Special Libraries, October 1963

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Special Libraries, 1963 Special Libraries, 1960s

10-1-1963

Special Libraries, October 1963

Special Libraries Association

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION put ti^^ K/~owledgrto IYod OFFICERS DIRECTORS President HELENEDECHIEF (Secretary) MRS. MILDREDH. BRODE Canadian National Railways, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington. D. C. Montreal, Quebec President-Elect JOAN M. HUTCHINSON WILLIAMS. BUDINGTON Research Center, Diamond Alkirii The John Crevar Library, Chicago, lllinoi~. Company. Painesf'ille, Ohio L PAULW. RILEY Advisory Council Chairman College of Bu,sines.r Administra- CHARLESZERWEKH, JR. tion, Boston College, Chestnut Standard Oil Company (New Jersey), New York, New York Hill, Massachusetts Advisory Council Chairman-Elect MRS. ELIZABETHB. ROTH MRS.ELIZABETH M. HUTCHINS Standard Oil Company of Califor- Young & Rubicam, Inc.. New York, New York nia, San Francisco, California MRS.DOROTHY B. SKAU Treasurer Soulhevn Regional Research Lab- T RALPHH. PHELPS oyatory, U.S. Department of Agri- Engineeritzg Societies Library, New York, New York culture, New Orleans. Louisiana Immediate Past-President EDWARDG. STRABLE ETHEL S. KLAHRE /. JPaker Thompson Compawj. Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, Cleveland, Ohio Chicago, Illinois EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR: BILL M. WOODS Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 Street, New York 3, New York MEMBERSHIP Dues: Su ~/dining-$lOO ; Ar/inr-$20 (Paid FG~Life-$250) ; A.r~ocidtr -$20 ; Affih'a~e-JlS ; Studeat-$2 ; Emeritus-$5. For qualifications, privileges and further information, write Special Libraries Association.

-- PUBLICATIONS Aviation subiect headings, 1949 ...... $1.75 National insurance organizations in the i, A checklist for the organization, opera- United States and Canada, 1957 ..... 3.50 tion and evaluation of a company li- Picture sources: an introductory list, brary, 1960 ...... 2.00 1959 ...... 3.50 Contributions toward a special library SLA directory of members, as of Octo- glossary, 2nd ed., 1950 ...... 1.25 ber 21, 1960 ...... members 2.00 Correlation index document series & PB nonmembers 5.00 reports, 1953 ...... 10.00 :"LA directory of members, as of Otto- Creation & development of an insur- bor 15, 1962 ...... members 2.50 ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... 2.00 nonmembers 6.00 *Dictionary of report series codes, 1962 12.75 Source list of Jabor statistics, *Directory of business and financial serv- rev. ed., 1953 ...... 2.00 ices, 1963 ...... 6.50 Sources of commodity prices, 1960 .... 5.00 Directory of special libraries, 1953 .... 5.00 Association-its first Guide to metallurgical information (SLA fifty years, 1909-1959, 1959 ...... 2.50 Bibliography no. 31, 1961 ...... 4.00 Special Libraries Assocjatjon personnel / *Guide to Russian reference and lan- survey 1959, 1960 1.00 guage aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4), ...... 1962 ...... 4.25 *Special libraries: how to plan and equip "Guide to special issues and indexes of them (SLA Monograph no. 2) 1963 5.55 periodicals, 1962 ...... 5.75 Subject headings for aeronautical engi- Handbook of scientific and technical neering libraries, 1949 ...... 4.00 awards in the United States and Can- Subject headings for financial libraries, 1900-1952, 1956 ...... 3.00 19-54 ...... 5.00 *Literature of executive management Translators and translations: services and (SLA Bibliography no. 5) 1963 .... 4.25 sources, 1959 ...... 2.50 Map collections in the U. S. and Can- U. S. sources of petroleum and natural ada: a directory, 1954 ...... 3.00 gas statistics, 1961 ...... 6.00 Latest publications SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS-Subscription, $7.00 ; Foreign, $8.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription. $10.00; Foreign, $1 1 00; Single copies, $1.50 TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00; Foreign, $11.00; Single copies, $1.50 UNLISTED DRUGS-Subscription, $15.00 SLA serves as the US. sales agent for selected Aslib publications

SPECIAL LIBRARIES is published by Special Libraries Association, monthly September to April. bimonthly May to August, at 73 Main Street, Brattleboro, Vermont 05302. Editorial Offices: 31 East 10th Street. Yew York. New York 10003. Second class postage paid at Brattleboro,-- Vermont. -- t POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to Special Libraries Associat'on, 31 East 10 St.. New York, N. Y. 10003 a MANUSCRIPTS -----1 a BOOKS I -- I a THESES I Xerox" Reproductions Supplied: ! a PERIODICALS I .. . . From typed or printed I material a REPORTS I .. . . From your microfilm or I SHORT-RUN I original material PUBLICATION .... On a variety of paper or card I stock as well as offset Micro Photo has been producing I I high-quality Xerox Copy-Flo re- masters productions for libraries since 1959. Our modern laboratory and I In single-sided format or by Micro- I technical staff are particularly well equipped to produce all types Photo's DUOPAGE method of re- of Xerox Copy-Flo reproductions I producing on both sides of a sheet. I quickly and at reasonable costs. Send us your material or micro- I Available in soft cover and hard cover I film . . . we will be happy to quote bindings. ------prices. I I Write for FREE Copy. . . I I A chart is available which will be MICRO PHOTO DIVISION I helpful in ordering Xerox reproductions and preparing microfilm I BELL & HOWELL COMPANY I for Xerox reproduction. Complete 1700 SHAW AVENUE CLEVELAND 12, OHIO pricing schedule included. ------I I SPECIAL LIBRARIES Order your new SUBJECT GUIDE and BOOKS IN PRINT

ere's the new 1963 Books In Print - the first place to look when you're looking for a book. It lists over 164,000 books from over 1400 publishers-hard- bounds, paperbacks, trade and textbooks in separate author and title indices. You'll get price, publisher, author, title, series, edition, and other pertinent information - including forthcoming titles.

Subjecf Guide is the complement to Books In Print, listing all the books found in "BIP" that can be classified according to the Library of Congress subject headings. When you've forgotten a title or an author's name, or when you want a handy reminder of books available in certain areas, Subject Guide is the place to look. Complete ordering information as in "BIP."

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OCTOBER 1963 SPECIAL LIBRARIES: HOW TO PLAN AND EQUIP THEM SLA Monograph No. 2 A Project of the New York Chapter Chester M. Lewis, Editor 128 pages illustrated 1963 $5.55

Public, school, and university librarians and administrators as well as special librarians will find here facts and figures on space requirements, layout, furniture, shelving, special equipment, preliminary planning, remodeling, moving procedures, and other aspects of producing a functional, efficient, and attractive library. Ten case histories, most of which have been reprinted from the "Planning the New Library" series in Special Librarie~, describe many types and sizes of actual special libraries and include floor plans, photo- graphs, and statistics. There is a handy checklist for planners, an annotated bibliography, a directory of manufacturers and suppliers, and a d.etailed subject index. Each chapter was prepared by an individual who is experienced and knowledgeable in his field. The Editor is the Chief Librarian of the New York Tinze~. SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION, 31 East 10th St., New York 10003

Now Available LANDOLT-BORNSTEIN Zahlenwerte und Funktionen Sixth Edition by J. D'Ans, P. ten Bruggencate, A. Eucken, G. Joos, W. A. Roth Edited by J. Bartels, H. Borchers, H. Hausen, K. H. Hellwege K. L. Schaeffer and E. Schmidt VOLUME FOUR . TECHNIK Part 2a Stoffwerte und Verhalten von metallischen Werkstoffen Grundlagen, Priifverfahren, Eisenwerkstofle 900 pages. 1393 illustrations. Bound. 1963. $1 17.00 SlecherlmLlner,Inc. FOUNDED IN NEW YORK 1872

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES an-nounc ing... Technical Meetings Index Volume I Number 1

An Interdisciplinary index of technical, scientific, and medical meetings Published quarterly

The current issue of the Technical Meetings lndex includes information on over 500 meetings taking place from September 1963 to August 1965. Meetings sponsored by over 300 technical, scientific, and medical organizations are covered. Data supplied include: Name, date, and headquarters of meeting Sponsor of meeting Technical content of meeting Estimated attendance Deadlines for abstracts and papers Exhibits information The publication is indexed by technical content, date of meeting, deadline for abstracts or papers, location of meeting, and sponsor of meeting. A coordinate indexing system is used to give ready access to the information.

The Technical Meetings lndex is available as part of the subscription to Technical Meetings lnformation Service. The subscription includes, in addition to the Index, a quick-reaction service providing calls for papers for technical, scientific, and medical meetings. Total price of the service is $25 per year, $35 foreign. Send the coupon below for detailed information.

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1963 WESCON TECHNICAL PAPERS Available Exclusively Through WESTERN PERIODICALS CO. A compilation of technical papers presented at the Western Electronic Show and Convention, held in San Francisco, August 20-23 by the Los Angeles and San Francisco Sections of the IEEE and the Western Electronic Manufacturers Association. Volume 7-7 Parts--78 Papers $43.00 Subjects included: Antennas, Circuit Theory, Electron Devices, Automatic Control, Electronic Computers, Information Theory, Component Parts, Product Engineering, Communications, Space Electronics and Instrumentation. Also Available: 1962 WESCON TECHNICAL PAPERS Vol. 6 $37.50 (8 Parts-67 Papers) 1961 WESCON TECHNICAL PAPERS Vol. 5 $85.00 ( 114 Papers) PERMUTED INDEX TO WESCON PAPERS 1957-62 $14.75 Standing Orders Accepted Write for complete catalog of publications available WESTERN PERIODICALS CO. 13000 Raymer St., North Hollywood, Calif. TRiangle 5-0555 STate 2-2192

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by Joseph E Granvzlle, November, $12 50 THE EXECUTIVE LEADERSHIP COURSE by The Prentzce- Hall Edztorzal Staff,Decembe~, 6 vo~umes,$41 95 BU S IN ESS EXECUTIVE'S LIFETIME IDEAS LIBRARY by The Pretzce- Hall Edttortal Staff,December, 2 volumes, $19 50 THE LAWYER'S ENCYCLOPEDIA by a group of 45 noted Untted states attorneys, wzth The Prenttce Hall Staff of lau Y a nd Edztors, December, $29 95 THE PRENTICE-HALL LIFETIME ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SELLING IDEAS by Charles B Roth, December, 2 volumes, TECHNICAL $19, CONCEPTS IN MANAGEMENT SCIENCE by Donald L Cbyh. Ready, $12 00 bookS INDUSTRIAL SCHEDULING, edzted by J F Muth, G L Thompson, wtth the collaboratton of P R Wznters, Ready, $11 95

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CATALOG AND APPROVAL COPIES AVAILABLE: LIBRARY DIVISION, BOX 500E

OCTOBER 1963 yesterday it didn't exist

today scientists can possess the most powerful tool for information searching ever developed

we call it SCIENCE CITATION INDEX SPECIAL LIBRARIES Oficial Iournal Special Libraries Association

Volume 54, NO.8 CONTENTS OCTOBER

Education and the Future GRIEGASPNES The Pierian Spring ESTELLEBRODMAN Is the Traditional Library School Meeting the Needs RUTHWARNCKE AND of the Profession ?-Two Viewpoints RICHARDA. DAVIS New Dimensions in Library Education-The Training of Science Information Personnel ALANM. REES Bookman, Information Expert, Ducumentalist-How Library Schools Meet the Challenge NEALR. HARLOW Directions for Library Education DR. ROBERTHAYES Shoulds, Shouldn'ts-Further Comments on Library Education The Folklore of Special Library Education DR. STUARTBAILLIE The Education of Metals Librarians L. H. LINDER The Educational Needs of Technical Librarians MRS. DORISH. BANKS The Education of the Library Staff and the Library User MRS. GRETCHENS. KORIAGIN Things They Don't Teach in Library School MRS.CLAIRE K. SCHULTZ Use of a Publishers' Catalog File in a Special Library JOHNGADDIS Interlibrary Loan Work at The United Nations ERNESTMAASS Aslib LESLIEWILSON Library Technology Project Report GLADYST. PIEZ Developments in Document Reproduction LORETTAJ. KIERSKY This Works For Us: Mobile Equipment MRS. ELIZABETHR. BOUTINON Planning the New Library: Ap lied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hop! ins University RICHARDA. EVANS SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Sustaining Members SLA Special Classifications Center NEWS Have You Heard Off The Press Spotted

Editor: MARYL. ALLISON SPECIALLIBRARIES COMMITTEE Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Chairman: ROBERTG. KRUPP Consultants: ALBERTAL. BROWN ELEANORKATHLEEN IRWIN DR. I. A. WARHEIT JEANETTESLEDGE Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the policy of the editorial staff or the publisher. Manuscripts submitted for publicatton must be typed double space on only one side of paper and mailed to the editor. Reprints may be ordered immediately before or after fiublication. Subscriptions: U. S. $10; foreign, $11; single copies, $150. @ by Special Libraries Associ- ation 1963. INDEXED rN Business Periodicals Index, Public Anairs Information Service, Library Literature, Business Metho& Index and Library Science Abstracts. However you compare them - microfilm is more practiCdl more economzcd

Prudent library management calls for ' a good, hard look at the yearly carnula- the costs of binding and storing periodical backfiles. Reference service' in this . important area has been modernized for economy just as other library methods.

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SPECIAL LIBRARIES Education and the Future

"The present library school curriculum is shallow." "The one-year graduate program is too brief. It should be at least two years." "Too much so-called library school education has been the teaching of techniques of cataloging and classification, rather than education in their principles." "The total number of library school graduates each year who also have a degree in science or technology is not enough to fill the needs of the federal agencies in Washington, D. C. alone." "About 85v0 of all our graduates take jobs in public, college, school or other general libraries. Our schools cannot afford the money and staff needed for the small number who want special training."

These are a few sample comments voiced by speakers and participants in the education programs given at the SLA Convention in Denver last June. Based on the Convention theme "Continuing Education for Special Librarianship," two general sessions, various Division programs, and the Advisory Council meeting discussed the basic problems-the field of special librarianship is expanding and changing rapidly; we do not have enough people properly trained and educated to handle the great complex needs of today; to- morrow's needs will be even greater and far more complex. Who will provide the properly qualified peopIe to satisfy these needs ?

If you are an "old-timer" in this business, with the end of your career within view, you owe a debt to your profession. You have a responsibility to return to it some of the experience you have gained so that others, starting as you did, may benefit from what you have learned.

If you are a relative "youngsterD-your formal education only a few years past-you have an idea how well that education prepared you for the work you are now doing.

If you are a "middle-ager"-midway between school and retirement-you can see the changes that have come to special librarianship since you began; you want to know what new trends the future may bring.

Whatever your age or experience, you should find many stimulating ideas in this issue of Special Libraries. You will not agree with all the points of view expressed. You may not agree with any of them. But what you think, what you have learned, can help determine future trends in education for special librarianship.

If SLA is to help the library schools produce the special librarians needed for the future, SLA will need the benefit of your thoughtful comments. You can send them to the Editor of Special Libraries, to your President, Mrs. Mildred H. Brode, to the SLA Education Committee, or through your Chapter or Division to the Board of Directors or Advisory Council. GRIEGASPNES, Chairman SLA Education Committee

OCTOBER 1963 The Pierian Spring ESTELLE BRODMAN, Ph.D., Librarian and Associate Professor of Medical History Washington University, School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri

IBRARIAN~in the past Amidst all this jargon and glamor, we can- L few years have not help but consider sadly the fate of the found themselves at- dodo and the American Indian as we con- tacked from all sides, template how little we are reproducing our and within themselves kind. With the recruiting statistics what have been assailed by they are, could it be that we will soon be doubts and fears, which biologically extinct? Will the deluge come have transcended the ex- after us, or will we ourselves be swept away periences of most of in its tide within the easily foreseen future? their predecessors. 0i the one hand we have I do not for a moment believe in this been told that we were obsolescent, if not gloomy, fearful picture! In my opinion li- already obsolete, and that if we didn't watch brarians are as much here to stay as is sex. - out the "documentalists" would gobble us all We might call our supporting appendages up. On the other hand, we have been made "limbs" instead of "legs," and we may have to realize our lowly positions by the difficul- "liver complaint" instead of a "pain in our ties with which our paths to more adequate bellies," but legs and bellies, by whatever budgets are beset. We have been scolded for euphemism, are likely to be with us for some being too timid, too conservative, and too time to come. Indeed, I might put it more negative in our thinking, yet we have seen forcefully: the world zeeds legs and bellies, our colleagues waging bitter battles for free- and calling the janitor the building superin- dom of reading against odds that might seem tendent or the Librarian the Information Di- overwhelming. "Systems engineers" have an- rector is not going to change the purpose of swered our questions about their products their being. ~nstead,therefore, of lecturing about how with sneers that we are inca~ableI of understanding what they are doing and that our you must do this or that to survive; instead administrative superiors would soon see to it of offering you eternal fire and brimstone that we were su~erseded1 in fact. as we al- unless you reform; instead of blaming you ready were in intellect. for the "image" of the librarian, I should Nor are we at all sure-after such re- like to talk about what I think librarianship peated assaults-but that the things they say really is, how it arrived at the place it is to- about us might not perhaps be true. After day, and what-to me, at any rate-it seems all we cannot obtain money for a new likely it will develop into in the future. cataloger or some decent typewriters, while the machine men gaily add to their staffs, Change Is a Fact of Life their budgets, and their prestige without ap- I do this because, as a student of history, carent care. Our administrators. fresh from I find that a study of the past often illumi- a four-day plush conference arranged and nates the meaning of the present and indi- paid for by a firm selling "hardware," ask cates logical possibilities for the future, thus us about "descriptors," "indicia," and "sub- presenting a chance to prepare for that fu- ject tags" or the possibility of a "thesaurus," ture in a realistic and meaningful way. A "referencing," and "codes," as if these u. study of mankind's past shows that little has things had no relation to our time-honored come forth spontaneously, by a kind of "subject headings," "classification schemes," genetic mutation, but that almost everything or "see" and "see also" cross references. has developed from seeds of the past. Vir- Keynote address presented at the 54th Annual SLA chow's "Omnia cellula ex cellula" is thus a Convention in Denver, June 10, 1963. universal truth, not merely a biological one. 488 SPECIAL LIBRARIES The history of anatomical changes in such Is this, perhaps, not the crux of our biological entities as the camel's hump, the trouble about present-day librarianship- horse's hoof, or the human hand shows that that it is changing so rapidly that we can- changes have generally been slow and de- not grasp all of the changes intuitively? velopmental, in a pattern that is not so With a lack of understanding of the phe- fixed but that alterations in one part of the nomenon, with an apparent lack of orderly chronological growth could, and did, trigger growth and change, comes the fear of the changes in other places and at other times. unknown. So we fear the new and we try Since, in its largest sense, human society is to negate it in an attempt to remain in our a biological entity, it is reasonable to find well-known, comfortable, and understood that in all the recorded history of man on milieu, both in our professional existence this planet change in societies has generally and in our everyday living. been as slow, developmental, and varied as We are not the first generation to be in- that in more narrowly defined biological volved in far-reaching, rapidly-developing phenomena. changes in technology and society. For in- As Heraclitus first pointed out two mil- stance, the discovery of the means of ex- lennia ago and as modern science has reiter- tracting iron ore in the sixth city at Crete ated, all living matter is in a constant state is said to have meant the destruction of the of change and flux. At no moment in time is bronze-armored native rulers and army and any organic substance just as it was a mo- the introduction of Greek forms of life. . . . ment past nor just as it will be a moment Perhaps the most far-reaching technological- hence. To stop changing is to stop living- then-sociological change for which we have and perhaps in the new physics of indeter- extensive documentation was the Industrial minate action and the Brownian movement Revolution. There a number of influences of atomic particles, even for inorganic mat- came into play. The introduction of ma- ter, there is ceaseless change. At any rate, for chines caused the product turned out to be biological phenomena change is a sine quu so profitable it made uneconomical the 12012 of life, and death can and has been former cottage industries, where each man equated with fixation, the stopping of time could work for himself. Efficient machines in its flight. required fewer people to do the same If then, change is ceaseless and charac- amount of work. Moreover, the machines teristic of life, we should not be surprised were so expensive that large amounts of that librarianship has changed and continues capital were required to purchase them and to change from moment to moment. Were it few individuals could afford them. This not so, were we in a stasis, we would be meant immediately a division of the populace dead-indeed, is this not the charge levelled into capital and labor. Further, once a group against us by many: that we are intellectually of machines was brought together, then the dead? And is that charge not partially true people to work them were required, and so for some of our colleagues who resist the previously agricultural countries began to see changes circumstances hare brought to li- the growth of urban populations and the brarianship recently? . . . problems of mass sanitary and social needs. But while we accept change as normal, we The changes in clothing, shelter, and food also feel that it is not good for people to at this time are well known, and the miseries change too rapidly. Except for religious con- of human beings caught up in this changing versions, we hold that for the most part there technology were only too graphically de- should be an orderly and gradual alteration scribed by 19th century writers. . . . in human behavior, so that the person chang- Let me remind you how people reacted to ing and those about him can each become such mass changes. After the first unaware- accustomed to the differences. This is im- ness passed off, workers tended, in their frus- portant because we must understand what is tration, to revolt destructively. Wooden sabots happening, else we are unsure of things. and sand were hurIed at the machines by the . . . What we do not understand we fear. Luddites: clearly a case of synecdoche, where OCTOBER 1963 489 the means were taken for the end, the part toil in the sweat of our brow? Yet, after all, for the whole. Bloody brutalities were infor what do we labor? flicted by both laborers and those in power, Albert Szent-Gyorgyi, the Hungarian without solving the fundamental problems of Nobel Prize winner in biology for 1937, ex- how to preserve the decencies of humanity in pressed it well. "If any student comes to a situation so different from the past that me," he explained, "and says he wants to be principles neither of economics nor ethics useful to mankind and go into research to could be carried over. alleviate human suffering, I invariably advise What have been the results of the intro- him to go, rather, into charity. Research duction of machines into our culture? Over wants egotists, real egotists, who seek their the years more training has been demanded own pleasure and satisfaction,"" and who for practically all labor, but in return we find it in study. Learning is like that-long have probably achieved a mass standard of after the compulsions of school have passed, living more compatible with humane life than there remains the pleasure and satisfaction in has ever been possible before on so large a the discovery of new truths-new to the per- scale. These advances did not come quickly son learning them, even if not to others. A

