92-597; 1/07/1992. Journal Officiel, 2/07/1992) THESE DE DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITE PIERRE ET MARIE CURIE PARIS VI Spécialité Biologie Moléculaire Présentée par Mlle Christine CHABASSE Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de l’UNIVERSITE PARIS VI Caractérisation des familles multigéniques des globines et des linkers codant l'hémoglobine extracellulaire de Arenicola marina , dans le cadre de la mise au point d'un substitut sanguin humain Soutenue le 16 Décembre 2005 devant le jury composé de : M. Serge Vinogradov Wayne State University School of Medicine, USA Rapporteur M. Bernard Knoops Université catholique de Louvain Rapporteur M. Jean Delettré Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI Examinateur M. Didier Jollivet CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff Examinateur M. André Toulmond Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris VI Examinateur M. Franck Zal CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff Directeur de Thèse REMERCIEMENTS Je tiens tout d’abord à remercier Franck Zal pour m’avoir accueillie dans l’équipe Ecophysiologie: Adaptation et Evolution Moléculaires et m’avoir permis de réaliser cette expérience enrichissante à la Station Biologique de Roscoff. Je souhaiterais aussi remercier chaleureusement Xavier Bailly pour l’encadrement scientifique que j’ai reçu au cours de ces trois dernières années, mais aussi pour son dynamisme, sa bonne humeur et son envie perpétuelle d’aller encore plus loin. Je tiens à exprimer toute ma reconnaissance au Professeur Jean Delettré qui m’a fait l’honneur d’accepter d’être le Président de mon jury de thèse, et qui a toujours su être attentif à chacune de nos rencontres. Je souhaiterais par ailleurs exprimer toute ma gratitude au Professeur Serge Vinogradov pour avoir accepté d’être rapporteur de cette thèse, mais aussi pour ses commentaires et discussions sur l’ensemble de nos travaux, et sur les globines en général. Je remercie également le Professeur Bernard Knoops pour avoir participé en tant que rapporteur au jury de cette thèse et pour toutes les suggestions concernant le manuscrit. Merci au Dr. Didier Jollivet pour avoir accepté d’expertiser cette thèse, et pour son regard sur mon travail et ses encouragements. Enfin, merci au Professeur André Toulmond d’avoir accepté de faire partie de mon jury de soutenance. Dorénavant, je vérifierai systématiquement l’étymologie des termes scientifiques que j’emploie... Je souhaiterai aussi remercier Sylvia Dewilde et Luc Moens pour leurs conseils et remarques concernant les articles. Par ailleurs, je tiens à exprimer ma gratitude envers les personnes qui ont contribué à l’obtention des espèces citées dans cette thèse: merci à João Gil pour les spécimens de Glycera dibranchiata et à Dave Lincoln pour les spécimens de Amphitrite ornata . Merci à toutes les personnes de l’équipe Ecophysiologie, ainsi que l’ensemble des membres de la station Biologique. Un grand merci à Manue, pour m’avoir soutenue/supportée/encouragée, merci pour nos soirées, nos ballades plus ou moins sportives, tes conseils en tout genre et pour m’avoir permis d’avoir un chat à mi-temps !! Une pensée particulière pour Vincent, qui a sa part de responsabilité dans ma venue à Roscoff: merci pour tes visites dans le bureau et pour les innombrables pauses-café (ou autre) à chaque fois que c’était nécessaire (ou non, d’ailleurs...). Merci à Virginie pour avoir égayé le bureau, pour nos apéros-cacahuètes et pour nos duos violon/piano. Merci aussi à tous ceux que j’ai croisé et qui m’ont soutenu pendant ces trois années: Morgan, pour m’avoir toujours trouvé de la place pour le séquençage, Stéphane Egée, pour tes innombrables conseils et nos cafés du dimanche, Claire, Lise, Marie, Delphine et Baptiste, pour avoir ouvert les portes de l’équipe EGPM, Alain pour tes cours de danse bretonne et tout le reste, Ana et Allan pour la découverte de la cuisine brésilienne, Julien, pour avoir dépoussiéré mon piano, Fabrice, Séverine, Laurent, Christophe, Sophie M, Rozenn et tous les autres que je ne peux pas citer... Merci à JP, mon « petit » frère, d’être toujours là pour moi et pour avoir su trouver les mots qu’il fallait dans les périodes