ISIS: the military response in Iraq and Syria Standard Note: SN/IA/6995 Last updated: 12 November 2014 Author: Louisa Brooke-Holland and Claire Mills Section International Affairs and Defence Section The United States has led airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq and Syria. RAF Tornado GR4 and the Reaper remotely piloted air system (RPAS) have conducted airstrikes against ISIS in Iraq. Reaper and Rivet Joint aircraft have also been authorised to fly surveillance missions over Syria. France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, Canada and Denmark have all conducted air strikes in Iraq. Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates have all supported US strikes against ISIS in Syria. Combat troops have been explicitly ruled out by the UK and the other the countries involved, amid debate about the reliance on air power alone. However a number of British soldiers are training Peshmerga forces in northern Iraq, while further advisory personnel are expected to be deployed to Iraqi headquarters as part of a broader package of support announced on 5 November. The US also announced on 7 November the intention to deploy up to 1,500 additional military personnel in order to initiate a more comprehensive training package for Iraqi forces. Several Coalition partners have offered additional trainers as part of that initiative. This information is provided to Members of Parliament in support of their parliamentary duties and is not intended to address the specific circumstances of any particular individual. It should not be relied upon as being up to date; the law or policies may have changed since it was last updated; and it should not be relied upon as legal or professional advice or as a substitute for it. A suitably qualified professional should be consulted if specific advice or information is required. This information is provided subject to our general terms and conditions which are available online or may be provided on request in hard copy. Authors are available to discuss the content of this briefing with Members and their staff, but not with the general public. Contents 1 Summary 3 1.1 Key dates in 2014 3 2 Military operations 4 2.1 US assets 4 2.2 Countries involved in military action 4 Air strikes in Iraq 5 Air strikes in Syria 6 2.3 Duration of the mission 7 3 British military participation 7 3.1 Details of RAF airstrikes 8 3.2 Surveillance Operations Over Syria 9 3.3 Assets 9 Royal Air Force 9 Royal Navy 11 Army 11 3.4 Sustainability of UK mission 12 3.5 Costs of the mission 13 4 ISIS military capabilities 14 Risks to coalition forces? 15 4.1 Impact of airstrikes on ISIS 15 5 Boots on the ground? 16 5.1 UK position 16 5.2 Views of Parliamentarians and former defence chiefs 17 5.3 Views of defence experts and commentators 18 5.4 Views of the US and other Coalition Partners 19 2 1 Summary The United States has led airstrikes against ISIS1 in both Iraq and Syria, beginning in Iraq in August and in Syria in September. So far only the US and its Arab partners - Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and the United Arab Emirates - have participated in airstrikes in Syria. The United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, Australia, Canada and Denmark have all conducted air strikes in Iraq. All are reluctant to intervene militarily in Syria. The Turkish Parliament has approved a motion allowing its military to join the campaign in both Syria and Iraq. Turkey borders both countries. Military action has so far been restricted to air operations in support of local forces, providing reconnaissance, surveillance and attack capabilities. RAF Tornado GR4 aircraft, based in Cyprus, and the Reaper remotely piloted air system (RPAS) have conducted a number of airstrikes and reconnaissance missions in Iraq, with support aircraft including the new Voyager tanker/transport aircraft. UK Reaper and Rivet Joint aircraft have also conducted surveillance operations over Syria. Other countries have deployed F-16, F-18, Tornado and Rafale combat aircraft, plus support aircraft in the form of tankers, surveillance and transport aircraft. There is widespread resistance from North America, European nations and Australia to deploying ground combat troops (excluding Special Forces). The reliance on air power has prompted a debate about the need for ‘boots on the ground’, or land forces, among former defence chiefs and Parliamentarians. The US, UK, Canada, Australia and France have all explicitly ruled out deploying ground combat forces in Iraq. The UK has deployed “non- combat Army trainers” to northern Iraq and announced at the beginning of November that a small number of advisers would deploy to Iraqi headquarters. The US is reporting seeing a change of behaviour by ISIS in response to the airstrikes and air reconnaissance missions, suggesting they have having to change tactics to avoid detection, thus disrupting their movements. Airstrikes so far have targeted heavy weapons, armed vehicles (e.g. armed pick-up trucks, also called ‘technicals’) and ISIS fighters engaged in combat fire with local ground forces. This note complements House of Commons Library Note Iraq, Syria and ISIS – recent developments which provides a broader political and humanitarian context. 