and easily, and it, therefore, behooves us as .young . assistant I once knew used to ex- thoughtful human beings to study the claim delightedly when a new fact or con- chronicles and see if we cannot attain in our cept was brought to her attention, "I never changing technology as good or better re- knew that before!" This joy in discovery, this sults, but without the cycle of destructive enrichment of personality,. is what I dangle tendencies of the earlier period. Machines, before you when I urge you to continue to after all, are merely means to an end, not study and learn throughout your lives. . . . the ends themselves: I believe they can bring A rabbinical scholar exiled by Hitler once about a better life only if we neither fear echoed Socrates in the Phaedo when he told

the new means for librarianshi~I nor deifvI me, "The Nazis took all my possessions, but them; we must refrain from throwing our what I had learned in my studies no one boots or our sand buckets at computers and could take from me." punched card sorters, yet not ignore them. First and foremost, therefore, I urge you Our present task, it appears to me, is to learn to learn about the new developments in our to understand our new tools, to use them to profession because the learning will be fun further the goals for librarianship to which in itself. Secondly, I suggest you study these we all subscribe and which have not things because librarianship is now in a changed, and to develop, if need be, a new period of rapid change. If we are not to be dimension in our calling, which will bring overwhelmed by the fear of the unknown, us the increased humanity of a society of we must make this unknown our known. Put adults, not children. more bluntly, I remind you that just as the Industrial Revolution ended with a demand Learning Is a Pleasure for more training for laborers, so will auto- There is, of course, another reason for mation in libraries end up by requiring more studying the changes in librarianship occur- training from all who enter the library pro- ring all about us. I refer to the joy of know- fession. Also, consider how highly trained ing, the intellectual excitement of learning, people receive more wages than less highly the satisfaction of using our minds and our skilled ones and cannot so easily be shunted hearts to their fullest extent. We do not around at other men's wills. he^ are mas- hear enough of this around us, and conse- ters of their environments, not slaves to it. quently we find ourselves embarrassed when And as masters of their environments. skilled the matter is mentioned-as if we were all workers can set aside time for even further Puritans to whom joy was sinful and joy in study-and this brings us full-circle back to one's work especially sinful. Was it not part the joy of learning new things. of the sentence of expulsion from the Gar- * New York Times M'rgazine, July 30, 1961, p. den of Eden that we were to go forth and 34. 36. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Many Methods of Study Available fessional organizations I know have meet- You may well ask, "How and what shall ings and p;blish some kind of magazine. we study? Up to now you have talked in Some of these meetings are unspeakably dull glittering geieralities; nbw we should like and some of the publications are a disgrace specifics." This is a fair question and I shall to a learned profession. But need they be? try to answer it carefully. Is this not one of the most important places -Study can be job-oriented or it can be where the professional organization can aid discursive learning, which may or may not substantiallv in the continuing" education of fit the needs of a particular task. The Com- its members? Could it not have speakers mittee on Continuing Education of the who tell something worth hearing and im- Medical Library Association has recently part their glad tidings in such a manner that come UD with list of means of continuing- all can profit from their work? If the pro- study essayed by a number of professions, fessional organization sets up standards for including librarianship. This list is impres- its speakeri-and makes them adhere to sive by its length and diversity. Reading it, them-it might end up with annual meetings one may end up feeling every possible way that last only half as long as they do now,

of study and teaching- has been tried some- or four good local meetings a year instead where by someone at sometime. Formal of six or eight poor ones. Is that bad? I courses, informal study groups, discussions, think not. Why should we glorify our an- films, film strips, syllabi, pamphlets, books, nual 'vacation-by-the-colleagues-at-the-bar-of- correspondence lessons, lectures, symposia, the-convention-hotel' as education for our recordings, lantern slides, travel, exchanges vrofession? Or if we think that the ideas and of personnel, journals, projects-you name gossip found at such gatherings are an im- it, someone has done it. And what is more, portant part of our learning experiences (I, they are almost all valuable methods. for one, do), then we might neatly divide The oldest form of continuing education our meetings into speeches that say some- is, of course, on-the-job training. Apprentices thing, and the bar-hotel lobby-bull session learned from their masters. Groups of work- that gives us human knowledge. ers coming together for a loial fair or "And . . . what about our professional church celebration showed off their wares journals? . . . Why can we not demand of and their skills to each other. and all bene- our professional library organizations that fited. In the stress we have placed on formal they take the responsibility of continuing to study, we sometimes forget how much of educate us through the kind and level of mankind's learning has been the watch-and- the articles they publish? Do we really need imitate variety; devoid of theory, perhaps, any more 'How I run my library better than but not always so and, in any case, very use- you run your library?' kind of article, or ful for technological study. worse yet, the speech by the director of the Still another ancient form of non-academic, company or the faculty member on the li- individual study is reading. It seems unneces- brarv committee. which informs us that sary to stress the role of reading for learning without the library he could never get any of to a group of librarians, who apparently are his work done and that librarians are badly dedicated to the proposition that the printed underrated ~eo~le?We need onlv look at I I word is capable of helping in problem solv- the transformation wrought in the pages of ing, yet I am continually surprised at how Amevican Documentdtion within the past little reading some of us do. Contemplating few years to see what a "good editor whb is the level of some of what is published in our given a free hand and a certain amount of professional journals, however, perhaps that money can do in teaching his audience ex- is not surprising. We librarians are caught citingly and interestingly." up in that modern quantitative expansion of But we do not need always to read jour- professional publication that is accompanied nals that are narrowly labelled "librarian- by a real qualitative loss. ship." A whole live world exists and beckons I have said on another occasion, "All pro- to us from outside the confines of our disci- OCTOBER 1963 pline. Ideas are exciting whether they refer is a system designed to bring together the to theories of classification, simplified com- inquirer and the fact he needs as usefully puter techniques, urban renewal, or the "gee as possible, we might well study the ecology whiz" of space exploration; whether we of inquirers, the characteristics of facts re- study the inward insight of modern poetry, quested, and the degree of success of the gardening, cooking, or man's relation to means we have devised for contact between man. Why cramp our minds by literary the two. We need to know what role li- avitaminosis when so extensive a fare awaits brarianship now plays in society and what us? And who knows when such apparently role it could play if it developed more extraneous information will enrich our un- imaginatively or from another point of view. derstanding of problems more closely de- Can society afford this outlay? Can society fined as "professional"? To put it another not afford it? How can society learn if what way, such learning is fun and it may even we offer is capable of doing what we claim help us! for it? Of the more formal and traditional kinds None of this can be done in a hurry or bv of continuing education, the lecture and the a group of people, and we are an impatient academic course, a plethora of words has people. As Szent-Gyorgyi put it in the article been written and spoken. The advantage of quoted earlier, "Our trend is to replace such education over self-education is the pos- creativity by numbers, quality by quantity. sibility of one mind's coming into close con- Our reasoning is analogous to saying that if tact with another one-the old adage again one woman can produce a child in nine of the best education being the student at months, nine women will produce it in one." one end of the log and Mark Hopkins at Gathering data, examining it, and drawing the other. Those of us who have sat at the meaningful conclusions from it take time, intellectual feet of some stimulating teacher hard thought, and devotion. It must be done will always treasure the memory of the in- by each person alone, in his office, at home, spiration we imbibed along with the facts; in the cafeteria line, and on the golf course; but for too many people the possibility of by one man, not by a committee or a com- stopping in mid-stream of their professional mission. Thinking, like dying, is a lonely . . careers, as it were, to go on a pilgrimage to business. such a teacher is small. We must not expect that insight into our How can this desirable end be brought problems will be sudden, immediate, or en- about? I believe by excellent speakers at our tire. Change is usually slow and develop- annual library meetings but even more so by mental, and the best thought is flexible, a library "Chautauqua circuit," where, under with various paths-like computers, which the aegis of universities or professional so- at any bifurcation may choose one of two cieties, teachers can be brought to students in ways, depending upon previous responses. local areas. The schools of agriculture in Librarianship will change as the conditions many land-grant colleges send forth ex- under which it labors change. Such change tension course lectures, and some state is good, a sign of vitality, and we should medical schools see to it that their faculties welcome it. not feel distressed bv it. But to "ride circuit" throughout their area and keep the changes under our control we must bring to local practitioners the best that is study the conditions around us and the being thought and done in medicine. Why means to reach our goals. Then, unafraid, not the same thing in librarianship ? capable of mastering the new situation, let us enjoy going forth to our daily labors. "The way is hard," counsels the Talmud, What Special Librarians Can Study "the task difficult, and the Master presses. We can also look at the matter of study The reward, however, is also great. . . . It in another way. We can ask what will make is not incumbent upon thee to complete the us better librarians? That is what we should work, but thou may not, therefore, cease study. If, as I believe, special librarianship from it." SPECIAL LIBRARIES Is the Traditional Library School Meeting the Needs of the profession?-TWO Viewpoints

RUTH WARNCKE, Assistant Professor, School of Library Science Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio RICHARD A. DAVIS, Assistant Professor, Graduate School of Library Science Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadelphia

The following two papers were prepared for the General Session entitled "Library Education: A License to Learn," held at the 54th Annual Con- vention of Special Libraries Association in Denver, June 11, 1963. Miss Warncke was unable to attend so her paper was not presented.

T MIGHT BE WISE for We should first, I think, clarify the pur- I me to say at the outset poses of the present fifth year programs, lead- that I cannot answer the ing to the master's degree in library science. question asked in the title Occasionally I have the impression that this of this brief paper, since I period of study for approximately 10 or 12 do not come from a tra- months is expected to prepare students for ditional library school. jobs that in any other field would require ten The Western Reserve Li- years of experience-and natural genius to brary School catalog bristles with the titles of boot. Actually, a realistic expectation is that courses that are not yet traditional-from ma- graduates with the M.S. in L.S. degree shall chine literature searching and specialized in- have a sound knowledge of the philosophy, formation services to language engineering the methods, and the materials common to and numeric orientation to computers. Lest I libraries of all types as well as an introduc- fly under false colors, however, I shall con- tion to these aspects of a special field. Some fess that I teach materials selection, public students come with experience, and programs library systems, and the library in the com- may be planned for them that will permit munity. them to pursue their special interests in In the spring of 1962, the Western Re- greater depth. All students are reminded fre- serve Library School cosponsored with the quently that this year of study is only the U. S. Office of Education an Institute on the beginning of their professional education. Future of Library Education. Present were Some of the participants at the Institute felt about 90 representatives of all types of li- that undergraduate programs should not be braries, of graduate library schools, and of considered a substitute for graduate library undergraduate departments of library science, education, but that the relationships between coming from all parts of the United States. In graduate and undergraduate programs should the course of their discussions about the fu- be more carefully defined, and articulation ture of library education, they said many per- between the two levels should be imple- - tinent things about the present state of the mented. Others, however, disagreed. They art-some directly, and some by implication. felt that candidates for graduate library Since the participants at this conference were schools should have a strong liberal educa- thoughtful people, many of them working tion, with an academic subject major in a with or employing recent graduates of li- field other than library science. Perhaps to brary schools, their conclusions seem of great the extent that library schools admit people importance, and I am glad to report them. without sufficient strength in science, or the OCTOBER 1963 social sciences, or the humanities, they are ommendation. I suspect that it was more to not meeting the needs of the field. support the position of most graduate schools When the participants said that continuing than to suggest that they are wasting their education beyond the fifth year in a variety time teaching what might better be learned of formal and informal programs should be on the job. developed by library schools as well as by Over and over it was made clear that li- other agencies and professional organizations, brary schools are not making use of the I think that most of us in library education newer, more effective teaching methods and could say firmly, "We do that." Within the that neither faculty nor students are engaging limits of time and space, most of the gradu- in enough research to change the present sit- ate schools respond to the needs of the pro- uation in which teaching is done or in which fession, as the long lists of institutes, work- libraries are operated on an inadequate basis ' shops, and conferences they sponsor will of tested information. We stood condemned, testify. No doubt we should do more. to a greater or lesser extent, but certainly A sharp reminder of a serious lack came more on the research issue than on that of with the recommendation that advanced pro- teaching methods. fessional education-apart from the doctorate The answer to the question-and let's -should be offered to prepare people for leave out the word traditional-"Is the li- specialization within librarianship and should brary school meeting the needs of the pro- be recognized by the awarding of some cre- fession ?" is of course not. On the whole, the dential at the completion of such study. This schools turn out some pretty effective people, may be the answer to the unrealistic expecta- but it is on a beginning level. Faculties have tions concerning the master's program. Per- to run to catch up with a rapidly changing haps library schools should offer an addi- field, and when they are a bit ahead, they tional semester, or a year, beyond the MS. in are often severely criticized or ignored. We L.S., to increase proficiency in special fields. still find far more interest in the Documenta- Some programs, such as the sequence of law tion Center at the Western Reserve Univer- library courses offered at Washington, are in sity Library School on the part of non-li- existence. Until we have them in many fields, brarians than on the part of librarians. We the library schools may have to admit that have small enrollments and consequently dif- they are not meeting the needs of the field. ficulty in obtaining funds to pay the special- When the participants indicated that peo- ists we need on our faculties; government ple with competencies and specialties to meet grants are not falling into our laps, as they new demands in the field should be recruited do in the medical schools or the graduate to faculties, it was apparent they felt that in physics departments. But admission require- . . too many instances, this had not yet been ments are being raised, new programs are done. Incidentally, this recommendation came being developed, and the non-library world is as often from school librarians as from spe- raising a hue and cry about the need for more cial librarians. Teaching machines are as people with more extensive library training. important as computers, and instructional This mav brine" the schools more students and materials centers as new as centers for in- more funds. I am proud to be engaged in fcrmation storage and retrieval. library education, but it will be a sad day A strongly supported recommendation, ap- when one of us stands before an audience of proved in a plenary session, read: ". . . the librarians and tries to convince them that li- core program, consisting of that element of brary education need not be better than it is. the curriculum basic to all specialties, should We all have a tremendous job to do-and the - be strictly limited to the level of principle responsibility for improving library education and the development of flexibility and judg- belongs to all of us. I can think of nothing ment; . . . except where they are contextual librarians can turn their efforts to that will to such content, techniques and skills are not yield greater results, and if you think that this proper objectives of such a basic program." is a pitch for genuine concern and support A library school director formulated that rec- from the field as a whole-it is! SPECIAL LIBRARIES EFORE 1 ATTEMPT to school to revise its curriculum. Some com- B answer the question plain long and loud because library schools posed by the title, we do not immediately adopt new courses to serve need a common under- their ideas and specialized needs. Particularly standing of the term "tra- vocal in this area have been the special li- ditional." According to brarians-~harmaceutical librarians want Webster, "traditional" is courses in pharmaceutical librarianship ; in- defined as handed down surance librarians want courses in insurance by or conforming to a long-established cus- librarianship; film librarians want courses in tom or practice that has the effect of an un- audio-visual librarianship. Faced with this written law. On the basis of this definition I clamor, the schools must make a decision would say there are ~zotraditional library based on facultv and, above all. financial abil- ~hools.All the library schools have changed ity to offer such specialized courses to limited outlook, point-of-view, and curriculum over audiences. the past 20 or 30 years, and I know of no Although adoption of specialized courses curriculum that is such a "sacred cow" it has has not been universal, a number of schools become an unwritten law. Perhaps a better now offer courses in special librarianship, way of describing the library school of today law librarianship, medical librarianship, the- is to call it conservative, or reactionary, or ological librarianship, and similar courses backward. that appeal to a relatively small group. The As long as there have been library schools, original advocates may have had to wait a they have been the "whipping boys" of prac- long time to see these courses offered by li- ticing librarians. Arguments have been con- brary schools, but eventually the courses ~tp- stant about what courses should be offered peared. and about what should or should not be in- In the past and again at this Convention, I cluded in these courses. During all the tur- heard that old refrain-"Why don't the moil over library education, the schools them- schools teach so-and-so?" It is time we faced selves have been slow to act, slow to change, the cold, hard facts of life. The inclusion of new courses in a curriculum costs monev. and resistant to pressures from the outside world /I of librarians. Their conservative manner may this money has to come from somewhere. It have protected the library profession from might be nice to offer a course for three or some of its own foolish fancies, but can this four students, but when the school goes into conservatism be justified in all cases? the hole by doing this, it is hard to justify it Years after the invention of the typewriter to to^ administration. many libraries still produced handwritten cat- A second factor in the conservatism of li- alog cards, and many library schools taught brary schools is a consideration of trends. penmanship. The conservatism of these Again, a trend toward the special library was schools could be defended by recognizing evident for many years before library schools their response to the demands of practicing responded. The current trend in the field of librarians, that is, the very individuals who information retrieval and the use of machines would hire the graduates of the schools. Us- and computers has been obvious for some ing this as an example, who is conservative, time, particularly to the special library group, the school or the practicing librarian ? The but few schools have taken any action. It is group that finally initiated a change to the in this area of following trends and looking typewriter was undoubtedly the practicing li- toward the future that library schools have brarian, but at first he was a minority, the been conspicuously lagging. 1t takes a lot of radical branch of the profession. As long as handwriting on the wall concerning major the typewriter was used in cataloging by a changes taking place in the world before minority, the schools may have been justified more than a very few library schools are able in teaching penmanship. Or were they ? to interpret the writing. Every small group that represents some One -good reason is that many library new concept in library service wants the schools lack direct contact with the outside OCTOBER 1963 world. Too few of their professors may have One way to provide an atmosphere condu- had recent ex~erience in work situations cive to stirring faculty imagination is to pro- where they came into day by day contact with vide money for research in various phases of the problems facing the practicing librarian. librarianship, permitting the faculty member They read articles; they talk with the work- to explore some outer fringes of the field. . ing librarian ; but it isn't the same as meeting This idea has been kicked around for years, problems first hand. Members of the faculty yet few persons in library schools are doing most likelv to decide on new curricula settle research. down in cozy niches and refuse to consider Again I would like to consider finances. I the changes taking place, often ridiculing am speaking in favor of research, but if we those who try to point them out. They are want to encourage the library schools in this , like Rip Van Winkles who may not awaken area we have to be willing to provide sup- before the world of librarianship has com- port. It is time the practicing professional pletely changed. shouldered some of this responsibility. One Another factor that slows the adoption of of the audience at the Sci-Tech Division new curriculum ideas is fear-fear of what meeting urged that more research be done by other library schools might say; fear of ac- the library schools-my question in return is, creditation committees; fear that a new pro- where is the money l Research is wonderful, * gram will not be accepted by the students; but it carries a price tag. fear that the new offering will not be a finan- If new ideas are not receiving a proper cial success (for in spite of altruistic motives, hearing- in the schools because they do not most schools still hive to operate within a warrant a revision in the curriculum. then budget) ; and fear of what practicing librar- one solution might be to lump them to- ians map say. The last fear is a real deterrent gether and offer a course on "New Ideas in because-these are the persons who hire the Librarianship." Keep it as "blue-sky" as pos- graduates. sible. Interesting surprises might come from It is my feeling that the schools are no students and faculty exposed to such a chal- more conservative-than the librarians them- lenge. selves but the schools tend to react more In closing, I would like to recognize my slowly to change. The next question is, are remarks as iust another stanza in the same the schools justified in reacting more slowly tired song. It can be changed to the latest to change ? answer is no. New ideas, new pop tune if you and I are willing to get to- concepts, and experiments should be adopted gether and work at it. Are you willing to ac- by and, what is more, initiated by the schools. cept new ideas, consider them, even t~ythem The new ideas about handling information out? Are you willing to exert the energy to did not originate in the schools. Why? Be- push your ideas? If you are, there is hope of cause of conservatism and lack of creative putting some new life into the so-called "tra- imagination. ditional" library school.

