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A Personality Theory of Christian Spirituality A PERSONALITY THEORY OF CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF MINISTRY BY GARY LEE BALDWIN WINEBRENNER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY FINDLAY, OHIO AUGUST 4, 2012 Copyright © 2012 by Gary Lee Baldwin All rights reserved A PERSONALITY THEORY OF CHRISTIAN SPIRITUALITY A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE DOCTOR OF MINISTRY BY GARY LEE BALDWIN APPROVED BY: Tommy Smith 7-31-12 Project Mentor Date Charles George Fry 7-19-12 External Reader Date Mrs. Katie M. Erickson 7-11-12 Writing Stylist Date M. John Nissley 7-11-12 Doctor of Ministry Director Date WINEBRENNER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY FINDLAY, OHIO AUGUST 4, 2012 CONTENTS TABLES ………………………………………………………………….... xi ILLUSTRATIONS ..……………………………………………………….. xii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………………..... xvi ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………... xviii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE PROJECT ……………….. 1 Statement of the Problem .………………………………………….. 3 Purpose of this Study ………………………………………………. 4 Research Methodology …………………………………………….. 5 Research Questions ………………………………………………… 9 Significance of the Study …………………………………………... 11 Assumptions and Limitations of the Study ………………………… 16 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………… 17 Theological Terms …………………………………………. 17 Psychological Terms ……………………………………….. 18 Organization of the Study ………………………………………….. 19 CHAPTER TWO: BIBLICAL AND THEOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS .. 22 Old Testament Anthropology ………………………………………. 24 Basar (Flesh) ……………………………………………….. 27 Ruach (Spirit) ………………………………………………. 29 iv Nephesh (Soul) ……………………………………………... 32 Leb (Heart) …………………………………………………. 34 A Summary of Old Testament Anthropology ……………… 35 New Testament Anthropology ……………………………………... 39 Soma (Body) ………………………………………….…...... 42 Sarx (Flesh) ……………………………………………….… 44 Psyche (Soul) ……………………………………………….. 46 Pneuma (Spirit) …………………………………………...... 46 Kardia (Heart) ……………………………………………… 49 Nous (Mind) ………………………………………………… 50 Suneidēsis (Conscience) ……………………………………. 51 Inner and Outer Person ………………………………….….. 51 New Testament Anthropology Generalized ……………….. 53 CHAPTER THREE: REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND OTHER SOURCES ON NEUROLOGY ……………………………………………. 59 The Historically Unappreciated Brain ……………………………… 59 The Mystery of the Brain …………………………………………… 61 An Overall Description of the Brain ……………………………….. 63 Understanding the Human Brain …………………………… 66 The Hindbrain …………………………………….… 69 The Midbrain ………………………………….…..... 69 The Forebrain ………………………………………. 70 The diencephalon …………………………… 70 The telencephalon ………………………….. 71 v The frontal lobe …………………….. 76 The parietal lobe ....……………….... 77 The occipital lobe …………………... 78 The temporal lobe ……………….….. 78 The motor cortex ………………….… 79 Dendrites and Axons: The Primary Stuff of the Brain ………………………………………………… 80 Metaphors, . metaphors, . and more metaphors! 84 Modern Theories of the Mind/Brain Problem ……………………… 85 Materialism: A Reductionist’s Paradise ……………………. 86 Dualism: “Is There a Soul?” …………………………….….. 92 Wholism: The Hologram Brain in a Hologram Universe ….. 97 The Brain As Hologram ………………….……….… 101 Memories Recalled and Memories Forgotten …........ 101 The Brain As a Repository of Vast Amounts of Information ………………………………………. 101 Pribram Takes the Next Logical Step ……................ 102 From Hologram to Wisdom ………………………………… 109 Summary ………………………………………................................ 114 CHAPTER FOUR: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES …………………………………………………………….. 117 Defined Approaches to the Relationship Between Theology And Psychology …………………………………………………….. 118 The Scripture Against Psychology Model ……………….…. 118 The Scripture Of Psychology Model …………………….…. 119 vi The Scripture Parallels Psychology Model ……………….… 121 The Scripture Integrates Psychology Model ……………….. 123 Following An Integrative Approach …………………………..…… 124 Theology Proper—Psychology as Science ………….……… 127 Anthropology—Personality ………………………………… 127 Hamartiology—Psychopathology ………………………….. 128 Soteriology—Developmental Processes …………………… 128 Christology—Counselor ……………………………………. 129 Ecclesiology—Group Process ……………………………… 130 Eschatology—Reward, Expectations, and Goals ………...... 130 The Integrative Approach Proposed ……………………….............. 128 The Importance of Philosophy In the Work of Integration ………………………………………………….. 132 The Significance of Philosophical Differences and Changes ………….…………………………….. 132 How These Philosophical Changes Have Influenced Modern Theology …………….……….. 135 How These Philosophical Changes Have Influenced Modern Psychology …………..………... 135 The Significance of Phenomenology For This Integration Approach ……………………………………….. 