Improving Threshold Values for Marine Risk Assessment

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Improving Threshold Values for Marine Risk Assessment PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN FISH - IMPROVING THRESHOLD VALUES FOR MARINE RISK ASSESSMENT Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von Sophia Schubert Kiel, 01. Dezember 2015 Referent: PD Dr. Reinhold Hanel Koreferent: Prof. Dr. Oscar Puebla Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 10. Februar 2016 Zum Druck genehmigt: 10. Februar 2016 gez. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang J. Duschl, Dekan/in Summary Since 2008, the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) has coordinated the monitoring and integrated assessment in European marine waters in order to protect marine ecosystems and simultaneously guarantee the sustainable use of marine goods and services. So far, many progresses have been made to maintain or achieve a ’good environmental status’ by the year 2020. However, many gaps and open questions still exist in regard to the risk assessment of persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The general aim of this thesis was to contribute to the implementation of the MSFD at different levels. Primary focus was set on methodical issues, especially the validation of toxicity tests through the definition of sound dose-response relations, which are the basis for inferring unambiguous threshold values. Additionally, it was tested if mi- croinjection could be a valuable tool for the development of reliable threshold values for biological effect monitoring. Secondly, this thesis also contributed to the discussion whether contaminants in gonads of fish are a valuable indicator for healthy marine wildlife in marine risk assessment. Many contaminants, especially POPs are suspected to impair reproduction and therefore to adversely affect the fitness of a species. Hence, information on POP concentrations in native fish species as well as their potential transfer rates from liver and muscle to gonad tissue during maturation in spawners and from spawners to their offspring is crucial to evaluate the contaminants with re- gard to potential embryotoxic effects. In Chapter I the statistical tool ’toxtestD’ is presented, which offers a user-friendly way to appropriately design toxicity studies aiming for binary response data, as for instances the Fish Embryo Toxicity (FET) test. The developed tool advances the quality of dose-response data by focussing on adequate numbers of test subjects, on optimized dose allocation, and on inclusion of a baseline for toxicity tests that aim for small target concentrations to provide an optimal basis for the definition of threshold values as well as other purposes. The FET test is a potent way to identify and quantify embryotoxic effects of contami- nants. However, this test is limited to the application of polar substances. Non-polar substances cannot be applied. A potent way to identify and quantify the embryotoxic potential of lipophilic POPs offers the direct application of contaminants into Zebrafish embryos by simultaneously mimicking a maternal pollutant transfer via microinjec- tion. In Chapter II water, methanol, DMSO, and triolein were directly administered into the yolk sac of freshly fertilized Zebrafish embryos to validate microinjection as tool in ecotoxicology studies. High volume oscillations between consecutive injections into several fish eggs question this method as adequate tool to produce unambiguous i dose-response relations in order to infer threshold values. However, microinjection is still a potent way to identify toxicities of lipophilic substances to fish development. In Chapter III & IV contaminant concentrations of several POPs were determined in muscle, liver, and gonads of Baltic herring, Clupea harengus, and in muscle, gonads, and eggs of European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Remarkable concentrations were detected in any tested tissue including gonads of fish during maturation. POPs, accumulated in gonads, possibly result in impaired reproduction by a general decrease in gamete quantity and quality or end up in spawned fish eggs after maternal transfer processes where they potentially develop embryotoxic effects. Both may result in a reduced fitness. Hence, including content loads of gonads as indicator into the current mon- itoring seems promising to assess healthy marine wildlife. The results of this thesis help to improve the current situation of data quality and quantity for the derivation of threshold values in marine risk assessment. It revealed microinjection as a potent method to identify toxicity of lipophilic substances and determined content load in gonads as a potential new indicator for healthy marine wildlife. ii Zusammenfassung Im Jahr 2008 wurde die Meeresstrategie- Rahmenrichtlinie (MSRL) mit dem Ziel ins Leben gerufen, die marinen Ökosysteme der Europäischen Gemeinschaft zu schützen und gleichzeitig eine nachhaltige Nutzung mariner Ressourcen innerhalb dieser Regio- nen sicher zu stellen. Der ’gute Umweltzustand soll dabei bis zum Jahr 2020 erreicht bzw. erhalten werden. Im Rahmen der Umsetzung der MSRL ist bereits viel erreicht worden, doch existieren weiterhin zahlreiche Lücken und offene Fragen besonders im Hinblick auf die Bewertung der Schadstoffbelastung mariner Ökosysteme. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, zur Umsetzung der MSRL an verschiedenen Stellen beizu- tragen. Zunächst stand die Validierung von Toxizitätstests durch die Definition von aussagekräftigen Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen durch eine angemessene Versuchspla- nung im Mittelpunkt. Eindeutige Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen sind zur Ableitung von aussagekräftigen Schwellenwerten unbedingt erforderlich. Weiterhin wurde die Mikroinjektion als Methode zur Ermittlung von Schwellenwerten für das Monitoring biologischer Effekte, im Besonderen für lipophile Substanzen und als Ergänzung für den klassischen FET Test, überprüft. Darüber hinaus beschäftigte sich diese Arbeit mit der Schadstoffbelastung in ver- schiedenen Gewebetypen heimischer Fischarten. Viele Substanzen, v. a. persistente organische Stoffe, stehen im Verdacht, den Reproduktionserfolg und damit die Fitness einer Population zu verringern. In diesem Zusammenhang standen sowohl die Schad- stoffkonzentrationen in den Gonaden selber, als auch die Transferraten zwischen den Gewebetypen im Fokus. Die Kenntnis über den potentiellen Schadstofftransfer von Muskel und Leber zu Gonaden und Eiern in Wildpopulationen ist besonders wertvoll für die Bewertung von Substanzen im Hinblick auf mögliche embryotoxische Ef- fekte im marinen Ökosystem. Im Zusammenhang mit dem Reproduktionserfolg kann darüber hinaus die Schadstoffbelastung in den Gonaden von Fischen als möglicher Indikator für die Gesundheit von marinen Wildpopulationen dienen. In Kapitel I wird das Tool ’toxtestD’ zur Planung von Toxizitätsuntersuchungen am Beispiel des Fischembryo Toxizitäts- (FET) Test erläutert. Die Erstellung eindeutiger Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen erfordert, neben einer adäquaten Anzahl an Unter- suchungsobjekten, eine Auswahl möglichst optimaler Testkonzentrationen und die Einführung einer Basislinie. Letztere gewinnt besonders bei der Abgrenzung kleiner Effekte an Bedeutung, die für die Ableitung von Schwellenwerten besonders wertvoll sind. Das Tool ’toxtestD’ bietet eine benutzerfreundliche Möglichkeit Toxizitätstests mit binären Antwortvariablen optimiert für die Ableitung von verlässlichen Schad- stoffschwellenwerten zu planen. iii Eine etablierte Methode embyrotoxische Effekte im Labor zu identifizieren und zu quantifizieren bietet der FET Test. Aufgrund seines experimentellen Aufbaus ist der FET auf die Applikation polarer Substanzen limitiert. Nicht-polare Schadstoffe können nicht getestet werden. Eine Möglichkeit die embryotoxische Wirkung von lipophilen Substanzen zu untersuchen bietet die direkte Applikation einer Substanz in den Fischembryo via Mikroinjektion. Gleichzeitig können dabei ein maternaler Schadstofftransfer vom Muttertier in die Eier simuliert und so aufwendigere Tierver- suche vermieden werden. Um die Mikroinjektion als Methode zur Ermittlung von Schwellenwerten zu bewerten, wurden in Kapitel II Wasser, Methanol, DMSO und Triolein direkt in die Dotterzelle von Zebrabärblingseiern im Ein- bis Zweizellstadium injiziert. Im Verlauf von mehreren, aufeinander folgenden Injektionen schwankte das Injektionsvolumen so stark, dass die Mikroinjektion als Methode zur Ermittlung von eindeutigen Dosis-Wirkungsbeziehungen nicht empfohlen werden konnte. Trotzdem stellt die Mikroinjektion eine Möglichkeit dar, embryotoxische Effekte lipophiler Sub- stanzen zu identifizieren. In den Kapiteln III und IV wurde die Belastung durch verschiedene Schadstoffe in Muskeln, Lebern und Gonaden des Ostseeherings, Clupea harengus, und in Muskeln, Gonaden und Eiern des Europäischen Aals, Anguilla anguilla, gemessen. In allen Gewebetypen konnten Schadstoffe nachgewiesen werden. Substanzen, die während der Reifung in den Gonaden akkumuliert werden, stehen im Verdacht den Reproduk- tionserfolg zu verringern. Einerseits können Schadstoffe in den Gonaden die Qualität und Quantität der Gameten vermindern. Andererseits können Schadstoffe vom Mut- tertier auf den Nachwuchs übertragen werden, wo sie ihre embryotoxische Wirkung entfalten. Beides hat direkten Einfluss auf die Fitness einer Spezies. Die Schadstoff- belastung in den Gonaden von Fischen kann demnach möglicherweise ein adäquater Indikator für die Gesundheit von marinen Wildpopulationen sein und deshalb als Pa- rameter in das obligate Monitoring biologischer Effekte aufgenommen werden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit tragen dazu bei, die gegenwärtige Situation der Daten- qualität
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