LIBRARY SCHOOL NEWS Canadian Library School Appointment Newly Accredited Library School The University of British Columbia School The Department of Library Science, Kent of Librarianship, Vancouver, will offer State University, Kent, Ohio, became the courses in special libraries, history of librar- 35th library school to receive accreditation ies, and others to be taught by Marion Gil- for its graduate program in library science roy, newly appointed Assistant Professor. from the American Library Association's She is the former President of the Canadian, Maritime, and Nova Scotia Library Associa- Committee on Accreditation. Approval was tions as well as the author of monographs in given during the July 1963 ALA Convention the fields of history and librarianship. in Chicago. 496 SPECIAL LIBRARIES New Dimensions in Library Education: The Training of Science lnformation Personnel

ALAN M. REES, Manager, Research Resources Center for Documentation and Communication Research, School of Library Science, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio

training required for those engaged in the handling of scientific-technical information must be related. to a number of trends which have recently become apparent. These will be discussed to illustrate their influence on the type of person to be recruited and the accompanying educational needs: THEQUALITATIVE NATURE OF THE INFOR- nel is compounded by the increasing demands MATION CRISIS:The justification of informa- from government agencies, industrial com- tion retrieval in terms of the exponential panies, and other organizations for specialists growth of the literature has recently been to implement complex and expanding infor- subjected to some well-merited criticism.l mation programs. The information problem can no longer be The solution to the problem is by no viewed solely on a quantitative basis. NO- means simple since even a dramatic increase body needs--or will ever need-to examine in the sources of the present supply of per- the total literature of any field of knowledge, sonnel would hardly meet the need. It is even if this were possible. Such statements sobering to note that only about 100 persons as, "If a chemist were to read all of the lit- graduate yearly from the United States ac- erature of chemistry for 24 hours per day, he credited library schools with both a B.S. would fall behind an estimated xxx,xxx degree and an M.S. in Library Science. More- pages per year," are based upon the fallacy over, it is obvious that there is a shift to- that all of the literature of chemistry is of wards a demand for a different type of per- equal interest, or of equal value, to any one son yet to be recruited to the arena of individual or group of individuals. The prob- information handling. An attempt has been lem is rather one of sifting through moun- rnade to define this new breed by function, as tains of information, much of it redundant can be seen by the array of confusing job and/or worthless, and judiciously selecting titles-literature scientist, information spe- only those items applicable to the information cialist, information scientist, science librarian, need that prompted a request. Many librar- literature chemist, documentalist, information ians are ill-equipped to perform this evalu- systems analyst, technical abstracter, and so ative function, and it is the existence of this on. Great effort has been expended to dif- added dimension to information handling ferentiate the new concept of information that differentiates a specialized information handling from the shuffling of paper unfairly center from a special library as presently con- associated with the librarian. ceived.

Factors Influencing the Demand for THE GROWTHOF SPECIALIZEDINFORMA- Science lnformation Personnel TION CENTERS: The emphasis upon qualita- The present and projected demand for tive considerations in information handling personnel and the character of the academic is associated with the information center con- OCTOBER 1963 cept. The rapid proliferation of such centers information center on the nature and extent in the field of science-technology is the result of the demand for science information per- of the need to establish and operate informa- sonnel cannot be overestimated. tion systems based upon highly selective in- THEEXPANDED CONCEPT OF INFORMATION put and critically sifted and compacted out- HANDLING:Information processing is now put prwessed with specific reference to the seen to encompass a broader spectrum of s~ecializedinformation needs of individuals activities than originally defined by library- with mission-oriented interests. Information oriented personnel. The addition of the crit- is assessed by experts and is incorporated ical. evaiuative function has been accom- within the system only if it possesses actual panied by an extension from document or potential interest to the user population. retrieval to information retrieval. The ~rovi- The output of such centers is not only sion of document references lacking value relevant but also pertinent (valuable) infor- judgments constitutes only a semi-finished mation in a processed form. It consists of product. As Alvin Weinberg has remarked, "authoritative, timely, and specialized reports "~ocumentretrieval is a pierequisite to in- of the evaluative, analytical monographic, or formation retrieval-but it is only a pre- state-of-the-art type."2 The information cen- requisite; an information system that stops ter therefore furnishes the user with proc- short of transferring information from one essed information in an assimilable form with human mind to another is inadequate. . . . direct and explicit relationship to his research The hutI of the s~ecializedinformation cen- interests. In this way the information center ter is documents and uncorrelated data; its can be distinguished from a special library, output is reviews, correlations of data, com- which offers unevaluated and unprocessed pilations."3 documents or document references, or both. This shift in emphasis from a special li- The distinction should, however, be recog- brarian as a furnisher of documents to an nized as an artificial one. information s~ecialistwho is an active Droc- The growth of the information center con- I essor of information and an integral part of cept, of which G. S. Simpson and Murdock J. the research environment has created a de- of Battelle Memorial Institute have long been mand not only for more personnel, but of a the leading exponents, has radically changed different type than those usually associated the nature of the demand for science infor- with library school programs. "The full mation personnel, in that centers are staffed s~ectrumof science information activities is for the most part by scientists who act as a I now more complex than most librarians have bridge between the information system and been geared by education and experience to the laboratory. Information specialists are the sol~e."~ peers of the users of the system, possessing equivalent academic qualifications in a sci- THE INCREASEDINVOLVEMENT OF THE SCI- entific discipline; they are the valued and ENTIST IN THE TRANSFEROF INFORMA- trusted colleagues of those working at the TION: It is now widely held that the scien- bench and are specialists in the application tific-technical community must recognize and of relevant and valuable information at the accept the fact that the handling of technical appropriate time in relation to real research information is an essential part of scientific problems, who fertilize research endeavor research. The involvement of the scientist and expedite its successful performance. permits information systems to be user-ori- As of November 1961, there were 427 in- ented and ensures that the functions of syn- formation centers listed in the Directory of thesizing, reviewing, and critically compact- Specialized Science Information Services in ing information are recognized as prestigious the United States, published by the National pursuits worthy of the attention of the best Science Foundation. As a result of this large talent. As this involvement becomes greater number of centers, and considering the many -and more popular-the acute scarcity of classified centers in government agencies not high-caliber recruits to the field of informa- listed in the NSF Directory, the impact of the tion handling will be lessened. SPECIAL LIBRARIES THE POPULARITYOF NON-CONVENTIONALme, inadequate for training science informa- APPROACHESTO INFORMATIONHANDLING: tion personnel. Merely adding a few courses The great rush into the development of non- in the literature of science is not going to conventional systems has been made with solve the problem."G The British Institute of little attempt to evaluate critically and ex- Information Scientists has openly broken ploit conventional systems. The result has away from the library profession and states, been to emphasize differences rather than "Although there are many points of contact similarities, and consequently there has been a and common interest with librarianship, in- demand for personnel skilled in gadgetry and formation work has now developed ;long the manipulation of mechanized systems but many different lines. . . . The information ignorant of the fundamental principles un- scientist (information specialist in American derlying the analysis and retrieval of scientific usage, i.e., a scientist working with informa- information. The emphasis has been upon tion) is primarily a scientist who is approach- action rather than theory, novelty rather than ing the literature and other sources of infor- careful experiment based upon past experi- mation from the research stand~oint.I whereas ence. The rapid development of systems has the librarian, even though he may have been accompanied by an absence of effective studied science, is trained to approach the criteria for assessing the comparative effi- literature from the stand~ointof a custodian. ciency of systems and the failure to establish although he may be competent to undertake under what circumstances the choice of a more."7 mechanized system is preferable to that of a The Education Committee of the S~ecialI manual system. Libraries Association recently noted that a It is therefore not surprising that no clear- major problem in special librarianship has cut educational principles have emerged from developed from the fact that "an increasing the confused state-of-the-art. proportion of the work of handling and processing information is being done by persons The Ro1.e of the Library School who do not have library education and Most people would agree that the library training." The Committee recommended that school is the logical place for the develop- SLA should "emphasize and re-emphasize to ment of dn educational program for the the library schools the fact that in the next training of science information personnel be- five to ten years more and more people will cause it represents the focal point of theory be needed in this area of technical informa- and operating experience concerning the action service and that if the librarv schools do quisition, subject analysis, storage, retrieval, not supply properly qualified candidates for and dissemination of information. The stew- these positions, the vacuum will be filled by ardship of recorded knowledge has tradition- people with other types of education and ally been the responsibility of the library training."s profession. It is indeed difficult to conceive What, in fact, has been the response of the that an adequate and effective educational library schools to the challenge? A very brief curriculum for science information personnel survey reveals a number of courses offered in could be based upon anything other than ex- the field of science information handling9 isting knowledge about the manipulation of Most librarv schools also offer courses in information ; yet the present programs of li- special libraries which cover a number of brary schools hardly present a favorable or subject fields such as medicine, law, chem- optimistic picture. istry, or art.1° The Weinberg Report notes that the li- One also notes a number of seminars and brary profession has given "only a token nod short courses taught by pioneers such as to the challenge presented by the radically Dake Gull, Mrs. Claire Schultz, and Dr. new systems for organizing, storing and re- Robert Hayes. Mr. Gull has offered courses trieving technical information."5 A librarian at the Universities of Michigan, North Car- writes, "The curriculum being offered in olina, Syracuse, and Washington; Mrs. most of today's library schools is, it seems to Schultz has taught a seminar on Search Strat- OCTOBER 1963 egy for several years at Drexel and this sum- main flow of library development, which could mer offered the same seminar at the Unirer- enrich and make more meaningful the spe- sity of Washington; Dr. Hayes has taught cialized techniques taught. How many Mathematics for Information Retrieval at a courses in non-conventional systems of in- number of institutions, including UCLA. dexing relate co-ordinate indexing, descrip- Such courses have enriched the library school tor theory, and thesauri to the principles of programs. subject cataloging, subject headings, and clas- Can this mixed array of lectures, short sification theory? Alternatively, how many courses, institutes, special seminars, and re- courses in subject cataloging and classifica- fresher courses be regarded as an adequate tion take into account the revolutionary de- and well conceived approach to the formula- velopments in information processing? tion of a sound educational curriculum in The haphazard approach to providing an

this area? Does the training- of science infor- adequate and well designed curriculum for mation personnel belong in the library science information personnel is caused by a school? If so, how does the curriculum for number of reasons. First, science information science information relate to the traditional is but one of the specialties considered as core courses of library science? These are part of the traditional library school pro- serious questions that possess important im- gram. Second, the development of informa- plications for the future of the library pro- tion retrieval has been regarded by many fession. library school educators as an astounding ar- The nature of the response on the part of ray of gadgets and fads that make little sense the library schools has been to add specialties in terms of an academic curriculum. Third, such as abstracting and indexing to the pres- there is the very valid problem of relating ent offerings with little attempt to relate the new and specialized techniques to tradi- these specialized activities to the existing tional theory and practice. body oitheory and practice contained within It is generally assumed in this connection the core curriculum. The result has been the that "there is a valid series of introductory teaching of new technical skills divorced or core courses in which the principles and from any theoretical principles, which alone processes of librarianship generally can be can provide meaning to empirical experience. transmitted and that these core courses serve Dean Jesse Shera of the Western Reserve as a foundation upon which library spe- University School of Library Science has cialization can be superimposed effectively."l2 pointed out that excessive attention to the The conservatism and hesitancy of the li- engineering aspects of librarianship to the brary schools to respond quickly to the needs neglect of basic, theoretical principles is due of the scientific community in this area and to a failure to recognize that "a technology the piecemeal approach are directly attributable is a means, not an end. Lacking theory to to the failure to relate the specialties of li- give it direction and purpose, it drifts aim- brary science (of which science information lessly." Although a "sophisticated technology is one) to a core that has never adequately should be an important part of every li- been defined. brarian's professional equipment, and its Apart from its lack of adequate definition, neglect in his education would be disastrous," the present core is hardly hospitable to the it must be recognized that a technology scientific viewpoint. It has been rightly "even when it is mathematicallv derived pointed out that the capacity and vigor on and electronically implemented is not all or the part of the library schools to pro\ ide an even the essential part of librarianship."ll adequate education for science information One can only deplore the piecemeal addi- personnel "has been limited . . . by a very tion of technological courses to the existing long standing commitment to academic and core programs of library schools. Courses in public libraries where careers are assured."l3 science information handling and informa- Those entering the field of science infor- tion retrieval have been developed and of- mation have been somewhat discouraged by fered, but they are largely unrelated to the courses on cataloging, materials selection, SPECIAL LIBRARIES reference work, and so on geared solely or Lehigh University, as a division of the Uni- principally to public and academic libraries. versity Library. The Lehigh group plans to The principles of materials selection in a offer graduate courses in information sciences public library and an information center supplemented by related graduate-level might be identical, but a discussion of cen- courses in psychology, industrial engineering, sorship is hardly applicable in the latter in- business administration, philosophy, and stance. mathematics. Instruction will be centered around several basic aspects of the subject- Education Outside of the Library School flow and use of scientific information, lin- Several steps have been taken by institu- guistic and information analysis, and de- tions other than library schools to provide sign and evolution of systems. A series of educational programs. Georgia Institute of seven lecture-seminars is currently being of- Technology recently concluded a study for fered. This vear the first course will be the National Science Foundation on con- offered, which is an introduction to the in- cepts, curriculum, faculty, and recruitment formation sciences. necessary for training science information A number of training programs are being personnel and held two conferences to dis- offered by various organizations. One that is cuss these problems with national leaders.14 well designed and conceived is the Science Out of these conferences has grown a School 1nformatGn Administrator Program con- of Information Science, established this year ducted by the American Institute of Biologi- at Georgia Tech. One area of specialization, cal Sciences on an NIH grant. As a result of or option, is for science librarians and in- on-the-job training at AIBS and course work formation specialists, and the second option to be taken at a number of universities in for information scientists-according to the the Washington area, successful participants Georgia Institute of Technology definition in the program will be awarded an M.A. or of these terms. Ph.D. degree to be conferred by the School Interest by industrial management is re- of Government and Public Administration flected in the activities of the American of American Universitv. Courses will be Management Association, which has spon- taken in a number of subject areas such as sored a number of seminars and workshops administration and documentation, library in information retrieval and library manage- science, linguistics, statistics, biology, botany, ment: The Role of Management in Informa- and zoology. tion Retrieval (presented by Western Re- These various educational activities out- serve University), Data Processing and side of the library profession represent many Management Information RetrievaI systems, interesting adaptations and experiments de- Information Retrieval Systems for Engineer- signed to meet very real needs. ing and Scientific Applications, EDP and Management Information Services for Per- Conclusions sonnel Systems, and Establishing and Man- Although one notes a number of ap- aging the Company Library. - proaches to satisfying the need for education The Engineers Joint Council is offering an in the area of science information handling, Abstracting and Coordinate Indexing Course, the most realistic and substantial contribu- lasting one week, taught by Jack Costello of tion in the near future can only be provided Battelle Memorial Institute at a number of by the library schools. The theoretical princi- locations this summer and fall. This course ples and guide lines for practice, so con- provides "a rigorous schedule of lectures and spicuously lacking in science information practical drill sessions," and covers syntactic technology, can only be derived from the problems in coordinate indexing, links, roles, embedding of empirical experience in the thesauri, and so on. traditional theory of subject headings, facet Another interesting approach to the prob- analysis, classification theory, subject catalog- lem was the establishment in April 1962 of ing, and so on. the Institute for Information Sciences at The approach of the Western Reserve OCTOBER 1963 University Library School is to work towards the United States, American Documentation, vol. a synthesis and integration of the theory and 13, Jan. 1962, p. 43. See also G. S. Simpson and practice of traditional library science with J. W. Murdock, Experiences Obtained in Devrlop- ing and Operating Scientific Information Centers, the empirical experience derived from the Instrument Society of America Conference Prepl.int design and operation of non-conventional Number 48SI61, Jan. 17, 1961, and Qualitative retrieval systems in the field of science and Approach to Scientific Information Problems, technology. The immediate establishment of Battelle Technical Review, Nov. 1960. a comparative systems laboratory under con- 3. Alvin Weinberg, Science. Government and In- formation. Preprint of an article in International tract to the National Institutes of Health Science and Technologj;, 1963, p. 4, 5. will permit students to test the comparative 4. Leonard Cohan and Kenneth Craven, Science efficiency of systems on the basis of con- Information Personnel. New York: Science In- trolled experiment. Research currently being formation, P.O. Box 624, Radio City Station, 1961, p. 13. undertaken for the Air Force Office of 5. President's Science Advisory Committee, Science, Scientific Research relating to the establish- Government and Information, Jan. 10, 1963, p. 29. ment of the fundamental laws underlying in- 6. Christopher G. Stevenson, Library Education: formation systems also contributes to the The Shape of the Future, Special Libraries, vol. establishment of a sound academic curriculum 54, May-June 1963, p. 261. 7. G. Malcolm Dyson and J. E. L. Farradane, for science information personnel. Seven Education in Information Work: the Syllabus and courses are currently offered in information Present Curriculum of the Institute of Information retrieval, systems design and computer pro- Scientists Ltd., Journal of Chemical Documentrr- gramming. The core curriculum is currently tion, vol. 2, no. 2, 1962. p. 74. See also Dyson and being revised to incorporate the newer prin- Farradane, The Aims of the Institute of Informa- tion Scientists Ltd., ibid., p. 72-4. ciples and extended functions involved in in- 8. Special Librarie.~, vol. 53, Sept. 1962, p. 407-8. formation handling. 9. See Courses Auailable in Accredited Libvary As the curriculum is revised, integrated, Schools in the Area of Special Librarianship, Docu- expanded, and improved, it is anticipated mentation and Literature of the Subject Fields. that more students will be attracted with Chicago: American Library Association. Library Education Division, Jan. 1963. better qualifications and motivation. This 10. For a discussion of courses in special librarian- trend is already apparent in recent years. ship see, John Carson Rather, Education for The opportunity presented to the library Special Librarianship, Drexel Library School Serier, schools is infinite. No other institution is as no. 4, 1960, p. 18-23. well equipped to provide an adequate cur- 11. Jesse H. Shera, Toward a New Dimension for Library Education, ALA Bulletin, April 1963, p. riculum for the handling of scientific in- 314-15. formation. It is inconceivable that effective 12. Assumptions Underlying Library Education education could be based upon anything Today. In Objectives of a National Plan for Li- other than existing knowledge about the brary Education. Prepared by the American Library manipulation of information. A more precise Association, Library Education Division for the ALA Commission on a National Plan for Library 2nd expanded concept of library science is Education, Jan. 8, 1963. possible, and there is little doubt that some 13. Cohan and Craven, op. cit., p. 23. at least of the library schools will meet the 14. Proceedings of $he Conferences on Training challenge. Science Information Specialists: Oct. 12-13, 1961 ; April 12-13, 1962. Georgia Institute of Tech- I. See, for example, Yehoshua Bar-Hillel, Is In- nology, 1962. See also, Dorothy M. Crosland, formation Retrieval Approaching a Crisis? Ameri- Georgia Tech and the NSF Study Grant for Train- can Documentation, vol. 14, April, 1963, p. 95-8. ing Personnel for Scientific and Technical Libraries, 2. G. S. Simpson, Scientific Information Centers in Special Libraries, vol. 53, Dec. 1962, p. 590-4. SLA Sustaining Members The following organizations are supporting the activities and objectives of the Special Libraries Association by becoming Sustaining Members for 1963. These are additions to the Sustaining Mem- bers listed in earlier issues and include all applications processed through September 24, 1963. NATIONALASSOCIATION OF ENGINEAND BOATMANUFACTURERS PEPSCOLA COMPANY 5 02 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Bookman, Information Expert, Documentalist-How Library Schools Meet the Challenge

NEAL R. HARLOW, Dean, Graduate School of Library Service Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey

cause we are talking about different things A da~~~;~~~loGec: in terms that have no agreed-upon meaning. tion, a call of defiance, or On occasions similar to this, when I have a cry to halt and give the heard statements about what the education countersign. On guard, of librarians should be, the greatest concern my assigned title says to has often been expressed over details that me, and I accept it as are closest to hand-what they failed to something between a teach me in library school about the job I warning and a threat. I was uneasy, when have to do. And I argue that any boy with asked to share the platform with two missile a new rifle can hit a bulls-eye at close range, people, about getting into faster company given enough tries; but he is not a good than I could probably keep, but I reckoned soldier and would be a menace to himself that if they took off ahead of me, and even and the army. It has also been shown that carried the whole audience with them, some- any bright lad at a reference desk can pick cne would need to step in afterward and a great deal of generally useful information bring everybody down to earth again; and from the most commonly used sources; but that somebody might as well be me! if he is made responsible for a whole li- En garde! The documentalists are com- brary operation, without the knowledge, dis- ing! This cry was once used to frighten cipline, and judgment required of a librar- young librarians, but "literature scientist" ian, he will be a handicap to himself and has now succeeded it, being calculated to the system. Like a surgeon or pediatrician, scare both them and the documentalists. And the librarian, information specialist, or docu- the latter might well feel in jeopardy, for a mentalist must be familiar with the anatomy short while ago a group of very respectable of the whole body and master the basic science information specialists quietly jetti- sciences of his field. soned them (in an appendix) for having no This basic knowledge does not remain particular definition. It may be we are only static long enough to be formalized into a suffering from a "toxic condition of the creed. Librarianship can trace its evolution vocabulary'' (as Jacques Barzun phrased it) from the scholars, collectors, and bibliog- because we are all a little high from chronic raphers of the 16th century and prove by over-stimulation or are nursing a hidden internal evidence a direct line of descent to same of infection that needs to be isolated the information machine. But change has and identified. My own qualifications for been capricious, and we can find living ex- diagnosis may be thought to lean too heavily amples of the scholar-collector period along- on extrasensory perception, but my several side information specialists of the space age. conventional senses tell me that in discus- Like physicists, librarians began with what sons of this kind confusion often arises be- now seem crude, simple, or superficial mat- ters and gradually came around to more Presented at the Science-Technology Division panel, "Is Library Education Meeting the Chal- sophisticated things. And, as growth and lenges of a Changing World?" at the 54th Annual change have taken place and specialization SLA Convention in Denver, June 10, 1963. become more extreme, new barriers of lan- OCTOBER 1963 guage have been raised, and persons speak- suggesting that the general library either has ing ba~icbookman can no longer commu- a different focus or that its outlook is dif- nicate with those understanding only fuse. Because the objectives of a special li- doczlmentatese. As the names of primitive brary are fewer and more obvious, they are tribes often mean "the people" in their local more easily identified and likely to be tongues, so each of the families of informa- achieved, while the services of a general li- tion man tends to regard itself as a chosen brary must be deliberately selected for special race, rather than as having natural ties of emphasis if they are to be actively pursued. blood and tradition. Special librarians are therefore likely to be more ready than others, quicker, suer of Definitions and Relationships their specializations, with a clearer knowl- The LIBRARIAN provides the basic struc- edge of their users' needs. ture of the information system, having a gen- While still being responsible for the whole eral understanding of the whole operation information unit (and cycle), they may pro- and holding it together. His responsibility duce their own abstracts and annotations embraces all aspects of information work- within a limited subject range, construct in- intellectual, bibliographic, mechanical, and dexes, make translations, write reports, and administrativeand although he may be work coordinatelv with mechanical informa- asked to emphasize some one aspect of it at tional systems. And they can exist anywhere any time, he is prepared to treat it all as re- under given conditions, in industry, a uni- lated to the rest. To him, librarianship is a versity, community, or school. "Special," then, discipline (demanding truth, objectivity, and may not only be contrasted to "general" but accountability), a profession (requiring a lib- to "passive" or "diffusem-two useful de-