140 CHAPTER FIVE: A PERSONALITY THEORY OF HUMAN SPIRITUALITY ……………………………………………………………. 143 The Commandment—the Significance of Words or Language …………………………………………………………… 148 How Words Become In Fleshed ……….…………………… 155 vii Perceptual Experience: The Prelude to Language …………………………………………… 165 The Structure of Parts and Wholes ………… 165 Indentity in Manifolds ……………............... 166 Presence and Absence ……………............... 167 Other Contributors to Phenomenological Analysis …………………………………………….. 168 The Phenomenology of Memory ….............. 169 The Imagination in Phenomenology ……….. 170 Temporality ………………………………… 171 Perceptual Experience Is the Beginning of Language …………………………………………… 174 The Prelinguistic or Sublinguistic …………. 174 The Development of the Normal Use of Words ……………………………………. 175 Language That Expresses Declaratives ………………………………… 176 Philosophical Language ……………………. 177 Words Bring Another Presentation of the Phenomenological Mind …………………………… 179 The Purpose of Language ………………………….. 182 The Meal—The Significance of How Words Create Persons Through Relationships ………….………………………………….. 184 The Person and the Experience of God ……………………. 190 A Phenomenological Model of the Person and the Experience of God …………………………………. 194 viii A Phenomenological Model of the Person and the Experience of Evil ………………………………….. 199 The Relatedness of God and Humanity In a Meal ................ 209 . The Faith Underlying the Holy Eucharist ………….. 209 The Holy Eucharist as the Incarnation of God …….. 212 The Phenomenological Mechanics of Holy Eucharist ………….…………………………... 215 The Tabernacle—How God’s Glory Through Words and the Spirit Now Resides Within Humanity—Making It a New Creature ……... 223 Conclusion ………………………………………………………….. 231 CHAPTER SIX: SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………… 233 Summary ……………………………………………………………. 235 Findings …………………………………………………………….. 239 Healing Through Psychology ………………………………. 242 Modern Psychology As a Healing Ministry of the Church … 246 A Christian Model of Psychotherapy ………………………. 248 Process and Explanation of Treatment: Domain 1 … 254 Process and Explanation of Treatment: Domain 2 … 256 Process and Explanation of Treatment: Domain 3 … 258 The Importance and Need For a Personality Model ……….. 260 From Psychology to the Care of the Soul ………………….. 266 A General Understanding of Spirituality …………………... 270 The Different Personalities and Spiritualties For “Tuning In” To God ………………………………………... 285 SJ Spirituality ………………………………………. 292 ix SP Spirituality …………………………………….… 297 NF Spirituality ……………………………………… 302 NT Spirituality ……………………………………… 308 Practical Guideline for Developing One’s Spirituality ………………………………………….. 312 The Enneagram: Another Tool for Spiritual Discernment … 316 The Gut Center ……………………………………... 327 The Heart Center …………………………………… 328 The Head Center ……………………………….…… 329 Further Subtypes ………………………………….… 330 Some Concluding Remarks for Spiritual Direction As Presented in this Project …………….……………………… 334 Conclusion ……………………………………………………..…… 335 Recommendations ………………………………………………..… 342 APPENDIX A …………………………………………………………….... 346 WORKS CITED ……………………………………………………………. 352 x TABLES Table Page 2.1. Old Testament Terms Compared with Paul’s Usage of New Testament Words ……………………………………... 54 3.1 Major Brain Regions ……………………………………………….. 67 xi ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1.1. Forms of Pastoral Care ……………………………………………… 13 2.1. Model of the Old Testament Anthropology ………………………… 38 2.2. Model of the New Testament Anthropology ……………………….. 56 3.1. The human brain in its early development …………………………. 64 3.2. The human brain through various stages of early development …… 65 3.3. The brain stem ……………………………………………………… 68 3.4. The human brain ……………………………………………………. 73 3.5. View of the top of the human brain ……………………………..….. 74 3.6. Functions of the hemispheres of the cerebral cortex ……………….. 75 3.7. Right side of the human brain ………………………………………. 76 3.8. The motor cortex and the control of the body ……………………… 79 3.9. The gray and white matter of the human brain …………………….. 80 3.10. Nerve cells in the human brain ……………………………………... 81 3.11. The interconnectedness of human brain cells ………………………. 83 3.12. Consciousness as a computer network in the human brain ………… 88 3.13. Penfield’s understanding of human brain functioning ……………... 94 3.14. Penfield’s understanding of the highest functioning part of the brain 95 3.15. How a hologram is made …………………………………………… 99 3.16. Information as it is stored on a hologram …………………………... 100 xii 3.17. An example of how a holographic universe works ………………… 105 4.1. Integration model of Carter and Mohline ………………………….. 126 4.2. The Lockean Model ………………………………………………… 136 4.3. The Kantian Model …………………………………………………. 138 5.1. The human biohologram …………………………………………… 150 5.2. Model of the human soul in Hebrew anthropology ………………... 152 5.3. Word centers on the
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