plus difficiles. Merci aussi à ma mère et à mon père à qui je dois tant, et sans qui je ne serai pas arrivée jusque là. Enfin, pour ton soutien incessant, même dans les pires périodes de doutes inhérent à une thèse, et pour avoir cru en moi... merci Matt. ABREVIATIONS ADNc: ADN complémentaire ARNm: ARN messager Cygb: Cytoglobine DHP: Déhaloperoxidase EDTA: Acide éthylènediaminotétraacétique ESI-MS: ElectroSpray Ionozation Mass Spectrometry FHbs: Flavohémoglobine Gb : Globine GCS: Globin-Coupled Sensor ou capteur sensitif de type globine Hb: Hémoglobine Hc: Hémocyanine Hr: Hémérythrine HBL-Hb: Hexagonal Bilayer Hemoglobin Mb: Myoglobine MET: Microscopie électronique à transmission M-MLV-RT: Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase Ngb : Neuroglobine LDL: Low Density Lipoprotein LDLR: Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor LDL-A: Low density lipoprotein Receptor Class A repeat. PCR: Polymerase Chain Reaction PDB: Protein Data Bank Pgb: Protoglobine RACE: Rapid Amplification of cDNAs Ends SDgb: Hémoglobines Simple Domaine SOD: Superoxyde dismutase UTR: UnTranslated Region Préambule PREAMBULE Les annélides sont présents aussi bien dans les écosystèmes terrestres que marins et expriment trois types de globines (intracellulaires circulantes et non circulantes et extracellulaires). Les hémoglobines extracellulaires d’annélides sont composées à la fois de sous-unités de globines et de chaînes de structure, dont l’association confère une structure quaternaire dite en bicouche hexagonale (HBL). Des travaux antérieurs concernant les HBL-Hb d’annélides ont mis en évidence des propriétés fonctionnelles qui pourraient permettre la mise au point d’un substitut sanguin. Dans le cadre de la production d’un tel substitut sanguin à partir de l’HBL- Hb de l’annélide polychaete Arenicola marina , l’alternative à l’extraction et à la purification de cette hémoglobine à partir d’annélides vivantes est d’envisager sa production par génie génétique. Nous nous sommes donc intéressés pendant cette thèse à la caractérisation de la famille multigénique des globines et celle des chaînes de structure qui codent pour cette hémoglobine extracellulaire, et avons analysés les résultats obtenus dans un cadre évolutif et fonctionnel plus large. Le premier chapitre présente tout d’abord les différents pigments respiratoires, et expose dans un second temps la diversité structurale et fonctionnelle de la superfamille des globines au sein des organismes vivants. Il présente aussi une nouvelle classification de ces globines qui repose à la fois sur leurs caractéristiques structurales et sur les études de phylogénies moléculaires. Le deuxième chapitre décrit les trois lignées de globines présentes chez les annélides, en mettant l’accent sur les HBL-Hb. Le troisième chapitre présente l’HBL-Hb de Arenicola marina ainsi que la méthodologie employée pour caractériser les deux familles multigéniques des globines et de chaînes de structure. L’article présenté dans le quatrième chapitre décrit la famille multigénique des globines de Arenicola marina en faisant le parallèle entre les résultats obtenus par biologie moléculaire au cours de cette thèse et les précédentes données obtenues par spectrométrie de masse. L’article présenté dans le cinquième chapitre concerne l’émergence des trois types de globines (extracellulaires et intracellulaires circulantes et non-circulantes) chez les annélides. Le sixième chapitre présente un troisième article qui concerne l’évolution moléculaire des chaînes de structure d’annélides, les Linkers. La conclusion (Chapitre 7) rappelle les différents résultats obtenus, replacés dans le contexte plus large de l’émergence des HBL-Hb chez les annélides. Sommaire SOMMAIRE Chapitre 1 : Introduction générale : les globines et autres « pigments respiratoires ».. 1 I Les globines et la phylogénie moléculaire............................................................................ 1 A- Les trois domaines du vivant et les globines.................................................................. 1 B- La famille multigénique des globines ...........................................................................
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