eral education, specialized knowledge, and a scri~torsI the SLA members hi^I Committee fundamentally intellectual contribution), and might find handy in screening new recruits. a service (with objectives which are informa- I shall revive here and use the word DOCU- tional and educational). MENTALIST to include those having special His primary responsibility is to apply competence in dealing with the m&hk- jzldgment to library situations, based upon an for storing, searching, reproducing, and integrated knowledge of the objectives, prin- transmitting information. In this capacity ciples, techniques, materials, and users of they cannot simply be "way out," discon- library service. He may indeed become in- nected, discontented, or "angry" with "con- volved in other supporting activities, but he ventional" means-each must be a swcial should be aware that these are supplementary librarian in the double sense described above, and not his main job, if he is going to be a with a third capability added thereto, a thor- librarian. While the "bookman" may be ough knowledge of machine tools as well as characteristically interested in materials and of manual methods and an appreciation of in promoting general access through open the relationships between the two. To be a stacks, catalogs, and classification schemes res~onsiblemember of the trio of librarian, and rely for deeper analysis upon bibliogra- special librarian, and documentalist, he must phies, abstracts, indexes, and similarly de- understand and be directly concerned with tailed approaches provided by other people, the whole information c& and be able to the margin between librarian and "special" evaluate critically over-all pertinence and librarian is sometimes indistinct. cost. In the recent evolution of svstems for A SPECIAL LIBRARIAN is a librarian with the storage and searching of information by two well developed specializations, librarian- non-conventional means. this function of the ship and the literature of a subject field, with documentalist has been characteristically the responsibility to a highly conscious audience missing link. and a resulting emphasis upon use. This ag- Joined to this unbeatable team of librarians gressive attitude toward service has led is the LITERATURE ANALYST, primarily Ralph Shaw to characterize the special library trained in a subject field, with an above av- as being "really a point of view," inversely erage knowledge for a scientist, of the char- 5 04 SPECIAL LIBRARIES acter and content of the literature within his the diagnosis indicates whether we have all scope. As a scientist, he works at a desk been talking about the same thing when us- rather than a bench, and his function is to ing the more or less familiar names. Two search, organize, evaluate, and synthesize in- questions remain : Within these categories, formation, whatever is appropriate in rela- which are the responsibility of the library tion to a given program of research, and he schools? and, Are the schools satisfactorily may be responsible for the final report. He doing their job? Let me briefly propose an is the middleman between the librarian or in- education for each. formation expert and the scientist or scholar, not taking over the function of either (includ- Proposed Education for Each ing their personal reading) but bearing Type of Information Man the major responsibility for research and syn- The education of a LIBRARIAN can be pack- thesis in respect to recorded information. He aged in several ways, but, however divided, can be attached to the library or research should include these basic things: project, but his competence in a subject field 1. The origin and function of libraries, to must be substantial enough to inspire confi- indicate what our traditions and responsi- dence in a critical user and frequently enough bilities are. exercised to justify his employment and give 2. Bibliographic method, i.e., the techniques satisfaction to him. and structure of bibliography that are ap- The INFORMATION SCIENTIST is included plicable to all subject fields. here to dispel confusion, for he is not part 3. Literature searching and documentation, of an information system. He must be fully or the intellectual and physical means of ac- qualified in one or more of a variety of sub- cess to any literature. ject areas and intent upon research in some 4. Descriptive cataloging as it applies to all aspect of information-its nature, handling, materials. storage, search, communication, or use. Like 5. Subject analysis at various depths. the chemist, physicist, and economist, he 6. Abstracting and indexing for information uses information and extends knowledge, but services. he is not part of the communications pattern. 7. Evaluating information and evidence as a Until the discoveries made by him are as- basis for qualitative judgment. similated into an information scheme and 8. A study of reader services or how to an- made compatible with it, they may actually alyze varied users' needs and provide for mislead or obscure rather than aid. As en- their satisfaction. gineers have recently decried do-it-yourself 9. Building library collections or how to ap- engineering by physicists as handicapping the praise and develop collections of materials. exploitation of space and the atom, so un- 10. Administration of library situations. informed intervention by perfectly good sci- 11. Application of management principles entists in information systems can damage and systems analysis to library operations. and delay development. The machine handling of information has recently been char- Since librarianship exists only in partner- acterized as "a technology without a science," ship with specific content, the librarian must and there is a vast and desperate need for have, in addition, more than a layman's basic research in relation to it. knowledge of a subject field. The education We have now identified five general clas- of a librarian must therefore be post-gradu- sifications in the information field-librarian, ate, built upon at least the maturity and special librarian, documentalist, literature an- knowledge represented by a college degree, alyst, and information scientist-although and graduate in respect to its level of intel- these are not necessarily all (there being pro- lectual appeal. Work beyond the master's de- grammers and code developers, for example, gree (not necessarily to the doctorate)- working with the machine), nor are they al- providing training in research or greater ways operationally discrete (a special librar- competence in a subject field-is always ian often doubling as documentalist). But appropriate. OCTOBER 1963 505 The SPECIAL LIBRARIAN performs all the In apprehending information, he will need librarian's basic functions and therefore re- to know something about bibliographic quires the same general education and per- sources and method, abstracting and index- spective, plus a strong major in a subject ing, report writing, and documentation meth- field. Not a literature analyst, technician, or ods so that he can work harmoniously and scientist, his subject competence can be made usefully with library colleagues and research up of a thorough familiarity with the con- staff. He may be described as having a thin cepts and terminology of a field, its distinc- coating of librarianship through which his tive branches of study, the research process, qualifications as a subject specialist can be and the interests of his clientele. His profes- clearly seen. sional education will emphasize bibliographic INFORMATION SCIENTIST is as yet hardly a method, cataloging and classification, ab- recognized term, but it is beginning to be stracting and indexing, subject bibliography, adopted, if not wholly accepted, in institu- literature searching and evaluation, and doc- tions of higher learning. Information, as an umentation methods and equipment, with area for scientific exploitation, must depend particular attention to relationships between upon shared knowledge from many fields: man and machine. Since it is far from certain mathematics, linguistics and logic, electrical he will find library employment in the subject engineering, physics, psychology and physi- field of his choice, he must be prepared to ology, economics, industrial management, successfully occupy other areas through the and operations and systems research, to name intensive use of bibliographic and searching a few. And if the findings are to have gen- methods learned in library school. eral validity in relation to information han- The education of a DOCUMENTALIST will dling and use, they must be developed in the recapitulate that of librarians as a group, with perspective of what bibliography, classifica- some subject competence. It will elaborate in tion, descriptive cataloging, and subject in- respect to the machine's potential for infor- dexing have to teach. One of the wonders of mational use, including practical instrumen- the scientific approach to information work tation and computer programming, with per- has been the almost prideful ignorance of tinent logic and statistics, and it will need to what is already known in "conventional," do this beyond the first master's level. With that is, functioning form. his eyes on the machine (and the future), he will literally fail the course if he does not Role of Library Schools recognize what is currently feasible, when a Of the five educational programs men- process is experimental and not ready for tioned here, three are the prerogative of li- commercial service, and how to work out the brary schools, two will need their guidance characteristics and cost of a whole informa- and perspective. But how many schools are tion program by filling in the often missing prepared to turn out a 1964 product? And I parts, and where man comes in. He must be do not mean a new annual model, in its sales as objective, disciplined, and responsible as room definition, laid over with semantic his other library colleagues and have the same chrome, decked out with tinseled terminology professional commitment to education and and called "The New Curriculum." We need information use. not pick out here any ecstatic course descrip- To comprehend and synthesize the litera- tions and analyze what is beneath, but we ture of a subject field, a LITERATURE AN- have a duty to integrity and good judgment ALYST must have a theoretical and working as well as to boldness and public esteem. knowledge of a subject derived from system- What of the other extreme, the ultra-con- atic study to the master's or doctoral level, servatives, the professional far-right, who preferably followed by active experience in have not really changed their course content research. Today he is likely to be a recruit in lo! these 20 years ? They cannot differentiate (or escapee) from a research job, for "lit- between bibliographic method and a bibliog- erature analyst" hardly exists as an occupa- raphy; do not recognize management as the tion toward which a college boy can look. intellectual principle transcending processes ; SPECIAL LIBRARIES have not learned the concept of "systems," challenge of recruitment, at least, can be which provides continuity to a cycle of op- batted right back to the profession. erations, or the logic of cause and effect. The "ugly" librarian appears to be always They discover no synthesis linking informa- with us, and the concept is a perpetual chal- tion services in elementary schools and in- lenge. Although he carries the greatest load dustrial research (and give endless credit of information work, he is downgraded for courses repeating general principles and elab- not being a scientist and for being a "cus- orating upon ephemeral details). Some may todian" and "against" the machine. A gov- even set up a graven image called the book ernment agency with a scientific mission can -however beautiful, one of the great me- hardly specify librarians for information chanical inventions of man. I have mentioned work if by asking for "literature scientists" what I believe course content should be, and they might get a hundred new positions in- it should be presented to the student as being stead. Proposals to train information special- motivated by its final cause, the needs of ists in non-library schools have an immediate users, and activated by dedication and good appeal to outside funds; and expensive ma- management. chinery answering 60 questions a year has The quality of the faculty controls the been cheerfully supported by an industrial quality of the school and is more impor- concern. The reluctance of scientists to accept tant than any particular organization of information experts into their research enter- the program. The curriculum must be de- prise (see the Weinberg Report) literally signed by the faculty as a whole, and bars well qualified persons from this essential each must see it all before his contribution work. The public image of a librarian and a can be fitted in. An educational institu- library school is a mixture of ignorance, prej- tion cannot be created from a part-time staff, udice, and truth ; better information services employed full-time at something else, dab- in our own behalf, in addition to better per- bling with the education of students like formance, would reduce the distortion. dilletanti, or pontificating as if they were Finally, librarians are said to spend too Henry Ford on his birthday. We need senior much time fulfilling their obligations to so- people who have made their ways by their ciety and too little of it developing a core of own wits in the field, to teach and think full- knowledge for the profession. Nobody wor- time-with "full-time" requiring and sched- ries much about this in law and medicine, uling research and study in the field. Most where philosophers and law-givers and men practitioners are too close to the field, too trained in research are more or less set aside sure they know the way, too ready to preach to perform this function. Librarianship has rather than teach students. Part-time special- very nearly lacked an arm of research, and ists and detail men play an important role, fill- most technical benefits, at least, have come ing in and accenting a well designed pattern. to it by marginal adaptation from commercial Since the graduate schools are the main use. (Indeed, some of the characteristic prob- entry to the library profession, and through lems surrounding computer technology in in- them flows the supply of persons who can formation work are similar in origin-as if be called professional, they should admit all medical research were performed by only the best material, knowing the candi- pharmaceutical firms.) A good deal of basic dates' weaknesses cannot be corrected in a research in other fields is carried on in uni- year and that their level of education and versities, but in few of the library schools. intelligence determines where the profes- Librarianship itself is a functional system, sional program begins. Libraries in this re- like the hen and the egg, in which the school spect are often the profession's worst ene- and practitioner continually recreate each mies, for they are ready to recruit less quality other in endless succession. We can go out- than circumstances require, wasting the Ii- side the circle and attain another kind of brarian's birthright on trivial assignments, animal, but I urge that we set about earnestly and pressing the schools for a larger output improving the breed. than a quality-controlled input justifies. The Here is a challenge that is also a dare! OCTOBER 1963 Directions for Library Education

DR. ROBERT HAYES, President Advanced Information Systems, Inc., Los Angeles, California

E ARE IN the midst of an intellectual but in addition processes of publication, anal- W and technological revolution. It is a ysis, and basic research in the subject matter result of the growth of information services of the library. In a real sense, the informa- of all kinds. Its effects are being seen tion center is itself becoming a research insti- throughout our modern society-not only in tute. science and technology but in business, in government, and in our personal lives. In Three New Curricula this revolution mechanization as such actualIy With such revolutionary changes in the plays a relatively minor role, but it has served character of librarianship, it would be sur- as a catalyst and has forced us to examine prising if there were not comparable changes very carefully the meaning, the value, and in education for librarianship. And, of the organization of information. course, these are occurring in library school The effect of this technological revolution after library school throughout the country. is increasingly exhibited in the changes tak- They will continue to occur at an ever in- ing place in the character and structure of li- creasing pace as the needs for competent, brarianship. In particular, we have seen the professionally educated personnel increase. At generalization of the type of collection with this stage these new educational trends seem which the librarian is concerned, so that it to be crystalizing into three distinct curricula. now encompasses, in addition to the tradi- The first is an expanded curricula in PRO- tional books, a variety of other media and FESSIONAL LIBRARIANSHIP with emphasis on forms of recording such as documents, the problems in administration of libraries graphic material, and forms of mechanized and information centers. Such a curriculum storage. There is an increasing specialization must include basic knowledge in traditional of functions within the profession itself, with and extended librarianship, encompassing the the definition of catalogers, reference per- newer tools developed over the last few years sonnel, library administrators, and others as and going by the name of "documentation." specialties within librarianship. There is an It will also include basic knowledge in the increasing specialization of subject interest administration of a complex business, with evidenced by the growth of special librarians education in cost accounting, personnel ad- in science and technology, medicine, law, ministration, budgeting, and the tools of business and commerce; this will certainly administrative control. It will include basic continue as the requirements for information knowledge in the application of modern data services are extended into areas both wider processing tools to library processes, with an and more specialized. There is an increasing introduction to methods of library system de- knowledge in the library profession of mech- sign, equipment evaluation and selection, anization and its applicability to clerical proc- and computer programming. It will involve a esses involved in providing information serv- period of internship, following the degree, ices. Finally, there is an increasing extension to guarantee true professional knowledge. in the very nature of library services, which The second recognizable type of curricu- now encompass not only the storage and re- lum is that for education of the INFORMA- trieval of books, documents, and information TION SPECIALIST.It is, in a sense, surprising that this type of education has only recently Presented at the General Session, "Library Educa- been so strongly emphasized, since it was tlon: A License to Learn," at the 54th Annual SLA recognition of the need for the information Convention in Denver, June 11, 1963. Dr. Hayes is currently President of the American Docurnenta- specialist-the individual with training in t~onJnstltute. both a subject specialty and the tools of li- 5 08 SPECIAL LIBRARIES brarianship-that gave birth to the Special the handling of information. Mathematics, Libraries Association. However, the fact re- psychology, linguistics, and a wealth of sim- mains that this has occurred and that the ilar background will all aid in our under- pressures to develop professionally educated standing of how to handle and communicate people with this combined background are information. Because of the catalytic role now forcing the library schools to adopt this which mechanization plays, the curriculum second category of extended curriculum. should also include basic knowledge in the The curriculum for information specialists theory of data processing tools and pro- again must include basic knowledge in tradi- gramming. This degree program, which tional and extended librarianship, encompass- eventually may well lead to a Ph.D. level of ing as before the newer tools of documenta- research, should culminate in the preparation tion. It should include extended knowledge of a thesis extending our basic knowledge of in the more specialized tools of abstracting, the fundamental discipline of librarianship. annotating, and reporting, since the result of the information specialist's work will usually Achieving Interdisciplinary Curricula be consolidated state-of-the-art reviews. The From these three curricula, it is evident significant addition is the emphasis on basic that the coming education in extended li- knowledge in a specialized subject discipline. brarianship is interdisciplinary in a twofold In principle, this knowledge could be at any sense. It is interdisciplinary first, because so degree level up to and including a Ph.D. in many different disciplines must draw on the the subject, governed principally by the de- methods of librarianship. Thus, it finds its gree of sophistication of results desired from application in physics, in sociology, in medi- the specialist-the greater the education in cine, in law, in government. The second the subject specialty, the finer the state-of- sense in which librarianship is interdiscipli- the-art review that would be achieved. nary reflects the fact that the tools of librar- The education for the information special- ianship are themselves drawn from a variety ist must also include extended knowledge in of fundamental disciplines. It is because of the sources of material, the language, and the this twofold character of librarianship that organization of information appropriate to the curricula for information specialists and the particular specialized discipline. This ed- the information scientists have both been ucation should certainly involve a thesis with recognized as essential. One represents the the intent of extending the fundamental breadth of application, the second represents knowledge concerning the application of in- the breadth of base. formation tools to the particular discipline. With such a complex interdisciplinary ac- Finally, it should include a period of intern- tivity, it has become a serious question as to ship, following the degree, to learn the real- how education for it can be set into our mod- ities in communication and searching of in- ern university structure. Various approaches formation. have been attempted with varying degrees of The third category of curriculum repre- success. For example, special courses, sum- sents something fundamentally new and is mer institutes, and the like have been given almost certainly a direct result of the impact throughout the United States. However, of automation upon our view of librarian- though these have been successful to one de- ship. It is the curriculum in INFORMATION gree or another in introducing the changing SCIENCE, concerned with the development of character of librarianship, they are at best knowledge in the discipline of librarianship stopgaps. Some effort is underway to develop itself. It therefore must also include, as do interdisciplinary curricula involving several the other curricula, education in the basic departments in the university, but I suspect knowledge of traditional and extended li- that these are almost foredoomed to failure brarianship. In addition, however, it must through lack of recognition of the true unity include basic knowledge from a broad spec- and interdisciplinary complexity of the field. trum of fundamental disciplines, each ap- In some cases the responsibility has been split plicable to the development of a theory for among several departments, but this will al- OCTOBER 1963 most certainly fragment the field even more new curricula? We are faced with some very and result in an isolation of it from librarian- serious problems, not the least of which is ship. Some suggestions have been made that the image the schools of librarianship have an entirely new department-a Department within the university, among the students, of Information Science-be established. Al- and within the profession itself. We are though this may be accomplished in some of faced with barriers of fear, hostility, and the smaller universities, the hurdles of aca- overweening reverence for the past. We are demic structure in the larger universities will faced with an apparent aversion to mathe- be almost insurmountable. We are, therefore, matics and science within the profession. Can almost certainly faced with what should have these problems be overcome ? been the obvious answer from the beginning. I am convinced that they can and, in fact, The program in extended librarianship must me being overcome. The image will change be centered in the schools of librarianship as those within the profession change their but must draw on the resources of the entire view of themselves and as the schools change university. the character of what they teach. This, then, The question remains, however, can even is the challenge to the profession and to the this be done? Recognizing that the schools library schools. The need is there. It is evi- of librarianship are the present centers of denced by the pressures within the profes- knowledge on how to handle information, sion, from government, and from science. are they really the suitable location for these And, where a need is felt, it will be met. Shoulds, Shouldn'ts- Further Comments on Library Education

HE FOLLOWING remarks and opinions have been extracted from five T papers presented on library education programs at the 54th Annual Special Libraries Association Convention in Denver.

