Adaptive Radiation Und Zoogeographie Anisakider Nematoden Verschiedener Klimazonen Und Ozeane Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des

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Adaptive Radiation Und Zoogeographie Anisakider Nematoden Verschiedener Klimazonen Und Ozeane Dissertation Zur Erlangung Des Adaptive Radiation und Zoogeographie anisakider Nematoden verschiedener Klimazonen und Ozeane Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Naturwissenschaften vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe-Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Thomas Kuhn aus Krefeld Frankfurt am Main 2013 (D 30) vom Fachbereich Biowissenschaften der Goethe-Universität als Dissertation angenommen. Dekanin: Prof. Dr. Anna Starzinski-Powitz Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Sven Klimpel Prof. Dr. Jörg Oehlmann Datum der Disputation: 19.12.2013 Für meine Familie Vorwort Die vorliegende Dissertation ist in publikationsbasierter (kumulativer) Form angelegt und gibt einen zusammenfassenden Überblick über den Inhalt und wissenschaftlichen Kontext der von mir (und in Kollaboration) veröffentlichten, promotionsrelevanten Publikationen. Die Arbeit umfasst drei (ISI-) Publikationen, welche im Anhang (Gliederungspunkt 5) in chronologischer Reihenfolge angefügt sind und unter folgenden Titeln in den jeweiligen Fachzeitschriften veröffentlicht wurden: I Klimpel S, Kuhn T, Busch MW, Karl H, Palm HW (2011) Deep-water life cycle of Anisakis paggiae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the Irminger Sea indicates kogiid whale distribution in north Atlantic waters. Polar Biology 34: 899-906. II Kuhn T, García-Màrquez J, Klimpel S (2011) Adaptive radiation within marine anisakid nematodes: a zoogeographical modeling of cosmopolitan, zoonotic parasites. PLoS ONE 6: e28642. III Kuhn T, Hailer F, Palm HW, Klimpel S (2013) Global assessment of molecularly identified Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in their teleost intermediate hosts. Folia Parasitologica 60: 123-134. Im Ergebnisteil (Gliederungspunkt 2) sind die drei Einzelpublikationen separat zusammengefasst und anschließend aus übergeordneter Perspektive diskutiert (Gliederungspunkt 4). Die promotionsrelevanten Publikationen sind mit römischen Ziffern (s.o.) nummeriert und sollen an entsprechender Stelle als Querverweise dienen. Die in der Abhandlung zitierten Quellen sind im Literaturverzeichnis in alphabetischer Reihenfolge aufgelistet. Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis ..................................................................................................................... I Abkürzungsverzeichnis ......................................................................................................... III Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................... V Tabellenverzeichnis ................................................................................................................ V Einführung ................................................................................................................................. 1 1 Einleitung .......................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Kenntnisstand über anisakide Nematoden unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Gattung Anisakis ........................................................................................................... 9 1.1.1 Taxonomie, Systematik und Phylogenie ........................................................ 9 1.1.2 Wirt-Parasit Co-Phylogenie ............................................................................ 15 1.1.3 Ontogenese und Wirtsspektrum .................................................................... 17 1.1.4 Artdiagnostik ..................................................................................................... 22 1.1.5 Zoogeographie ................................................................................................. 26 1.1.6 Medizinische Relevanz (Pathogenität) ......................................................... 29 1.1.7 Anisakis in Tiefsee-Habitaten ........................................................................ 31 1.2 Zielsetzung der Arbeit ............................................................................................ 34 2 Ergebnisse ...................................................................................................................... 35 2.1 Klimpel S, Kuhn T, Busch MW, Karl H, Palm HW (2011) Deep-water life cycle of Anisakis paggiae (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in the Irminger Sea indicates kogiid whale distribution in north Atlantic waters. Polar Biology 34: 899-906 ..................... 35 2.1.1 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................... 