1.1 Key dates in 2014 8 August: first US airstrikes on ISIS targets in Iraq. 19 September: France carries out its first air strike in Iraq. 23 September: first US airstrikes on ISIS targets in Syria supported by Arab states. 26 September: UK Parliament approves military action in Iraq only, not in Syria. 29 September: RAF Tornado GR4 conduct first armed reconnaissance missions over Iraq, but do not carry out any airstrikes. 1 ISIS, ISIS and the Islamic State are different names for the same group 3 30 September: first UK airstrikes on ISIS targets in Iraq. 16 October: RAF Reaper RPAS re-deployed from Afghanistan to the Middle East for use in ISIS operations. 21 October: Reaper and Rivet Joint surveillance aircraft authorised to conduct surveillance flights over Syria. 5 November: Additional UK military assistance to Iraqi forces is announced. 7 November: US announces the deployment of up to 1,500 additional non-combat personnel to Iraq. 9 November: RAF Reaper conducts first offensive strike sortie in Iraq. 2 Military operations This section looks at the military operations involving the US and partner nations, including pledges made by other governments to participate and what military equipment they are contributing. The UK contribution is assessed separately, in section 3, while the debate about the deployment of combat troops is discussed in section 5. 2.1 US assets US Air Force and Navy aircraft, including F-15, F/A-18 aircraft and MQ-1 Predator drones have been conducting air strikes in Iraq since early August 2014. Operations were expanded into Syria towards the end of September. US aircraft participating in those sorties have included F-15, F-16, F/A-18, F-22 fighter aircraft and B-1 bombers. Tomahawk missiles deployed aboard US naval vessels deployed in the Red Sea and North Arabian Gulf were also utilised in the initial stage of offensive operations in Syria. The USS George H W Bush Carrier Strike Group is currently deployed in the Gulf. The Secretary of the Navy has ruled out adding a second carrier.2 Significantly the F-22 conducted its first ever combat flight during the attacks on ISIS forces in Syria on 22 September. Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance missions have continued using a mixture of manned and unmanned systems. On 7 November the Department of Defense confirmed the deployment of up to 1,500 additional military personnel to Iraq, in a non-combat role. Their objective is to expand the US “advise and assist” mission and to initiate a more comprehensive training package for Iraqi forces.3 US Central Command provides updates on operations. 2.2 Countries involved in military action In terms of offensive military operations, the US is currently being assisted by a broad coalition of partners deploying a range of assets, including F-16, F-18, Tornado and Rafale 2 “One carrier in the Gulf sufficient for now, USN’s top civilian says”, Jane’s Defence Weekly, 8 October 2014 3 In addition to the 1,400 US military personnel already in Iraq. 4 combat aircraft, Reaper RPAS, plus support aircraft in the form of tankers, surveillance and transport aircraft. Combat aircraft from the United Kingdom, France, Australia, Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada and Denmark have all carried out airstrikes on ISIS targets in Iraq. So far only Arab nations have supported the US in conducting airstrikes and air operations in Syria. In mid-October the UK announced that the Reaper RPAS and Rivet Joint surveillance aircraft had been authorised to conduct surveillance operations over Syria. The Reaper is not authorised, however, to be used in an offensive capacity in Syria. Air strikes in Iraq France was the first country to join the US in air conducting airstrikes against ISIS targets in Iraq.4 At present the French Government does not envisage expanding those operations into Syria.5 France initially deployed six fighter jets, an Atlantique 2 maritime patrol aircraft and a refueling plane at its base in the United Arab Emirates as part of operation Chammal. On 1 October the French Defence Ministry said three further Rafale jets and an anti-aircraft warship will be sent to the Gulf. A Defence ministry source said this would strengthen capacity to “increase the rhythm of missions”.6 France has ruled out providing combat troops.7 The UK joined the coalition on 26 September, following a vote in Parliament (see separate section below). It conducted its first airstrikes on 30 September.