The Folklore of Special Library Education The status quo situation confronting us DR. STUARTBAILLIE, Director seems to me to be as follows: Graduate School of Librarianship, 1. The core approach to library education, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado which first generalizes and then adds a few The most interesting folklore is the belief special courses in the final quarter, is not ac- that special librarians do not need a library ceptable to many special librarians. 2. This problem may be alleviated by re- school degree-and that part of the reason quiring a library education and a subject spe- for this belief is the fact that many special cialty. This area of difficulty is not limited to librarians are subject specialists and that the the special librarian and exists also in law, technique and philosophy of librarianship are theology, and science, for example. All re- of less importance than a knowledge of bank- quire more than the M.A. degree. ing, chemistry, physics, or space science. Special librarians live up to most of the The special librarian has not been happy folklore I seem to remember from earlier with the core approach because too much days. As a group they are dynamic, vital, and time-30 to 40 quarter hours-has been on the move. Individually they believe in used up before the candidate can move into service and give a considerable measure of it his specialty. Too often the special librarian, at all times. The real question at hand is an like the school librarian, assumes that all he optimum system of library education for the will ever do is to work at one job-the special librarian, which will function ade- Rocky Mountain Chemical Company. Since quately now and in the future. his present responsibilities do not include 510 SPECIAL LIBRARIES cataloging, why should he be bothered with and the role of recorded knowledge in com- such a boring subject. What this special li- munication. brarian seems to want is a course in Rocky 5. Be able to absorb facts, analyze, synthe- Mountain Chemical librarianship tailored to size, and interrelate information. his individual needs as of that moment. All he really wants, it seems to me, is a library Special Knowledge union card, not a library education. 1. Formal training in librarianship. It is my It seems to me that the problem here is belief that a core of knowledge useful to all not that of curriculum building, but one of librarians exists, and this should be the basic the quality and flexibility of the library part of the special education obtained by all school graduate. What happens to the chem- metals librarians. This core consists of the istry librarian when no position in chem- following courses or their equivalent: cata- istry exists in the right town in the right loging and ~Iassification (now frequently climate at the moment of his graduation? called organization of library materials), What happens to the science information reference and bibliography, bbok selection, specialist when the only job available where and library organization and administration. he must work is in the small public library? These courses should stress principles and Or, placed on a wider scale, what happens the development of flexibility and judgment to the library profession as a whole when and should encourage the student to think each of us moves toward a specialty from from generalizations to specific applications, the first day of our library education? The so that this skill may be applied later on the problems this approach would create seem job. Since the foregoing are only the basic too great to consider at this time. courses, the forward-looking metals librarian will also seek to include in his training or (Presented at the General Session, "Library Edu- - cation: A License to Learn," June 11, 1963.) study as many as appropriate of the following: abstracting and indexing, subject ana- . The Education of Metals Librarians lyzing, subject headings, information storage and retrieval, and literature searching. L. H. LINDER,Manager 2. Subject knowledge in the area of your li- Technical Information Services brary's specialization. Mobility and the un- Aeronutronic Division predictability of specific job opportunities Ford Motor Company mitigates against successful planning of this Newpvrt Beach, California in our undergraduate years. The alternatives Webster says education is the act or appear to be either obtaining training in as process of providing with knowledge, com- many branches of science as possible, or petence, and desirable qualities of behavior adding the subject competence after we are or character, or of being so provided, es- on the job. pecially by formal study or training. Thus, 3. Language training. the end product of this process is the totality 4. Special knowledge of publishing, copy- of the knowledge, competencies, and quali- right, and copying methods. ties of character acquired and retained. If we 5. Courses that introduce, explain, and are to keep up with our profession, this evaluate the latest techniques, theories, and process should be a continuing one for all of devices for analyzing, storing, and manip- us, to enable us to steadily enlarge our ulating information. knowledge, to sharpen our competencies, and 6. Courses that aid the librarian to be an to improve our behavior or character. expert in the literature of a subject without being an expert in the subject itself. Basic Competenciex 1. Be able to communicate effectively. Qualities of Character 2. Be sensitive to the needs of clientele. 1. Adaptability. 3. Be able to manage. 2. Alertness. 4. Understand patterns of communication 3. Cooperativeness. OCTOBER 1963 4. Energy. lem solving is required. A source for direc- 5. Friendliness. tion is in the systems concepts, with under- 6. Loyalty. standing of man and his abilities and his 7. Originality. limitation coupled with available resources 8. Good judgment. and technologies, to develop the magic that 9. Reliability. will relate information to user needs in such 10. Tactfulness. a way that the user recognizes the relation- shiv. (Presented to the Metals Division, June 10, 1963.) This leads me to a constructive suggestion for ourselves. As librarians, members of a The Educational Needs of satisfying and potentially dynamic profes- Technical Librarians sion, we lack unified direction. For instance, MRS. DORIS H. BANKS,Librarian not too long ago Libray loumal carried an Ground Systems Group Library ad for the head of the Science and Tech- Hughes Aircraft Company nology Division at the Library of Congress. Fullerton, California Stipulations regarding library education were The question we've asked, "Is library edu- distinctly vague. Did anyone voice concern cation meeting the challenges of a changing to colleagues, to Association officers, to the world?" has at least one facet with an easy Librarians of Congress,- or to any member of answer-a resounding NO from the stand- Congress? Is it any wonder the library point of quantity. . . . It has been my ex- schools are a little vague in thinking through perience that people like library work; and their objectives when we, their products, do librarianship as a career extends large areas not feedback a clear stand. The vicious of satisfaction, yet the supply is short. We circle's whirl will be affected by almost any are too quiet about our good things; our force in almost any direction. Let us establish noise level doesn't come through. . . . a unified voice and exert its force in a com- As a special librarian, I am a generalist, mon direction. (t and I defend the position. As Gordon Ran- (Presented to the Science-Technology Division, dall pointed out in his book review of the June 10, 1963.) 1962 Cranfield Report (Special Libraries, February 1963) adequacy in indexing need The Education of the Library Staff not require a detailed subject knowledge of and the Library User the field. MRS. GRETCHENS. KORIAGIN We are narrow-minded and short-sighted Documentation, Inc., Bethesda, Maryland indeed if we fail to recognize the great value of experience, and equally so if we fail to It seems clear that when talking of educa- recognize and credit a good job well done tion for mechanization, education becomes sans degree. It is the born qualities, those experience, training, and system understand- that are not learned, that lend to our profes- ing and that the training should be in the sion the aura of art. But we favor science, specific system-on the job. and much that increases understanding and The education of the library staff and li- that adds to the ability to conceptualize can brary users for mechanization can be sum- be learned. . . . marized : The most constructive suggestion I can 1. Design a realistic, workable system, with offer planners of library school curricula is cooperation (or coexistence) between com- to distinguish between what can best be puter people, library people, and the ulti- learned in class and what is best learned in mate system users. the specific work situation. The understanding 2. Train the staff in the use of the system, of concept is an intellectual exercise; the ap- with emphasis on the system requirements, plication a technicality. Our changing world's rules, restrictions, and specific indications needs for improved information techniques and implications of errors. are very pressing, so that more efficient prob- 3. Explain the system to the users. 512 SPECIAL LIBRARIES The use of large computers to aid in per- be equally important for the children's li- forming functions in libraries is new. The brarian. the law librarian. the science librar- L, system design and programming are done ian, the newspaper librarian, and so on. once and when "debugged should func- Which of the presently available courses tion effectively. The human variations, then, fall into this category? The history of books? must be minimized through training, moti- Cataloging? Library administration ? Yes, but vation, and system understanding. are they fundamental enough? I think that The library staff and users have to under- if one is to bring imagination to the job of stand and like the system. They must coop- indexing or cataloging, a background in erate with it and work within its framewoik logic, linguistics, and semantics serves very to create the desired results. There is a well. If one is to be a really vital administra- psychological relationship of interest and tor of a library, it requires more management trust that must develop through education training and more basic understanding of before a successful system can evolve. social psychology than can be found in a library administration course. If the library (Presented to the Science-Technology Division, June 10, 1963.) profession is to do more than just cope with the status quo, an attitude of research and Things They Don't Teach in Library School a competence for research must be built into at least some individual librarians. It would MRS.CLAIRE K. SCHULTZ,Research Associate do a lot more good than harm to have a Institute for Advancement of Medical stringent research course in library school in Communication, Line Lexington, Pa. which students had to measure something, Librarianship is, or should be, one of the either physical or behavioral, that had never most vital, most challenging, most intellec- been measured before. . . . tual, and most responsible of all human oc- Library schools do not teach what librar- cupations. Does the curriculum for training ians do not want to be taught. If changes librarians reflect this ? No. Why not ? are to be made in library school curricula, I put the blame on librarians and not on the impetus for it will have to come from the library schools. Librarians tend to be too practicing librarians who want to upgrade conservative and inflexible in thinking about their own education or who want to hire their role in society. . . . I think (the an- people with better training than that offered swer) is to become more involved in team- in the past. . . . work with the rest of the organization, learn I feel that librarians should be the last more about what the clients need and how people in the world to shy away from digital to package services well, be more flexible in computers or fight against their use. Library a2plying new techniques, be more research schools should be among the first academic minded so that new solutions can be found centers to teach the functions of machines or, as problems present themselves. . . . at least, their application to library work. . . . Training has a lot to do with one's ability It is hard for me to believe that librarv to extend successfully into one's environ- scientists and information scientists need to ment. Some of that training needs to be ob- pull in different directions. I think the li- tained in the school of hard knocks, some of brary schools have the power to bring all it in a school where particular subject matter their students together into a unified pro- is taught, and the rest of it in library school gram, but only if the librarians want this to where one learns to perform a type of happen. If the librarians want to be clerks function that can be applied to the communi- rather than scientists, no change in the cation system for almost any kind of subject present curricula is needed-except to sepa- matter. After that one becomes a specialist rate the men from the boys and provide within library science and learns more about training for those who will fill the gap that some special kind of library work. In a the "think small" librarians create. sound library science program the more (Presented at the General Session, "Library Educa- fundamental parts of the curriculum should tion: A License to Learn," June 11, 1963.) OCTOBER 1963 Use of a Publishers' Catalog File In a Special Library

JOHN GADDIS

HE TERM "publishers' catalog" as used brarian. The library subscribes to: Cumulative - T here means any kind of printed material Book Index, Monthly Catalog of U. S. Gov- distributed free of charge by a book pub- ernment Publications, Books in Print, Tech- lisher or dealer describing his publications nical Book Review Index, Library Jozcmd, and including a price list. This paper dis- and Monthly Index of Russian Accessions. cusses the reasons why a special library found In addition, the 460 technical journals and it necessary to set up a file of publishers' cata- the 30-odd abstracting journals received in - logs, how the file is organized and used, the the library supply much bibliographic data problems the library has encountered in on current imprints. To meet the specific using the file, and the improvements that needs of the acquisitions librarian these tools could be made to facilitate its use. An ex- would have to provide: amination of library literature indicated a 1. Immediacy in listing new publications. lack of published material on this subject, Notices in advance of publication are of the and a survey of public and university li- greatest value to the library. It is desirable braries in the Dallas area did not indicate that at most no more than two weeks elapse any extensive use of publishers' catalogs. between the date of publication and receipt This article is therefore limited to a dis- of a publication announcement in the library. cussion of one special library's use of pub- 2. Coverage in depth of both new and out- lishers' catalogs, but it is felt that the of-print publications within the library's field information may be of vaIue to others. of interest. The library purchases material - from a large number of sources and to be Necessity for File informed of new publications of only the The Socony Mobil Field Research Labora- well known scientific publishers is not tory Library serves a research staff of 155 enough. The library must also be aware of technical people. Because of the nature of the publications of lesser known publishers, the research done at the Laboratory, speed for example, The West Texas Geological is a most important factor in the acquisition Society. Since the library must often attempt of books for the library. The median time to procure out-of-print publications, broad lag between the date of order and receipt of coverage of OP dealers and agencies is also the book now stands at 28 days, and the li- important. brary is constantly seeking means of further 3. Descriptive annotations as an aid to book reducing this lag. The library does virtually selection. It is important for the library to all of its ordering directly from publishers. know as much about a book as possible before In an eighteen-month period it contacted 440 ordering, but the title often gives little in- different sources for 1,900 book orders. dication of its contents. The library cannot The Field Research Laboratory Library spend the time required to order books on organized its file of publishers' catalogs be- approval. To achieve maximum usefulness, a cause the standard bibliographic tools to bibliographic tool should provide some kind which the library subscribes are not designed of subject analysis of the book, even if just to meet certain needs of an acquisitions li- an abstract or partial table of contents.

The author graduated in June from the University of Texas with a minor in library science and hopes to do graduate work in library science. This paper is based on his work experience at the Field Research Laboratory Library of the Socony Mobil Oil Company, Inc., in Dallas during the summer of 1962. 514 SPECIAL LIBRARIES The standard bibliographic tools do not catalog. This is a particularly valuable fea- meet all of these requirements. Publishers' ture since Camulative Book Index no longer catalogs, however, do meet them and have gives complete listings of publishers' ad- several unique features of their own. For dresses. The price of the publication, and example, bibliographic information concern- occasionally its Library of Congress card ing a certain book can frequently be found number, are also given. faster in a well-organized file of publishers' 3. Reference tool. The file is an aid to the catalogs- than in the more conventional bib- reference librarian in determining what pub- liographic tools. Catalogs are especially valu- lications certain publishers have issued or in able for locating prices quickly. For libraries determining what publications make up a that do not subscribe to Publishers' Weekly particular set or series. or Publishers' Trade List Annual, a file of 4. Stimulating use of the literature. For sev- publishers' catalogs would seem to be a vir- eral years the library has routed publishers' tual necessity. N; other source of biblio- announcements of new books to members of graphic information provides information the research staff working in the field covered about new books as rapidly, and catalogs by the books. This was done to stimulate re- often ~rovidea fuller descri~tionof books searchers to use the scientific literature. In a than do other sources. Libraries that do sub- study conducted over a six-month period, it scribe to Publishers' Weekly and Publishevs' was found that 192 announcements were Trade List Annual probably still find it nec- routed to 562 people (an average of 2.9 essary to maintain a file of catalogs, though people on each routing slip). Of those 192 the file could be smaller than that of a library routed announcements, 126 were returned that does not subscribe to these tools. Finally, with an order for the item described. An- a point of importance to libraries that ope;- other study is in progress to determine ate on a limited budget is the fact that pub- whether a correlation exists between the lishers' catalogs are free. If a file can be number of announcements routed and the organized so %s maintenance will not be ex- number of books ordered. Preliminary data pensive, considerable savings can be realized. indicate a negative correlation. In view of this evidence that scientists learn of new Use of the File publications from sources other than routed The Field Research Laboratory Library's publication announcements, the library has file of publishers' catalogs is at present used discontinued routing such announcements for four purposes : pending further studies of this use of publishers' announcements. 1. Bibliographic tool. Publishers' catalogs are often the only source of bibliographic in- Organization of the Fi1.e formation for obscure or recent publications. The Field Research Laboratory Library's An examination of 150 recent orklers showed file of publishers' catalogs presently occupies that in 45 cases the publishers' catalog file eight legal-size vertical file drawers with a provided the only available bibliographic in- total of 11 linear feet of space. This file con- formation about the publication. In almost tains leaflets, folders, and flysheets. Arranged all cases, the author, title, edition, series, on shelves are 32 linear feet of Princeton place, and date of ~ublication can be ob- files, containing catalogs in pamphlet form. tained from a publisher's announcement. In As of August 1962, 415 separate sources of addition, announcements of publications in a publications were represented in the file. The series or set can often serve as a record of file is organized as follows: the library's holdings of that series or set. NUMBER OF 2. Order information. Publishers' catalogs- are an important source of order informa- CLASSIFICATION SOURCES tion, especially since the library does a large Commercial publishers and dealers 95 amount of its ordering direct. A publisher's Societies and foundations 85 address can always be obtained from the University presses 2 8 OCTOBER 1963 Federal and state government A second major problem concerns the agencies 88 physical form of the catalogs. They appear - OP dealers (books and period- in a multitude of shapes and sizes that can icals) 4 1 be broken down into at least five major cate- Business services 42 gories: I) pamphlets (with stitched or sta- Maps and globes 16 pled binding) ; 2) leaflets (several folded Russian publications 11 unbound pages) ; 3) flysheets (single-page Journal subscription agencies 9 announcements) ; 4) ppstcard announcements; and 5) publishers catalogs on cards. At present, pamphlets are placed in the From five to ten items are added to the Princeton file, and everything else is put in

file each day and two to three man-hours per the vertical file. A more clearlv defined I~ol- month are spent in maintaining it. icy for handling this material is necessary. Annual requests for catalogs are sent to A third major problem is a lack of con- publishers and dealers by means of a form sistencv in the classification scheme. As the - letter. Catalogs are received daily, and date- file is now set up, the classification of some stamping and preliminary weeding of extra- categories is according to the kind of pub- neous and duplicate material takes place at lisher and in others according to the type of this time. Selected catalogs and announce- publication. Although this classification sys- ments are then routed to members of the tem worked well when the file was small, the research staff thought to be interested in present size of the file is such that a revision specific titles. Catalogs not routed are filed. is needed. Retrieval is also made difficult by The folders and Princeton files are arranged the lack of a subject approach, except through alphabetically by publisher within each clas- familiaritv with ~ublishers's~ecialties. sification. Finally, routed catalogs that are Consideration of the above problems sug- returned to the library are filed with routing gests several improvements that could be slips after items requested have been ordered. made, both by the library and by the publishers, that would contribute to making the ' Problems and Possible Improvements catalog file more useful. The library could: Several problems still exist, all of which I) establish a more frequent and more rig- create difficulty in retrieval. The most trou- orous weeding policy; 2) establish a more blesome problem is that of weeding to elimi- definite policy on the handling of different nate duplicates, superseded announcements, forms of catalogs ; and 3) improve its classi- and rarely-used items. The only serious fication scheme. weeding presently being done is an annual Usefulness of the file could be improved removal of duplicates. A more frequent and if publishers could: 1) standardize the form more rigorous weeding policy needs to be of catalogs; and 2) provide a better subject established, but before this can be done, the approach to their catalogs. following questions need to be answered : The Field Research Laboratory Library's 1. How long should leaflets and flysheets be file of publishers' catalogs is a necessary and 35 kept in the vertical file? At present they are vital tool. An estimated 25 to - IDer cent of kept indefinitely. Some of the items repre- the orders processed by the acquisitions li- sented in these announcements have long brarian can be bibliographically verified only since been listed in annual catalogs. These an- through use of the file. Without the file, nouncements could, therefore, be discarded. book delivery time lag would be increased, 2. How long should annual catalogs be kept? while the library's awareness of new pub- Does an occasional request for an older work lications would decrease. The file is used justify retaining old annual catalogs ? frequently enough to justify the time and 3. How long should the catalogs of OP deal- space required to maintain it. Until a bib- - ers and other special lists be kept ? lLgraphi; tool that can meet the special 4. How can these three kinds of weeding be needs of the library appears, maintenance of done with the least possible time and effort? the file will be a necessity. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Interlibrary Loan Work at The United Nations