35 2.2 Kuhn T, García-Màrquez J, Klimpel S (2011) Adaptive radiation within marine anisakid nematodes: a zoogeographical modeling of cosmopolitan, zoonotic parasites. PLoS ONE: e28642 ........................................................................................ 37 2.2.1 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................... 37 2.3 Kuhn T, Hailer F, Palm HW, Klimpel S (2013) Global assessment of molecularly identified Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 (Nematoda: Anisakidae) in their teleost intermediate hosts. Folia Parasitologica 60: 123-134. .................................... 40 I Inhaltsverzeichnis 2.3.1 Zusammenfassung .......................................................................................... 40 3 Diskussion ....................................................................................................................... 42 3.1 Zoogeographie ........................................................................................................ 42 3.2 Phylogenie und Artdiagnostik ............................................................................... 48 3.3 Lebenszyklus-Ökologie .......................................................................................... 50 3.4 Anisakis als Bioindikator ........................................................................................ 53 3.5 Schlussfolgerungen und Ausblick ........................................................................ 55 4 Zusammenfassung ........................................................................................................ 57 5 Literaturverzeichnis ....................................................................................................... 59 6 Anhang ............................................................................................................................ 77 II Abkürzungsverzeichnis Abkürzungsverzeichnis % Prozent MAE Multilocus-Allozym- & Und Elektrophorese °C Grad Celsius MAR Mittelatlantischer Rücken °N Grad Nord ML Maximum-Likelihood °S Grad Süd MP Maximum Parsimony Abb. Abbildung mtDNA Mitochondriale AC Ante Christum natum Desoxyribonucleinacid AD Anno Domini Mya Million years ago AFLP Amplified Fragment N Nukleotid, Nord Length Polymorhpism n Anzahl, Stichprobe BSC Biological species NCBI National Center for concept Biotechnology bzw. Beziehungsweise Information ca. Circa ND Norwegian Deep cf. lateinisch: Confer NOAA National Oceanic and CITES Convention on Atmospheric International Trade in Administration Endangered Species of Nr. Nummer Wild Fauna and Flora NTS Non Transcribed Spacer cox Cytochrom-C-Oxidase Ord. Ordnung d.h. Das heißt P Prävalenz, Probability DNA Desoxyribonucleinacid p.a. Per anno EFSA European Food Safety PAGE Polyacrylamid- Authority Gelelectrophoresis ES Exkretorisch/sekretorisch PCR Polymerase Chain et al. Et alii Reaction etc. Et cetera rDNA Ribosomal ETS Externer transkribierter Desoxyribonucleinacid Spacer RFLP Restriction Fragment Fam. Familie Length Polymorphism FAO Food and Agriculture RNA Ribonucleinacid Organization of the rRNA Ribosomale United Nations Ribonukleinsäure ggf. Gegebenenfalls S Sedimentationskoeffizient griech. Griechisch Svedberg h Stunde s. Siehe Ig Immunglobulin s.o. Siehe oben Infraord. Infraordnung s.s. Sensu stricto inkl. Inklusive s.u. Siehe unten ISI International Statistical sog. Sogenannt Institute sp. Spezies ITS Internal Transcribed spp. Spezies pluralis Spacer SSCP Single Strand IWC International Whaling Conformation Commission Polymorphism kg Kilogramm SSU Small Subunit km Kilometer Subord. Subordnung L (1-4) Larvenstadium (1-4) t Tonne m Meter Tab. Tabelle III Abkürzungsverzeichnis tRNA Tranfer Ribonucleinacid vgl. Vergleiche Unterord. Unterordnung vlt. Vielleicht UPGMA Unweighted Pair Group W West Method of Arithmetic WHO World Health Average Organization URL Uniform resource locator z.B. Zum Beispiel v Version IV Abbildungsverzeichnis/Tabellenverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis Abb. 1: Kladogramm des Phylum Nematoda basierend auf SSU-rDNA. Verändert nach Schmidt et al. (2009). Sterne markieren unabhängige Ursprünge von Zooparasitismus, Punkte markieren Pflanzenparasitismus. Römische Ziffern bezeichnen die Kladen (I- V). Parasitische Gruppen sind fett gedruckt. ..................................................................... 10 Abb. 2: Wirt-Parasit Co-Phylogenie der Gattung Anisakis und den Cetacea-Endwirten. Die Phylogenie der Cetacea basiert auf Nikaido et al. (2001). Die Anisakis-Phylogenie stellt den durch Sequenzanalysen des mtDNA cox2-Markers ermittelten Baum dar (verändert nach Mattiucci & Nascetti 2008). Abbildung verändert nach Mattiucci & Nascetti (2006, 2008). Verbindungslinien zwischen den Kladen markieren Wirtsnachweise, gestrichelte Linien markieren potentielle Wirtswechsel. ................... 16 Abb. 3: Genereller Lebenszyklus der Gattung Anisakis. Der innere Kreis stellt die Lebensstadien von Anisakis innerhalb des jeweiligen Wirtes (äußerer Kreis)
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