ERNEST MAASS, Associate Librarian Dag Hammarskjold Library, New York City

AKE A STAFF MEMBER from Australia, a rnentary debates on disarmament, population T diplomat from a newly independent statistics, radiation effects on animal cells, country in Africa, or a journalist from the energy requirements, boundaries, ethnograph- Netherlands. Picture the sources for the ical publications, waterway disputes, civil latest official birth statistics of the 15 con- engineering, penal codes, and industrial stituent republics of the Soviet Union, a chemicals. The material had been written in French comment on a human rights docu- various languages and published in a multi- ment issued by Cyrus in 538 B.C., or the tude of countries. Some of the world's great legal connotations of a fateful plane crash in literature was also in demand, and the de- Northern Rhodesia. Put these elements mands were processed because they were together, and you can gauge in some measure connected with oficial work, Gulliz~er's the nature of the work expected of the Inter- Travels, Dorz Quixote, and Schopenhauer's library Loan Service at the Dag Ham- Aphorzsmen, for example. marskjold Library and of the requesters it At first sight somebody might raise an eye- serves. You can also sense some of the op- brow about the nature of these requests. portunities and challenges presented to that Should not a library holding over 200,000 Service. volumes own most of this material, he might Most likely the stimulation that goes with ask. For the Dag Hammarskjold Library the interlibrary loan work at the United Nations answer is "no." New York City, it is true, stems largely from the international and was chosen as the headquarters site of the varied background of the readers and the United Nations largely because of the gift of wide range of subjects that are their official land received from the Rockefeller family. province. As in all human affairs, stimulation However, an important additional factor was and tribulation are often intertwined in this the availability of so many well known li- aspect of library work. Among the readers, braries. These institutions, it was hoped, two extremes are well represented. One is would lend to the world organization ma- the distinguished scholar who knows how terials from their vast and valuable collec- some of the world's great libraries operate. tions whenever the need arose. That hope The other is the bewildered young secretary has been amply fulfilled. The United Nations eager to assist her chief but hardly able to Library has thus been able to concentrate its distinguish between a book and a periodical acquisitions in selected subject fields, to article. Taken as a group, the readers differ choose only what seemed to be the most widely as to levels of experience, educational important works in a given area, and to rely backgrounds, and linguistic and ideological for the rest on interlibrary loans, within training. The Interlibrary Loan Service must reason. Even today, given this cooperation, be-and is-prepared to serve all of them. the Library does not acquire books in certain The readers' needs are as manifold as the disciplines, such as history, for example. topics in Subject Guide to Books in Print. In one month alone requesters required infor- Library Cooperation mation on wool market conditions, the slave First in importance among the libraries trade, mining problems, dairy science, build- whose help is indispensable to the United ing construction costs, tourism, foreign tax Nations is the New York Public Library laws, fisheries, plant location factors, parlia- (Astor, Lenox, and Tilden Foundations). OCTOBER 1963 An unprecedented decision of its Board of order, are decisions the staff settles on the Trustees opened the priceless reference col- basis of past experience and with the help of lections of the New York Public to the such guides as the Special Libraries Directory United Nations through interlibrary loans, a of Greater New I'ork, the American Li- privilege granted to no other institution on brary Directory, and Special Library Re- the same scale. The relationship is a con- sources. tractual one and includes a number of services on the part of the United Nations, such Search Problems as the deposition of all United Nations docu- Some time ago when the beautiful Dag ments in the Library and payment by the Hammarskjold Library was still a steel United Nations of the salary of one New skeleton and the librarv staff o~eratedin the York Public Library staff member who is public lobby of the Secretariat skyscraper, a mainly occupied in filling United Nations reader appeared at the Interlibrary Loan requests. Every day drivers from the United Desk with a somewhat embarrassed smile. - Nations deliver UN requests and pick up "Is this the place," he inquired, "where you boxes filled with the Public Library books. ask for books that don't exist ?" It must have One could count on his fingers- th; number been the puzzled look on the librarian's face of days of the year when neither requests that prompted the inquirer to continue, "I are made nor books are received. mean, books you don't have in this library!" Second in importance for the supply of Little did the reader realize how close to the loans is the Columbia University Library, an- truth his original question had been-at - other almost daily stop on the circuit of the least in some cases. Requests for non-existent United Nations drivers. So heavy is the vol- books do float across the librarian's desk. A ume of these transactions that special colors faulty memory, a wrong title, a book pub- have been assigned, for easy identification, to lished in German but never in English as the request slips sent to these two libraries. requested, a manuscript prematur~ly an- For books and periodicals in subjects out- nounced as "in preparation" and never pub- - side the usual concern of the United Nations, lished-these things are at the root of some the Interlibrary Loan Service calls upon a quests for the impossible. Even wishful think- host of special libraries in New York City. ing leads to loan requests: ". . . The Library Medical, legal, business, and technical li- of-Congress informed you that there is nb braries are important lenders. Again, the as- census for Q country in 1800 ? Too bad! I've sistance rendered by some of these is ex- always felt there ought- to be one," as one traordinary. Thus, the New York Academy reader put it. of Medicine, the Bar Association of the City Librarians need hardly be told that this of New York, the Engineering Societies Li- problem is met by searching each request brary, and other private institutions have bibliographically. To process a "rush" re- extended what amounts to the privileges of quest without a search is very often wasteful, membership, sometimes by exceptional ap- because the librarian at th; lending library proval of their trustees. cannot be expected to check more than his Naturally the search for an important item own library's catalog. If the citation is in- does not end in the metropolitan area, and correct, the item might easily be reported as occasionally it may be found only on the "not available," even though it may be sit- seventh or eighth try, far away from New ting on the shelves. York. Harvard College and the Library of Accordingly, at the United Nations all Congress-to mention but two outstanding interlibrary loan requests are searched thor- institutions-frequently help to bring a oughly by the staff. Since a reader usually search to a successful conclusion. All told, has some information on the book-he may - the Dag Hammarskjold Library receives have seen a publisher's announcement or a loans frGm over 50 libraries all over the footnot-he-is asked to give as much data United States in the normal course of a year. as he can. The Interlibrary Loan Service de- Which libraries to approach, and in which signed a Bibliographical Work Sheet which SPECIAL LIBRARIES View of the Main Reading Room, which is 112 x 49 feet and decorated in marble and white oak. gives the requester an opportunity to indicate reader misread the abbreviation "JRAI," the author, title, imprint, and last but not which stands for the {ournal of the Royal least, his source. Many times the reader can A~zthropological Institute of Great Britaia give but the sketchiest details, and the li- and Ireland. A reader may request books brarian takes over. But even then the work apparently not yet published; the librarian sheet is not wasted because it makes the notices, through the source, that the reader reader sensitive to what he ought to tell the quotes from an announcement in the air librarian, in his own interest, to obtain the mail edition of a foreign newspaper that ar- loan. Once the problem is explained to the rives at the Dag Hamarskjold Library much reader, he often cooperates, sometimes to the earlier than the standard bibliographies sent extent of furnishing the classification number by surface mail. Incidentally, since a book of if it is a question of borrowing a missing such recent vintage is not eligible for inter- issue in a serial. library loans, under the General Interlibrary A comment or two about the question Loan Code, the loan request is politely re- relating to the "source" on the work sheet jected and, if the case warrants it, referred to may not be out of place. In an unobtrusive the Acquisition Section, since it may be way it invites the reader to look once more at worth while to acquire the book. the book or periodical from which he culled his data, and a second look can lead to a Bibliographical Tools more accurate citation. But the chief purpose To mention each and every bibliography is to allow the librarian to consult the source used would exceed the patience of both personally. For instance, a reader may omit a reader and writer, but it may be of interest series note, which to him is meaningless; to to indicate the types of bibliographical tools the librarian, it is the key to the treasure consulted more or less regularly. Among li- trove. A reader may request the journal of brary catalogs, there is the Catalogue of a non-existent Royal African Institute; the Books Represented by Library of Congress librarian discovers in the source that the Printed Cards, its successor publications, and OCTOBER 1963 accompanying subject bibliographies, or the In contrast, the inactive chronological file Catalogue Ghne'ral des Libres Imprimis of covers only requests made during the pre- the BibliothGque Nationale in Paris. The ceding year. The reason is that the "Chron" Manual del Librero Hispano-Arnevicano by file is useful only as long as the lending li- Palau y Dulcet or Brinkman's Curnulatieve brary is likely to' claim its material had not Catalogus van Boeken are typical of the na- been returned by the United Nations. Such tional bibliographies. Trade bibliographies claims do not usually arise after one year. such as Books 112 Print or the Koehler und When they do, they can easily be searched in Volckmar Literatur Katalog are very help- the author file. ful. Also of great value are specialized bibli- On receiving an item, a reader signs for ographies, works of the order of the Bibli- it on the request slip. He is also given a ograpbie Ge'ographigue I~zternationaleor the rider instructing him when the book is due Itztroduccidn a la Bibliografia Juridica Latino- and where it should be returned (unless he Americana by Alberto Villal6n. is required to use the material in the library). For periodical lists on a world-wide basis, Loans are entered on a reader's card by order we rely heavily on standard works like number; subsequently the number is crossed Ulkch's Periodical Directory, New Serial out when a requester returns the material. Titles of the Library of Congress, or guides It is obvious that readers appreciate having like the Re'pertoire International des Princi- the resources of so many libraries at their paux Jomzam et Pe'riodigues. Among the disposal, even though they do not always put national periodical bibliographies publica- that appreciation into words. The staff mem- tions the Katalog Prasy Polskiej or the ber who reports, "Remember how many Scbweizerischer Zeitrchrifte?z- und Zeitungs- sources you borrowed for us for our report? katalog serve well. A union list like the You should have seen how pleased the Com- Union List of Serials or the British Union- mission was!" or the delegate who brings a Catalogue of Periodicals, a specialized peri- bottle of Tokay for Christmas before he odical index like the Index to Legal Peri- catches the plane for Utopia are still the odicals or an abstract service like Nuclear exception. Science Abstracts are practically indispensa- So far as returning books with reasonable ble. promptness is concerned, most readers cooperate, with some prompting added. But Records and Relations with Readers that perennial headache of librarians-how At the end of a search the available in- to get an overdue book back-has plagued formation (including the bibliographical the Interlibrary Loan Service of the United source) is typed on a 3 x 5 inch slip; oc- Nations also. In fact, a minority of unco- casionally, and reluctantly, we are forced to operative borrowers forced the Library to admit that verification of an item was im- tighten its loan regulations. Typical of this possible. Slips are numbered in consecutive minority was the "tough" reader who would order. The original is used for the author not return his loans, no matter how many file (arranged alphabetically) ; the duplicate reminders he received. "Nobody in the other for the chronological file (arranged numer- library reads that book and I need it!" was ically). In the inactive author file (material his stock reply. Not so any more. When the returned to the lending library), we pre- normal loan period of two weeks (shorter in serve the requests of the past 1G years or so, certain cases) is over, readers receive one because the material is frequently re-re- telephone call and one call only. Extensions quested. However, slips are weeded con- are granted within limits. After that, two stantly, since it is detrimental both to filing letters of increasing directness remind readers and to quick searching to keep any but the of their obligations. So far no further action latest slip requesting an identical pdlication. has ever been required since the new regula- ImpoiiJaQt information such as "also held by tions went into effect. This system works well Hary&drd' is added to the latest slip as mainly because the recalls are made every single week, without fail, and because they I4CF~Fd , -1 - ? 320 SPECIAL LIBRARIES leave no doubt, in spite of polite language, do not differ basically from similar opera- that the Library "means business." But pity tions at other institutions, except that per- the "tough" reader! He has changed his haps the demand for works from a great tune, "I used to borrow a great deal through variety of countries is unusually high. How- you but now you make it so difficult for me ever, it is unlikely that many other libraries that I request only a minimum. . . ." have depended on interlibrary loan cooperation as extensively as the United Nations Lending Operations Library. In the beginning, the need arose If nothing has been said about the inter- when quick library service was required even library lending operations of the Dag Ham- as the United Nations collections were being marskjold Library, the reason is simple- assembled. The need for extensive loans they are much fewer in number than the arose again when the new building of the borrowing transactions. For one thing, li- Dag Hammarskjold Library (completed braries normally do not obtain United Na- 1961) was being constructed and the collections documents from the Hammarskjold tions were partly stored away; at present, Library but from the United Nations de- operations proceed at a normal pace. Thus pository libraries strategically placed all over the Dag Hammarskjold Library is a good the United States and all over the earth. But example of how an interlibrary loan service the Library does lend material not issued by can contribute to well rounded library opera- the United Nations when it appears that tions. the item in demand is not easily obtainable The results have not benefited the United elsewhere. Such is sometimes the case with Nations alone. Whatever material other li- elusive foreign government documents (that braries have generously lent to the inter- is, governments other than that of the national organization has been utilized in the United States), because member states supply literally thousands of publications of the their publications to the UN as requested. United Nations, publications intended for the fight to improve man's lot socially, eco- A Service in Two Directions nomically, and politically. In its own way, One may suppose that the interlibrary loan service has been-and is being-rendered- operations of the Dag Hammarskjold Library for services received.

NSF GRANT EXPANDS ACTIVITIES OF SLA SPECIAL CLASSIFICATIONS CENTER The National Science Foundation has re- of Western Reserve University, under the cently awarded a $13,838 grant to SLA to supervision of Dean Jesse H. Shera. During support expansion of the services and hold- this eight-year period the collection has ings of its Special Classifications Center grown rapidly, and through the cooperation maintained at the School of Library Science, and joint efforts of the Association's Special Western Reserve University, Cleveland. Bar- Classifications Committee, the Library School, bara Denison has been appointed Director the Classification Research Study Group, of the Center, which had formerly been ALA's Classification Committee, American called the SLA Loan Collection of Classifica- Association of Law Libraries, Aslib, and tion Schemes and Subject Heading Lists. The Unesco, many new schemes and lists have current collection totals approximately 850 been collected, cataloged, and made available classification schemes and subject heading to users. The one-year grant will enable the lists in more than 400 special subject areas; all items may be borrowed, or photocopies Center to broaden the scope of the collection, may be purchased at cost by librarians and purchase published schemes and lists, in- others who wish assistance in organizing ma- crease the number of duplicate copies, initi- terial in specific subject fields. The collection ate studies, offer consultation, promote contri- was started in 1924 and since 1955 has been butions and use, and compile an up-to-date housed and serviced by the Library School list of holdings for publication. OCTOBER 1963 521 AS LIB

Leslie Wilson Lord Shackleton Director, Aslib President, Aslib

SLIB WAS founded in 1924 as the Asso- Current plans for the next two or three years A ciation of Special Libraries and infor- are to investigate the potentialities of mecha- mation Bureaux but formally took the name nisation in information work, the effective- of Aslib in 1949 when it amalgamated with ness of searching procedures and tools, and the British Society for International Bibliog- the need for personal, auxiliary, and accessory raphy. Its 2,600 members include industrial indexes. It is also hoped to carry out a study * and commercial firms, universities, national in depth of the information needs of scien- libraries, public corporations, learned so- tists. The results of Aslib's researches are cieties, government departments, and col- usually published as separate reports or as leges and institutions of various kinds as articles in the Joz~rmtlof Docmzetztatiou. well as about 400 individuals; nearly 600 members are outside the United Kingdom. Lzbimy Aslib's work in microfilming enemy technical The Aslib library, which is both a basic journals during the Second World War at- tool of the research staff and a specla1 col- tracted government support, and approxi- lection for the use of members, is the prin- mately one-third of its income now comes cipal British collection on special librarian- from the Department of Scientific and In- ship and technical documentation. It is now dustrial Research. This Association and the being extended as a demonstration unit and needs of post-war industrial development test-house for library equipment and tech- . have concentrated much of Aslib's activity in niques. the field of scientific and technical information, but the social sciences and humanities Consultancy Sert~ice are strongly represented in its membership. A full consultancy service is provided by The headquarters staff now numbers 44. the headquarters staff for organisations wish- The Association's objectives, briefly stated, ing to establish or overhaul their own in- are to encourage the formation of special formation services. Alternatively, advice can libraries and information services and, by all be given on specific documentation problems. appropriate methods, to promote their effec- Fees are by negotiation on a time-cost basis. tive operation. Edr~cationand Training Activiti.es and Services Aslib is not an examining or qualifying Research body, though it maintains a watching brief Since 1959 a systematic programme of re- on national arrangements for instruction and search has been developed into factors in- examination of information staff and offers hibiting full use of available information guidance to member organisations. It offers and into methods of improving the efficiency an extensive range of short, intensive courses of special libraries. Some work has already on special topics, e.g., the use of Soviet and been done on the information needs and lit- other East European scientific literature, literature searching habits of scientists, on ways erature searching techniques, the use of pat- - of overcoming the foreign language barrier ents as source material, and theory and prac- to scientific communication, on the retrieval tice of classification. Longer periods, usually efficiency of certain selected indexing sys- of one or two months, of personal tuition, tems, and on a number of minor problems. supervised reading, and practical experience SPECIAL LIBRARIES are also offered. Fees are by negotiation; stu- Committee, records the location of approxi- dents have come from all parts of the world, mately 150,000 translations made from all especially the developing countries. languages by firms and other organisations and available for consultation or loan; about Publications 10,000 new locations are added annually. Directories of sources of information, The index is not published but is to be used handbooks of information practice, surveys, as a check-list. and research reports are published. Four A document reproduction service, for serial publications are issued: which special chaiges are made, covers A.11ib Proceedings, monthly, contains pa- checking of bibliographical details, tracing of pers read at Aslib meetings, news of Aslib a copy of the original document in any li- and related activities, letters, Aslib library brary, clearance of any copyright formalities, accessions, and references to recent articles on and supply of a microfilm or photocopy. documentation. A subscription is included in Books of eight requisition forms cost 20s corporate membership privileges. The annual ($2.80). subscription to nonmembers is 60s ($8.40). Conferences Journal of Documentation is a quarterly An annual residential conference of about devoted to the recording, organisation, and three days' duration is held in various parts dissemination of specialised knowledge. It of the United Kingdom; no uniform pattern contains articles, abstracts of recent articles, is followed. Between two and five one-day letters, and reviews. It is included in corpo- conferences are held each year on a special rate membership privileges, and the annual theme of current interest, e.g., the informa- subscription to nonmembers is 48s ($6.72). tion implications of the Common Market or Aslib Book List, monthly, is a classified coordinate indexing systems. Occasionally list of recent, recommended scientific and small working conferences are held for in- technical books in the English language. It vited participants on selected specialised is included in corporate membership privi- topics. Series of evening lecture and discus- leges, and the annual subscription to non- sion meetings are held between September members is 27s ($3.78). and May in London and provincial centres. Index to Theses Accepted for Higher De- grees in the Universities of Great Britain and International Relations Ireland is an annual, a classified list, includ- Though primarily a British national or- ing information on the availability of theses ganisation, Aslib has nearly one-quarter of at the various universities. A subscription is its membership overseas. It is the British 21s ($2.94) to members, 25s ($3.50) to national member of the International Federa- nonmembers. All rates are at present under tion for Documentation and maintains a review. close working relationship with other international and national documentation bodies. Information Service Started originally as a clearing house for Staff Registers members' inquiries, the service has since Registers are kept of vacancies in special been extended to include literature searches, libraries and information departments and bibliographical checking, locations, and in- of candidates seeking both full-time and ter-library loans of uncommon material. part-time employment. Details of suitable These services are particularly useful for candidates are submitted for consideration small firms, without fully organised library by employers. Registers are also kept of services of their own, as an educational fac- translators with verified linguistic ability and tor in utilising external sources of informa- subject knowledge, and of indexers with tion. verified indexing experience and subject The Commonwealth index of unpublished knowledge. All registers are subject to the scientific translations, maintained on behalf licensing system of the London County of the British Commonwealth Scientific Council. Only nominal charges are made. OCTOBER 1963 523 Membership Provincial Branches SPOTTED In Scotland, Northern England, and the Midlands, branch committees organise meet- Found: one word to include all the ings and advise on local training schemes. ramifications of information storage and re- At present these activities are conducted on trieval-"probition." Lost: the January a voluntary basis, but plans have been drawn 18 issue of the 'Wall Street Journal" from the Air University Library at the Maxwell Air up for a system of regionaI liaison offices - Force Base. Why? The borrower had to with permanent staff to assist and advise lo- "chink a crack in an airplane" with it. cal member organisations and to stimulate re- The inmates of the California State Prison cruitment. at San Quentin published a special National Special Groups Library Week bulletin in which they told of their personal responses to the prison li- Members may join, without additional brary. According to the staff librarian, an e subscription, any of the special groups, at "outsider," in one year the men not only present numbering 11. They are concerned borrowed 60,260 books of nonfiction, 89,592 with : works of fiction, and 15,420 periodicals but Aeronautics Engineering also took part in creative writing courses, Biology Film Libraries the Great Books and the Great Decisions Chemicals Fuel and Power program discussions, and debates. Al- Economics Furniture bert Szent-Gyorgyi, a Hungarian-born, Nobel Electronics Technical Translation prize-winning biologist, comments on an Textiles aspect of creativity: "I, being fairly ignorant of scientific literature, could find more Besides holding meetings, the groups knowledge new to me in an hour's time compile glossaries, handbooks, cover-to- spent in the library than I could find at my cover translations, and specialist directories. workbench in a month or a year. It is not Some have undertaken revision of specific truth that I am searching for; it is new truth." . sections of the UDC or organised short Data Information, an information clear- courses relevant to their subject interest. ing house, operates by a chain reaction, which causes the gathering of requests Fees through missionary outposts in remote parts Aslib's services and facilities are normally of the world, which, in turn, receive them available to members only. Annual subscrip- from native farmers, business, and professional men. A volunteer staff of about 15 tion rates are negotiable, but there are basic (originally a one-man, ex-Marine operation) minima as follows: researches, then relays the answers. Industrial and Commercial Organisations Just after the publication of her novel, "The £15.15.0. p.a. ($44.10) Dollmaker," Harriette Simpson Arnow had Non-Profit Organisations this accolade for librarians: "I always feel £6.6.0. p.a. ($17.64) that libraries and librarians, rather than our institutions of higher learning, are the real Special rates are available to individuals educators of our adult population. The in- interested in Aslib's objectives but, to qual- stitution, if it be successful, can, at most, ify, applicants should be employed by an tzot only make the young one curious; and so organisation that might reasonably be ex- the librarians must satisfy the lifelong curi- pected to take out corporate membership. All osity." e The titles of technical papers subscription rates are subject to review. For produced by scientists at Bell Telephone Lab- up-to-date information, write to: oratories are fed into a computer, which once indexed 1,703 titles into 9,606 separate en- The Director, Aslib tries in 12 minutes. A definition from Belgrave Square 3 American Documentation: Training-n., the London, S.W.I., England next step after self-instruction, the outstanding Telex: 23667 lack in the field today. Education is never LESLIEWILSON mentioned in connection with documentation. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Library Technology Project Report GLADYS T. PIEZ, Senior Editorial Assistant Library Technology Project, American Library Association, Chicago, Illinois

New Project tection equipment, and fire protection in A study of the question of the most suit- library planning. able face and size of type to use in books Part I1 deals with insuring the library. It designed for people with limited vision got discusses the librarian as an insurance ad- under way in September. Its objective is to ministrator, the nature of risk, insuring develop a set of standards for these books physical damage to property, protection for the use of vublishers and librarians. The against dishonesty, liability insurance, work- study is being conducted for the Library men's compensation and employers' liability, Technology Project by Dr. Jack H. Prince, construction work, recent developments in Associate Professor of the Institute for Re- insurance, and a model insurance policy for search in Vision of The Ohio State Univer- libraries. sity. The appendix adds valuable material in- Dr. Prince is proceeding in three ways. cluding the evaluation and insurance of great He will first evaluate, for relative legibility, rarities by Roland Baughman of Columbia existing type faces and sizes ordinarily used University Libraries, the salvage and res- or recommended for the use of readers with toration of damaged materials, the evalua- subnormal vision. As a result of this evaluation of library materials for insurance pur- tion. he will then establish the most suitable poses, and an extensive glossary. type face for these readers from faces already available, but not necessarily in common Planning for LTP usage. And finally, Dr. Prince will produce The LTP Advisory Committee, on which a short educational film to vromote and SLA is represented, believes that the Project disseminate the information he obtains. needs a long-range program with a broader March 31, 1964, is the scheduled completion operating and financial base than it has at date of the study, which will cost $1,230. the present time. To prepare such a program, The project is the immediate outcome of the Committee agreed, it was necessary for a suggestion by the Chairman of the Presi- LTP to develop more fully the general prob- dent's Committee on Employment of the lem areas in librarv administration and the Handicapped, General Melvin J. Maas. specific problems that must be solved in each However, the lack of such standards has area. been the concern of the American Library To help in determining what the prob- Association for some years. lems are and their relative imvortance. three regional meetings were held last spring in Protection Report Published San Francisco, Chicago, and New York. From ten to 12 representative librarians at- The report of the protection study an- tended each meeting in addition to the Di- nounced in the October 1961 issue of Speclnl rector of LTP and the Chairman of the LTP Libizlries was published in July under the Advisory Committee. Members of SLA were title Protectirzg the Library aud Its Resources: present at all meetings. Many valuable sug- A Gzlide to Physical Protection and Insurance. gestions were made by the participants, and The report is for sale by the ALA Publish- there was a surprising unan&ity 01problem ing Department for $6. identification among the three groups. Part I of the report is concerned with the A long-range program for LTP,-based on subject of protection against physical loss the projects and ideas that came out of these and covers types of physical losses and their meetings, is being prepared, and it is hoped prevention, fire defense measures, fire pro- it can be adopted to provide a program that OCTOBER 1963 will be of increasing value to the entire li- and the 3M "107" Standard and Portable brary profession. Dry Photo-Copying Machines, from Minne- sota Mining and Manufacturing Company. Caster Project Completed The Docustat is a coin-operated optical A project to evaluate the type of caster copier, which employs the stabilization best suited to use on book trucks, which process. The "107" machines are contact re- must be moved over carpeting, has been flex copiers that use the Dual Spectrum completed. An article reporting on the re- process. sults of the project appeared in the Septem- The evaluations of these machines have ber ALA BuIIetin. Reprints of the article been published as Supplement No. 1 to are available from LTP on request. Photocopying from Bound volume^. The supplement is available from the ALA Pub- Evaluation of Photocopiers lishing Department for $2. William R. Hawken, author of the LTP publication Photocopying from Bound Vol- LTP Funds Approved umes, is evaluating new copiers as they come The Council on Library Resources has pro- on the market to keep the book up to date. vided funds for the operation of the Li- He has recently completed evaluations of the brary Technology Project through the fiscal Docustat, manufactured by Documat, Inc., year 1963-64.

Developments in Document Reproduction

LORETTA J. KIERSKY, Librarian Air Reduction Company, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey SLA Representative to the National Microfilm Association

HE FIRST Recordak microfilming machine l6mm microfilm by means of a binary code T was installed May 1, 1928, in the Empire system. A million pages of microfilmed docu- Trust Company in New York. This year ments can be scanned for one or all docu- Recordak Corporation celebrates its 35th an- ments related to a particular reference in an niversary. Several new advances in microfilm- average retrieval time of about eight seconds. ing were announced by the company at the The Miracode Microfilmer model MRK-1 is National Microfilm Association's 12th An- used in the encoding operation. A micro- nual Meeting and Convention held April filmed document can be coded with as many 30-May 2 in San Francisco. The theme of the as 1,000 descriptors. A master index pre- Convention was "Microreproduction: Key to pared as part of the programming is the International Communications." The pro- operator's manual. Indexing patterns can gram covered the following broad classifica- range from simple numeric sequence to a tions: general subjects, materials, processing, combination of numeric and word descriptor and mechanized systems. Developments such symbols. These are converted to binary code. as magnetic tape, thermoplastic film record- The documents. UD to 14 x 22 inches in size, ing, and mechanized systems were discussed. can be microfilmed at one exposure at re- A new automatic retrieval system known duction ratios ranging from 12:l to 28:l. as "Mitacode" was introduced by Recordak The coding pattern is set by a series of se- Corporation, New York City. It permits lector slide switches that comprise the input complicated searches of extensive files of control keyboard. 526 SPECIAL LIBRARIES To retrieve information, the operator keys that images from windows and lights are the appropriate index numbers into the push- suppressed rather than reflected into the button keyboard, which controls the elec- user's eyes. The reader is 9 x 13 x 3 inches tronic reading of the code patterns. The film and folds into a small case. Price is $129.95. is ~ositionedon the screen of a Lodestar A new private network communications Reader-printer, which is part of the system. system called AL PUR COM (ALL PUR- Documents answering the index descriptions pose COMmunications) was developed last are flashed on the screen. Thev can be year by Alden Electronics and Impulse Re- printed one after another when the automatic cording Equipment Co., Inc. and the Auto- print button is pushed. The keyboard con- mation Management Inc., both of Westboro, trols provide the means to initiate a search, ~assachusetts~Basically the system combines stop a search, rewind the microfilm into its telephone transmission lines with wide-scan magazine, advance or back up an image, cen- facsimile equipment to handle a range of ter an image for print-out, or select parts of message traffic between interplant and inter- documents for print-out. The "Miracode" office points where volume message exchange system is already in use by the Atomic En- takes place. It was demonstrated, as was ergy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. It the Micracode svstem. at the SLA Man- represents an advancement over Recordak's agement Information Center, at the Interna- earlier Image Control system and also backs tional Management Congress, September up Recordak's recently announced Rotamatic 16-20, in New York. Microfilmer. The company claims it can The facsimile system is described by Alden transform a mile of computer print-out to as "person-to-person" transmission or as

220 feet of 16mm microfilm in 29 minutes. "brain-to-brain" transmission. It I~rovides im- Recordak has also introduced a new 35mm mediate exchange of messages regardless of microfilm stock called Micro-File A-H-U distance. The 18-inch Flat Copy Scanners film. It claims the A-H-U (Anti-Halation- accept all types of messages with little or no Undercoat) film has higher resolving power preparation or editing. They handle legal or and permits upgraded image quality. This is letter size documents, standard drawings, due to the placement of the anti-halation memos, newspapers, cards, and other hard laver,, , which-is combined with a new thin- copy of any thickness, length, or width. The ner and harder emulsion. It has greater re- Automatic Continuous Recorders receive in- sistance to abrasion and scratching and de- formation on all formats of the message creased light scattering. The improved image spectrum. As the number of messages sent quality is transmitted to film prints and en- per month increases, the total cost per mes- larged photo-facsimiles made from the nega- sage decreases. Optimum utilization might tives. The image is more readable on the bring the cost down to the cost of mail. screen, and the hard copy print is sharp. The system has possibilities for the trans- Early this year, Micro 111, the newest mission of library type information. The, model in its line of Microcard readers, was ability to move information from point-to- introduced by the Microcard Reader Corpora- point on a real time basis would deciease the tion, West Salem, Wisconsin. It is a portable amount of duplication of information at reader weighing only six and one-half other libraries in a system where they were pounds. The outstanding feature is its capa- geographically distant from the central li- bility of reading other microforms as well brary. as Microcards. one of the accessories is an A new tab card for microfilm files is illuminator attachment for reading micro- available from Microseal, Chicago, Illinois. fiche (sheet film) unitized cards and micro- It is called "Tab-Jac." The card contains film in jackets. The magnification ratio is three transparent microfilm jackets, open at 19x. The screen size is 8 x 9% inches. Im- one end so that microfilm can be inserted ages may be viewed in ordinary room light or removed. Cards are available for either due to the construction of the viewing screen, 16mm or 35mm microfilm and have housing which rejects extraneous light. ~h;means capacities of 9, 12, or 15 inches of microfilm. OCTOBER 1963 Mobile Equipment In the Lee Higginson Corporation Library, we have a mobile card catalog cabinet that is competely flexible as to arrangement and function. It consists of units made by the Watson Manufacturing Company, Inc., which may be changed or added to. There are 15 drawers for 3 x 5 cards, each drawer 18 inches deep. Below are two shelves, each approximately seven inches high, used for sorting material to be indexed or cataloged. The top, which is 18 x 33 inches, is covered with attractive linoleum, and since it is at counter height (40 inches), serves as a sorting and writing surf ace. The cabinet is mounted on swivel wheels and is easily moved. This is most convenient, as it enables a staff member to have it at her desk when the spring deluge of corporate annual reports arrive to be checked in or there are many catalog cards to file. The staff member works from a sitting position and does not remove the drawers from the cabinet. The cabinet was devised for the library by Mr. W. 2. Monday of the Monday Com- The drop leaf of the high typewriter table is pany, New York, and can be supplied by handy for carrying large reference works them for $275. when using files, and whe.els make the table Our mobile high typewriter table with a accessible to any cabinet. drop leaf is useful in several ways. It serves to hold material being filed, and when the drop leaf is extended, the surface, 18 x 34 inches, is large enough to alphabetize and sort items, and also serves as a reference table for library visitors making brief use of large reference books. With the drop leaf down, the table, 18 x 18 inches, can be moved easily on its swivel wheels, between rows of vertical files. Since the table is steady and the top is at counter height (36 inches from the floor), it can be used as a writing surface. This is much more effective than a filing tray. One or two shelves of wood or metal could be devised to add below. High typewriter tables are standard equipment, and this one was manufactured by the Tiffany Stand Co., St. Louis, for $40.50. The mobile card catalog can be positioned for use when standing or sitting. Items to be MRS.ELIZABETH R. BOUTINON,Librarian cataloged can be placed on shelves below. Lee Higginson Corporation, New York City 528 SPECIAL LIBRARIES Planning the New Library: Applied Physics Laboratory The Johns Hopkins University

RICHARD A. EVANS, Librarian Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, Silver Spring, Maryland

HE NEW library build- velopment in the field of artificial earth sat- Ting at the Applied ellites. Physics Laboratory, a di- Mindful of the need for reference to clas- vision of The Johns Hop- sic literature in even the most advanced kins University, attests to studies for missiles and space exploration, the significance of scien- and having encouraged the development of tific literature in advanced the collection from the outset, the Director of missile research an ~d development. Dedicated the Laboratory, Dr. R. E. Gibson, also in June 1963, the buildingwill house a 20- showed great ioncern for the design of the year-old collection that serves the needs of library building itself. As a reflection of this the Laboratory and augments the resources of concern, he selected Stanley James Goldstein, the scientific community in the Washington, A.I.A., as the architect of the building. D. C. area. With so diverse a research program, the Since 1942, APL has been involved in re- role of the technical library in making avail- search and development for the Navy. Dur- able the most recent scientific literature has ing World War 11, APL designed and been invaluable. Two years ago, at a time developed the radio proximity fuse for anti- when library facilities consisted of 3,000 aircraft shells, and after the war, its guided square feet in the main Laboratory building, missile research led to development of the plans were begun to relocate the old facility major antiaircraft missile defenses of the and to extend its services. These plans called fleet. APL has also contributed significantly for a building whose size and design would to the evaluation of the Polaris weapon sys- maintain an atmosphere conducive to con- tem and has done extensive research and de- centrated research and study and would per-

The T-shaped library was built with glass and wood to harmonize with the surrounding landscape. The first floor is below ground level. OCTOBER 1963 529 Floor plans of Applied Physics Laboratory Library, The Johns Hopkins University.

TRANSL 8 BIBLIOC

BOOK STACK!

CARREI

SCALE (FEETI LOWER FLOORPLAN FIRST FLOOR PLAN A latticed redwood sun shield filters the sun's rays in the reading and open stack area. Sun deck is at left.

mit expansion during the next decade. The sun shield filters the sun into the reading external design had to be harmonious with area through the glass wall. The building that of the other buildings of the Laboratory may be entered from the main Laboratory complex. areas through a wide glass and brick pas- The new library is a two-story building, sageway, while visitors may enter through an with the 8,000 square foot first floor built at outside entrance without obtaining the subsurface level to maintain the natural con- security clearance necessary for access to tour of the land. The second floor (10,000 other areas of the Laboratory. square feet) houses the library's collection In the study and reading areas, beige car- and staff offices. The building is constructed peting blends with the walnut study tables, in the shape of a "T of precast concrete upholstered chairs, and sofas. The colors with a curtain glass wall extending along the selected for the upholstered furniture are top bar of the "T." Sliding glass doors in blue, brown, and terra cotta. Walnut parquet the glass wall provide access to a sun deck, flooring is used in the stack areas, periodical which overlooks the Maryland countryside. display area, and reference area. A natural color, weather resistant, redwood The stack areas, located on both sides of

Looking toward main entrance past study area and circulation desk. Windows and ceil- ing lights provide indirect il- lumination.

OCTOBER 1963 Circulation desk has built-in card catalog, which can be used from either side of the desk. Periodicals are at rear.

the study area, are furnished with Remington programs, conferences, meetings, or briefings. Rand Library Bureau bookshelves finished Library services are provided by 14 full- in walnut. Remington Rand bin-type pe- time staff members. Services include refer- riodical display shelves are used because they ence, circulation, literature searching, bib- best suit the purposes of the library. liography compilation, interlibrary loan, The reference and ~eriodicalareas. located translation. and Xerox re~roduction. The . I opposite each other to the left and right of staff members of the translation service of the main entrance, are furnished with walnut the library provide oral and written transla- studv tables and chairs convenient to the tions on request and are proficient in Rus- current journals and reference materials. sian, German, French, and Italian. Fields of Study carrels and reference tables in the special concentration include aerodynamics, stacks ~rovideadditional convenience for a&ospace, automation, chemistry, ele&onics, Laboratory staff members. engineering, geophysics, mathematics, phys- The central reference and circulation desk, ics, and propulsion. designed by Fenton L. Kennedy, APL The library publicizes its resources and Document Librarian, is constructed of wal- services in a serial publication entitled the nut and is in the shape of two opposed APL Libizl-y Bulletitz. The accessions series chevrons. It has adequate space for three of the Bulleti~z(biweekly) lists recent acqui- persons to work simul~aneouslyduring those sitions, book reviews, conference proceed- times when the demand for service is excep- ings, selected periodicals, articles published tionally heavy. An unusual feature of the by APL personnel, bibliographies, and trans- desk is the built-in card catalog on the side lations. Bulletins of the translation series are facing the study area. The catalog drawers published as complete translations (irregu- may be opened from either side of the desk, lar), abstracts of-foreign scientific journal thus providing accessibility for the user and articles (biweekly), tables of contents of the attending librarian. Large planters, add- foreign language journals (biweekly), and ing to the general decor of the library, have translations available from sources other than been constructed on the four corners of the the APL Library (irregular). A colorful leaf- chevrons. All incoming telephone calls are let containing a floor plan of the library and received in this area and relayed to specific a sample copy of the APL Libvaty Bulletin offices as required. is given to each new employee by the Per- The first floor contains a large assembly sonnel Office during his Laboratory indoc- area, four classrooms each accommodating- 40 trination. Book jackets of recent and signifi- students, rest rooms, cloakroom, storeroom, cant new acquisitions as well as im~ortantL and heating and air-conditioning equipment. announcements pertaining to the library are The classrooms may be used for educational displayed, on a rotation basis, on several SPECIAL LIBRARIES bulletin boards conveniently located in the ranged alphabetically by subject and title, many buildings that comprise the facilities of and information on the renewal of journal the Applied Physics Laboratory. subscriptions. In the more distant future, Plans for the immediate future include studies will be made of the application of computer techniques to several other areas the application of computer techniques to of the library operation, and such techniques the journal resources of the library. By use will be introduced when feasible. of a computer, the librarv intends to provide .All IP'mtograbhs courtesy APL, The Iolrrls Hookins reading lists of current journal tities, ar- C'ntt'er~tty.

I VITAL STATISTICS FOR APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY LIBRARY Total square foot area Library proper Lower level Staff 14 Professional 5 Nonprofessional 9 Employees served at location 2,400 Average number of users per day 2 50 Volumes (books and bound and unbound periodicals) as of June 1963 40,000 Current periodical subscriptions 600 Vertical file shelves 15 Date of completion March 1963 Planned by librarians and architects Special facilities or equipment: Microcard reader, microfilm reader, Xerox 914 ofice copier.

Aczcce qua Ad... New LTP Staff Appointments ber of the Nominating Committee of the Late in July, Forrest F. Carhart, Jr. be- SLA Illinois Chapter. came Director of the Library Technology The new head of the LTP information Project, replacing Frazer G. Poole who re- service is David R. Hoffman. Before joining signed to become the Director of the Uni- the LTP staff, Mr. Hoffman had been Ad- versity of Illinois Undergraduate Library in ministrative Assistant to the Secretary of the Chicago. Mr. Carhart has been with the Wisconsin Free Library Commission since Project since its first month and its Assistant 1959. He received his M.S.L.S. degree from Western Reserve University in 195 5. Director since August 1, 1960. Replacing Mr. Carhart as Assistant Direc- tor is Richard W. Luce who came to LTP Coming Event from the Continental National Insurance Seminars on Systems for the Organization of Group, Chicago, where he was Librarian. Information are being sponsored this fall by Mr. Luce received his M.A. degree from RUTGERSUNIVERSITY GRADUATE SCHOOL the Graduate Library School of the Univer- OF LIBRARYSERVICE. The first of the two sity of Chicago. He is a member of the seminars scheduled so far concerns the Uni- Committee on Insurance Periodicals Index versal Decimal Classification system and will and the Immediate Past-Chairman of the In- be held October 31 to November 1. The sub- surance Division of SLA. He is also a mem- ject for the December 5-6 seminar is Syntag- OCTOBER 1963 matic Organization Language (SYNTOL) . journal. Excerpta Medica Foundation, Am- Details are obtainable from Dr. Susan Ar- sterdam, will do similar work on both Rus- tandi at the library school, New Brunswick, sian and Japanese literature to be published New Jersey. in Excerpta Medica. Fordham University, New York, will compile a "Directory of Three CLR Grants Medical and BioIogicaI Research Institutions in the USSR," and the Federation of Ameri- The Committee to Investigate Copyright can Societies for Experimental Biology, Inc., Problems Affecting Communication in Sci- Bethesda, Maryland, will provide selective ence and Education received a $700 grant translation and publication of other foreign from the Council on Library Resources, Inc., research information in its journal. to study the feasibility of setting up a clearing house, or copying service, for the benefit Members in the News of owners of copyrighted material and those wishing to make one or more photocopies of WALTERHAUSDORFER, Professor of Bibli- it. The service would routinely collect royal- ography at Temple University and Library ties according to a fixed rate scale for the Advisor to Temple's Sullivan Memorial Li- publishers and their authors. Publishers' par- brary for 17 years, will retire this year. He ticipation would be on a voluntary basis. was SLA President in 1944-45, a member The need to establish a regional science li- and chairman of the Philadelphia Library brary and information center in Claremont, Council, and a member of the executive com- California is being investigated by Harvey mittee of the Board of Directors of the Un- Mudd College, Honnold Library, and repre- ion Library Catalogue. He was also the sentatives of industry in the area. The survey, author of 1944 and 1956 editions of SLA's with the help of a $5,000 CLR grant, calls Hatzdbook. of Commercial, Financial and In- for the study of the academic and industrial f ormatiotz Services. resources in the area, which would be shared DR. THEODOREC. HINES, former Assistant by the scientific community. Professor at Rutgers University's Graduate A survey of the major indexing and ab- School of Library Service, has become Special stracting services for library science and doc- Assistant to the Dean, Columbia University umentation in the United States and Europe School of Library Service. DR. SUSANAR- is being conducted by H. Allan Whatley, TANDI will replace Dr. Hines as principal F.L.A., with a $2,000 CLR grant to the Li- investigator for the Rutgers information sem- brary Association, London. Mr. Whatley, inars being given with the aid of a National who is a lecturer at the Scottish School of Science Foundation grant. Librarianship, Glasgow, and editor of Li- brary Science Abstrdcts, will study, evaluate, AMA Company Library Seminar and make recommendations for the improve- The American Management Association spon- ment of methods of production, cooperation sored a workshop seminar, "Establishing and between editors, and effectiveness of the Managing the Company Library," at the Ho- services in countries where they are used. tel Astor, New York City, September 11-13. A capacity audience of 15 attended the sem- Biomedical Translations and Directory inar, the third of its kind. Discussion was The National Library of Medicine is at- centered around six general problems-mis- tempting to add to the availability of bio- sion and objectives of the company library, medical information by granting, through its organization, library facilities, service sys- Extramural Program, contracts for translating tems, specialized services and techniques, and and abstracting foreign biomedical literature service criteria and controls-and included a and the preparation of a directory of Soviet question and answer period from the regis- research institutions. Biological Abstracts, trants. Alice G. Anderson, Librarian, Ray- Inc., will translate and/or abstract Soviet theon Company, Wayland, Massachusetts, literature, which will be published in its was discussion leader. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Book Review Libraries or information agencies as distinct institutions are not discussed in the text, and the THEPRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTIONOF KNOWL- statistics relating to libraries are incomplete. It is EDGE IN THE UNITED STATES. Princeton, N. J. frustrating and tantalizing to a librarian to see Princeton University Press, 1962. 416 p. $7.50. how closely he approaches, yet eludes, a new definition and appreciation of the key role of librar- Fritz Machlup, one of America's foremost econ- ianship (particularly in America) in relation to omists, Professor at Princeton, and currently Pres- the knowledge industry. Only by extrapolation and ident of the American Association of University implication can the reader develop this relationship. Professors, will be remembered by the library Here is a challenge for a librarian interested in world for his creative pioneering of an important economics (or an economist interested in the new library techniqupthe first and only publi- function of libraries) to write a sequel to Mach- cation to critically evaluate and grade for size of lup's initial work. library all books in a major subject field (Econom- Useful as a reference source, this book is filled ic.r Library Selections, Johns Hopkins University, with a wealth of charts and indices assembled from 1954-63). the leading statistical series of the Census Bureau, Again Machlup has approached closely to the Department of Commerce, Office of Education, boundary of the library world (since knowledge National Science Foundation, and others. The is obviously the sole commodity dispensed from ~rofound analysis and integration of these sta- libraries) in his pioneering synthesis, analysis, tistical sources (dependent on the new wealth of and definition of "the knowledge industry." statistical information first available since the His definition includes education (at schools, in Second World War) is a commendable feat in ex- the home, on the job, at church, or at libraries), tracting significance from economic statistics in a research and development, printing and publishing, format understandable to the layman. photography, stage, screen and broadcasting. ad- Any library purchasing any books on research vertising, telecommunication, conventions, and the and development, computers, publishing, or educa- portions of such professional services as law, en- tion would want Machlup's book because of the. gineering, architecture, medicine, and accounting significant summaries on current developments and' that are concerned with diagnosis and advice. prospects in each of these areas. These summaries. He finds that this sector of the economy, never are, in effect. separate books within a book and' before analyzed in terms of its contribution and go far beyond the discussion needed to develop function to the total economic system, comprises the validity of the knowledge industry as a model. 28.7 per cent of the total gross national product His essay on education is particularly note- and is increasing at the rate of 8.8 per cent per worthy. He makes many recommendations for year, compared to a 3.7 per cent per year growth basic reforms of our educational system. He is rate for other goods and services. Thus, the rate strongly in favor of equality of opportunity in edu- of increase is two and one half times as great. cation, but he is highly critical of our practice of Machlup does not emphasize, as he perhaps forcing children to attend school after the age of should, that unemployment is virtually no problem 14 and fears that this practice results in more in the "knowledge industry" but is of the most harm than good. He proposes that all grades be critical importance in the production of goods and accelerated so that all pupils would learn in nine services. years what now takes 12. He is convinced that high The interaction between educational or "knowl- school is largely a repetition of the earlier years, edge" activities, capital investment, and growth in with great economic waste and loss of potential goods and services is of profound contemporary labor. He is also fearful that college might be- concern to economists. Does an investment in the come a glorified high school. knowledge industry result in increased goods and Despite the pertinence of this book to basic services, or vice versa? Machlup has made a sig- problems in contemporary economics, the text is nificant contribution in quantitatively defining the uncomplicated and readable. From his willingness knowledge industry but does not develop any basic to cut through conventional conceptions and for- solution to this chicken or egg dilemma. malizations, one sees a man with broad interests For each aspect of the knowledge industry. and an original and critical mind. Machlup reviews the history of the economic de- This is a seminal work, one that will un- velopment, assembles the basic statistical data, dis- doubtedly be referred to in many citations in the cusses the type of knowledge distributed and the future by authors who will seek to explore further allocation of human, fiscal, and natural resources, the implications highlighted by Machlup's bril- evaluates the output in terms of its productivity, liant searchlight. growth, and contribution to the body of knowl- ROBERTT. JORDAN edge, and sometimes makes recommendations for Council on Library Resources, Inc. new economic relationships. Washington, D. C. OCTOBER 1963 SLA Offrcial Roster FILBY,P. W., comp. Calligvaphy and Handu~riting it America, 1710-1962. Caledonia, N. Y.: Itali- The Special Libraries Association Official Directo1.y muse. Inc., 1963. pap. $6; $5.50 with remittance. of Personnel 1963-1964 is now available from Copies may be ordered from the author at the Pea- Association Headquarters in limited supply for body Institute, Baltimore. (361 examples of 252 $1.50. Copies, which have been issued to the Ad- years of American handwriting and calligraphy visory Council and the Board of Directors, include plus names of private or public collections where the names, addresses, and other pertinent informa- they are found.) tion about the Board of Directors, Committees, HAWTHORNE,Gladys. Library Moving Made Easy. Chapter and Division officers, Special Representa- ALA Bulletin, vol. 57, no. 7, July-August 1963, tives, and Headquarters and other Association per- p. 671. sonnel. HINES,Theodore C. Conference Reports: Special British Technology Index Libraries Association. Library Journal, vol. 88, no. 14, August 1963, p. 2842-4. The Library Association, London, has published its HOLLEMAN,Marian Patterson. President's Page. first annual volume of British Technology Index, Bulletin of the Medical Libra~yAssociation, vol. a 900-page volume covering all major articles in 51, no. 3, July 1963, p. 421-4. 400 British 1962 technical journals in the fields of engineering, chemical, and manufacturing tech- KLEMPNER,Irving M. The Influence of Photo- nology. The volume, which is part of a service in- reproduction on Library Operations. Library Re- cluding monthly subject indexes, includes 28,000 sources and Technical Services, vol. 7, no. 3, Sum- subject entries having about 50,000 cross references. mer 1963, p. 244-53. PAINTER,Ann F. Convertibility Potential Among Government Information Agency Indexing Sys- Surplus 1950 and 1954 Census Reports tems. Library Resources and Technical Services. The Bureau of Census is planning to dispose of vol. 7, no. 3, Summer 1963, p. 274-81. its remaining supply of publications of the 1950 SHARP.Harold S. How to Use Your Library. New Censuses of Population and Housing and the York: Consolidated Book Service, Inc., 1963. 17 1954 Census of Agriculture. Copies of the County P. pap. Apply. and Citj Data Book, 19S6 are also available. Re- TAUBE, Mortimer. Extensive Relations as the quests will be filled on a first-come, first-served Necessary Condition for the Significance of basis while the supply lasts. Interested persons "Thesauri" for Mechanized Indexing. Journal of should write to the Publications Distribution Sec- Chemical Documentation, vol. 3, no. 3, July tion, Bureau of the Census, Washington, D. C. 1961, p. 177-80. 20233. WILKINSON,William A. et al. Information Re- trieval at the New Monsanto Information Center. SLA Authors Journal of Chemical Documentation, vol. 3, no. 3, ADAMS,Scott. Medical Libraries Are in Trouble. July 1963, p. 174-7. Library Journal, vol. 88, no. 13, July 1963, p. 2615-21. New Mexico Libraries Directory Published BRODMAN,Estelle. Introduction to Continuing Ed- The first directory of public, special, and univer- ucation of Medical Librarians. Bulletin of the Med- sity libraries in New Mexico, Libraries of New ical Librarj A~sociation,vol. 51, no. 3, July 1963, Mexico, has been published by SLA's Rio Grande p. 354-6. Chapter. This 16-page multilithed listing is based . et al. Mechanization of Library Procedures on information received from questionnaires sub- in the Medium-sized Medical Library: I. The mitted by public, university, and special libraries Serial Record. Bulletin of the Medical Library As- listed in the American Library Directory and from ~ociation~vol. 51, no. 3, July 1963, p. 313-38. libraries whose librarians are affiliated with the Chapter. The data for the 89 libraries covered, ar- BURNESS,Jean F. Canadian Library Association. ranged alphabetically, include the name of the Ii- Library Journal, vol. 88, no. 14, August 1963, p. brary, address, telephone number, name of the li- 2844-6. brarian, size of the collection, if the library is open CAMPBELL,Irene R. The Rule of Fluoride in Pub- to the public, loan regulations, contact for inter- lic Health: The Soundness of Fluoridation of Com- library loans, copying and microform reading fa- munal Watev Supplies. Cincinnati: University of cilities, special collections, and special features. Cincinnati, 1963. 107 p. pap. Apply. There is also a subject index. The compilation is CLARKE,Robert F. The Impact of Photocopying the work of the Chapter's Library Resources Com- on Scholarly Publishing. Library Journal, vol. 88, mittee under the chairmanship of Barbara Hendry, no. 13, p. 2625-9. Serials Librarian and Assistant Head of Technical DARLING,Louise. Development of Training Pro- Processes, Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories, Los grams in American Medical Libraries. Bulletin of Alamos, New Mexico. A limited supply of copies the Medical Library Associalion, vol. 51, no. 3, is available at $1 each from Mrs. Eleanor Tedesco, July 1963, p. 339-53. 7309 McNerney Avenue, N.E., Albuquerque, N. M. SPECIAL LIBRARIES Education in Medical Librarianship Alphabetical list of explanations and phrasing for simple and complex cards for books, including Much of The Bulletin of the Medical Library As- autographs, bibliographic history, commemorative sociation for July 1963, volume 51, number three, publications, corrections, dissertations, reprints, has been devoted to continuing education in medi- translations, works based on broadcasts, and others. cal librarianship. One of the articles, "Development of Training Programs in American Medical Li- braries," was written by Louise Darling, newly lnformation Systems & Handling Techniques elected MLA President. Also included were four AMERICANLIBRARY ASSOCIATION. The Library and papers, which were part of the first annual report Information Networks of the Future (RADC- of MLA's Committee on Continuing Education- TDR-62-614). [Chicago, 111.1: April 8, 1963. vii, "Continuing Education in the Professions," "The 43 p. pap. $2 (Sold by OTS, Washington 25, Medical Library Association and Continuing Edu- D. C. and Library 21, ALA, 50 East Huron Street, cation." "Evaluation of the Association's Past Per- Chicago 11 ) . formance and Suggestions for the Future," and an Prepared for the Rome Air Development Center, "Introduction," written by Dr. Estelle Brodman. Air Force Systems Command, Griffiss Air Force Committee Chairman. Base, New York. Describes the structure and organization of Library 21 and includes a summary RECENT REFERENCES of the planning ideas. The second section presents Cataloging and Classification the concepts of regional information networks, and Section 3 is a compendium of applicable systems Film Cataloguing Rules. London, England: Aslib, and equipment, available and theoretical. 1963. 71 p. pap. 14s.. members; 18s, nonmembers. Compiled by the Cataloguing Committee of the BAGG,Thomas C. and STEVENS,Mary E. Informa- Aslib Film Production Librarians Group, rules tion Selection Sy~temsRetrieval Replica Copies: A cover complete films, newsfilms, picture material, State-of-the-Art Report (NBS Technical Note 157, and sound effect and dubbing tracts of sound ma- December 31, 1961). Washington, D. C.: Na- terials. Information on added entries, style, defini- tional Bureau of Standards, 1962. iv, 172 p. pap. tions, abbreviations, and examples. Index. $1.25 (Sold by the Government Printing Office). FOSTER,Donald L., comp. Notes Used on Music Description of 15 systems employing search- and Phono-record Catalog Cards (Occasional Papers type selection principles, historical development, no. 66). Urbana, 111.: University of Illinois Grad- and microfilm aperture card systems and related uate School of Library Science, December 1962. devices. Conclusion is that processes can be achieved by available technology, and the principal 39 P. pap. $1. Compilation of examples taken from Library of problems that remain are those of initial human Congress catalog cards primarily from 1959-1961. analysis of content, man-machine communications, Notes show listing of composer, medium of per- and realistic user requirements. Bibliography. formance, history, further necessary data. Only BOTTLE,R. T., ed. UJ~of the Chemical Literature. notes pertaining exclusively to scores, records, and London: Butterworths, 1962. x, 231 p. $7. other music materials are included. Fifteen articles on various aspects of chemical Guide to the Universal Decimal Classij'ication literature, some of which are based on lectures at IUDC), B.S. 1000C:1963 (FID no. 345). Lon- the Liverpool College of Technology. Includes dis- don: British Standards Institution. 128 p. pap. 15s cussion of libraries and their use, periodicals, trans- plus postage. lations, abstracting, patent literature, basic refer- Section 1 deals with the theory and use of ence works, and others, plus glossary of terms used classification in the I~brary;section 2 outlines the in photocopying and microfilming, work sheets, UDC schedule in several categories; and section 3 and index. lists some of the libraries using UDC. CENTERFOR DOCUMENTATIONAND COMMUNICA- HERALD,Althea C. Processing Manual; A Pictorial TION RESEARCH,Western Reserve University, Workbook of Catalog Cards, 2nd ed. Teaneck, School of Library Science. Information Retrieval in N. J : Fairleigh Dickinson Press, 1963. 88 p. pap. Action. Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve Uni- Apply (L.C. 61-15899). versity, 1963. 323 p. $7.50 (L.C. 63-13361). Illustrations indicate proper color of cards and Twenty-five papers presented at the Center on type. Includes general directions for cataloging April 18-20, 1962, concerning research, develop- w~thvariations for individual libraries, and cards ment, and operation activities in machine search- for phonograph records, government publications, ing systems at the Center. Includes a guide to Microcards, and other catalog cards. Blank cards the organization of case histories, an author and are printed for individual library's variations to corporate name index, and a subject index. be indicated. Subject index. Current Research and Development in Scientific SWAIN, Olive, comp. Notes Used on Catalog Documentation, No. 11 (NSF-63-5). Washington, Cards; a List of Examples, 2nd ed. Chicago: D. C.: National Science Foundation, 1963. xxi, American Library Association, 1963. v, 82 p. pap. 440 p. pap. $4 (Sold by Office of Technical Serv- $1.75 (L.C. 62-21563). ices).

OCTOBER 1963 Descriptions of over 500 research projects in and binding. Interested applicants should contact 264 organizations, including 79 foreign organ- the Personnel Manager, The University of Texas, izations and five independent projects. Discussion M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, - of methods, problems, and equipment. Index of Texas Medical Center, Houston 25, Texas. individuals and organizations and subject index. PURDUEUNIVERSITY, Lafayette, Indiana. Five professional positions: Processing supervisor ($8,400) ; Cataloger ($6,300) ; Assistant Head, serials unit CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING ($7,000); Assistant Reference Librarian (2) Positions open and wanted-SO cents per line; ($6,000). Library degree required. Excellent op- minimum charge $1.50. Other classifieds-75 cents portunities in medium-sized library system (600,- a line; $2.25 minimum. Copy must be received by 000 volumes, 136 staff total) in a state university tenth of month preceding month of publication. of 17,000 students and 1,650 faculty members. Board range of established specialties in science, POSITIONS OPEN engineering, agriculture, pharmacy, veterinary sci------ence, industrial administration and home economics, BUSINESS,Science and Technology Division Head but with rapidly growing departments in hu- for public library. Opportunity to develop collec- manities, social sciences and education as well. An- tion and services for business and industry as well nual expenditures on the libraries are over $1,000,- as general public. New building being constructed. 000. Professional librarians have academic status Growth possibilities available through personal and participate in generous fringe benefits and contacts and aggressive promotional and experi- privileges. For further details apply to John H. mental programs. Fifth year degree required. Usual Moriarty, Directory of Libraries, Purdue Univer- benefits. Salary begins at $6,200. Near Chicago. sity, Lafayette, Indiana, enclosing small ID-type Write Jack Chitwood, Director, Rockford Public photograph. Library, Rockford, Illinois. SCIENCE REFERENCE LIBRARIAN-W~~~~State ASSOCIATE LIBRARIAN-For a large medical, re- University, Detroit. Starting salary $5904-7475; search, and educational institution. Applicants automatic annual increment; 37% hour week, must have a degree in library science with pro- month vacation, sick leave, social security. group gressively responsible library experience. Areas of insurance. TIAA-CREF retirement plan. Position responsibility will include supervision and training oDen about December 1. 1963. ADDIV.. , G. Flint of nonprofessional library personnel, acquisitions, p;rdy, Director.

LIBRARIANS! THE JOB: Positions immediately available in new branches, subject departments, technical TECHNICAL LIBRARIAN services, children's work, and bookmobiles. THE SALARY: $516-$641 PER MONTH Position available for a person quali- (Experienced librarians may start above fied to direct our Technical Library mmimum.) operation. Person should be familiar THE PLACE: with technical publications used by En- Los Angeles, where the climate is always good. gineering and Research personnel; and THE FUTURE: be familiar with current library tech- Good opportunity for professional growth niques. and promotional advancement in a growing system; 35 librarian promotions within BS or MS in Library Science is pre- the last 12 months. ferred; however, specific experience STUDENTS MAY APPLY DURING will also be considered. THEIR LAST SEMESTER OF LIBRARY Relocation paid; salary open. SCHOOL. LIBRARY DEGREE & U.S. CITIZENSHIP For confidential consideration send re- REQUIRED sume to: For additional information write to: T. F. WADE, TECHNICAL PLACEMENT Civil Service Department THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY MAIN & K STREETS Los Angeles City Hall DAYTON 9, OHIO Room 5A an equal opportunity employer Los Angeles 12, California 90012

SPECIAL LIBRARIES POSITIONS WANTED WANTED TO BUY --- ART LIBRARIAN-B.A., M.A. (Art History), fifth PERIODICALS,duplicates, surplus for cash or ex- year A.B.L.S., 15 years experience university li- change. Write for free Library Buying List. Can- braries. Now Architecture Librarian, seeks museum ner's SL, Boston 20, Massachusetts. or SL post. Write Box B 113. CATALOGER-Male, M.L.S., 34, married. Human- MISCELLANEOUS ities background. 8 years academic experience in cataloging and technical services, rare books, and JAPANESEPATENTS-chemical, metallurgical, elec- teaching Seeks administrative position. Write Box tronic devices and components, illustrated ab- B 120. stracts three weeks after publication from $30 p.a., partial translations any patents quoted from LIBRARIAN-B.A., M.S.L.S. Recently assistant spe- C.A. or other sources airmailed same day. Rotha cial business library, seeks position. Interest in Fullford Leopold & Associates, P.O. Box 13, collection containing Spanish and French. Write Black Rock, Victoria, Australia. Established 1953. Box B 96. LIMITEDBUDGET? Unlimited wants? Try our spe- LIBRARIAN-WO~~~desires responsible position cialized free book-find service and solve both in Chicago area technical or business library. problems. Astonishingly successful finds and low Eleven years experience, including 9 years admin- prices make you happy. Send want lists to Martin istrative. Will start company library. Box B 117. Gross, Bookseller, One Beekman Place, New York REFERENCELIBRAKIAN-Young woman, M.L.S. 38. degree. six years experience. Desires reference position in Manhattan advertising, film, TV, QUICK SEARCH-P~O~P~reports! Send us your theatrical, music, or art library. Salary open. hard to find book list. Cambridge Book Service, Box B 121. Box 18L, Cambridge 40, Massachusetts.

MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS Serials: VITAL NOTES ON MEDICAL PERIODICALS $ 5.00 year Records births, deaths, and title changes 3 times a year BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION $10.00 year Articles of interest to all librarians ($12.00 foreign) 4 times a year Monographs : DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY by Estelle Brodman. 1954 An important contribution in the history of science bibliography HANDBOOK OF MEDICAL LIBRARY PRACTICE edited by Janet Doe. 2d ed. Chicago, American Library Association. 1956 Discusses problems common to all libraries Indexes: BULLETIN OF THE MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION V. 1-40, 1911-1952 V. 41-50, 1953-1962 MEDICAL LIBRARY ASSOCIATION 919 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611

OCTOBER 1963 539 Literature of Executive Management: Selected Books and Hundreds of Libraries-big and small-now print 3 x 5 professional catalog cards and postcards (any Reference Sources for the quantities) with new precision geared stencil printer especially designed for Library requirements.Buy di- International rect on Five Year Guarantee. FREE- Write TO- DAY for description, pictures, and low direct price. Businessman CARDMASTER, 1920 Sunnyside. Dept. 410, Chicago 40 SLA Bibliography No. 5 SWETS & ZElTLlNGER Keizersgracht 471 & 487 Charlotte Georgi, Amsterdam-C. Holland New and Secondhand Bookdealers Editor Current Subscriptions Periodicals, Sets, Backfiles, and Separate A selective, annotated listing of al- Volumes. most 500 books, journals, newspapers, American Representatrue and information sources of value to WALTER D. LANTZ management personnel. Since it was 555 WOODSIDE AVE., BERWYN, PA. prepared especially for the XI11 In- Suburban Philadelphia Phone: Niagara 4-4944 ternational Management Congress held in New York City in September 1963, it is international in scope, with an emphasis on current materials. The philosophy, international aspects, science and technology, education and development, and history of manage- 1 Complete composition, press ment are treated in separate chapters and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- as are books by and about executives, pled with the knowledge and skill foreign language publications, and gained through fifty years of experi- magazines, journals, and newspapers. ence, can be put to your use-profitably Prices are given in most cases, and addresses of publishers and book dealers in the United States and abroad are included at the end as is an author in- THE VERMONT dex. Seven subject specialists assisted PRINTING COMPANY in the compilation, which was edited by the Librarian of the Graduate School Brattleboro, Vermont of Business Administration, University of California, Los Angeles.

136 pager 1963 $4.25 PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL Special Libraries Association OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION 31 E. 10th St. New York 10003

SPECIAL LIBRARIES Two International Research Journals International Journal of lmmunochemistry Regional Editors: Dan H. Campbell, Chairman, California; Alain Bus- sard, France; Henri Isliker, Switzerland; Fred Karush, Pennsylvania Scheduled for publication early in 1964, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY is a new international journal intended to serve as a specific medium for material dealing with the chemical and physical aspects of immunology and related problems. lmmunochemical literature has heretofore appeared in a wide variety of publications. It is the purpose of this journal to eliminate the necessity for such dispersed publication. Not intended to replace any of the present journals dealing with general immunology, IMMUNOCHEMISTRY is more specifically a chemical journal dealing with antigens and antibodies, physical aspects of immune mechanisms and methodology or investigations related to such subjects. Four types of articles will appear: original experimental investigations not previously published; preliminary reports of original work, and editorial-type articles dealing with some problem in immunochemistry; Book Reviews; and Compre- hensive Critical Reviews of major problems of general interest. Published quarterly. Annual Subscription Rate: $00.00

Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Sponsored by the Division of Comparative Physiology, American Society of Zoolo- gists Editors: Dr. G. A. Kerkyt, Dept. of Physiology and Biochemistry, Uni- versity of Southampton, England. Professor Bradley T. Scheer, Dept. of Biology, University of Oregon, U.S.A. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY publishes the results of original research by outstanding scientists on the biochemistry and physiology of animals. approached mainly from a comparative point of view.

Some Papers Recently Published: C. C. Thornburn and A. J. Matty: The effect of thyroxine on some aspects of nitrogen metabolism in the goldfish (Carassius auratus) and the trout (Salmo trutta). James W. Campbell: Urea formation and urea cycle enzymes in the cestode, Hymenolepis diminuta. James W. Campbell and Thomas W. Lee: Ornithine tran~carbam~laseand arginase activity in flatworms. G. A. Kerkut and G. A. Cottrell: Acetylcholine and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the snail brain. Published monthly. Annual Subscription Rate: $60.00

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I For General Identify These and 10,000 Other Terms in Reference, and all Special Collections In . . CODE NAMES

M~l~taryH~story Av~ation U S H~story DICTIONARY Aerospace Defense Technology A Guide to Code Names, Slang, Nicknames, Weaponry Journalese, and Similar Terms: Naval H~story Aviation, Rockets and Missiles, Military, Rocketry Atom~cEnergy Aerospace, Meteorology, Atomic Energy, Meteorology Communications, and Others

Comrnun~cat~ons NOWHERE ELSE can you find identifications for the puzzliny Slang often crucial, always intriguing words sampled above . words World War II which are almost certain to turn up begging for identification in nearly any library, sooner or loter Korean Confl~ct These words represent the formetly hush-hush names of mkli German H~story tory operotions. fcntastic new weopons, space hardwore, secret Modern Languages names for places and people, nicknames for aircraft ond other Data Process~ng equipment, slang which is or hor been in vogue in the armed forces and related activities, and other esoteric terminology Br~t~shH~story CODE NAMES DICTIONARY provides key facts about each

Logrst1cs mysterious term, such as: tnoture of event; date of occurrence 03 Ordnance period cn which term wo, used, location, choracte~isticsof nus riles, aircraft, other named equipment, cross rrferences Canad~anH~story Place Names Electron~cs Contributing Editors Ch~neseH~story Captain J. A. Skiera James L. Trainor Nuclear Sc~ence O%ce of the Sac~etury Notioncl Ae$onaiitlcs ond Russian History United States Air Forcr Space Admin~strotioii M~l~tarEng~neer~ng Norman A. Matson Rowland P. Gill Av~at~onH~story U S. Weather Bureau Office.. Chief of Milttory H~stoi) Space Technology Deportment of Commerce Dupurtmrnt of the Army French Hlstory Introduction by Cartography Eric Partridge Cl~matology Austral~anHistory ORDER ON APPROVAL TODAY' Geography H~storyof Sc~ence Gale Research Company Japanese Hlstory 2225 Book Tower Detroit 26, Mich.